Concept Of Peace Research Articles

“Si vis pacem, impera bellum”: The ICRC, international humanitarian law and peace

Abstract This article examines the links between the concept of peace and international humanitarian law (IHL). It takes a closer look at how the originator of IHL, the International Committee of the Red Cross, justified the existence of this body of law, which was supposed to regulate war, in the face of those who wanted to see war abolished once and for all. The article also questions the attitude of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, which, while wanting a peaceful society, did not give itself the means to achieve one.

Geopolitical competition of great powers in the Arctic

The article examines the complex issues of Arctic security arising from changing geopolitical realities; explores the new Cold War atmosphere in the region mixed with melting ice, which affects military planning and opens new economic opportunities and access to natural resources. Particular attention is paid to the reasons for the competition of great powers for primacy in the Arctic. It is noted that in recent years, the region has begun to shift from the principles of international cooperation and has quickly transformed into an arena of great power rivalry. The military presence has increased as well as the competing economic investments and political activity from significant political actors: Russia, China, and the United States of America. Now that all the great powers are investing in the Arctic, the concept of peace and cooperation is giving way to the concept of security and deterrence. To examine these factors, thе article uses a typical neorealist view of international relations, arguing that the driving force behind the rapid growth of the Arctic race is not the region itself, but the transforming structure of the international relations, which tends to effectively reproduce the causes of global competition. It the author’s view, peaceful rivalry in the Arctic may not last long, given the lack of effective institutions to address security issues in the region and the fact that changes in the global balance of power also affect local disputes and grievances.

Correlates of Peace: Religious Determinants of Interreligious Peace

ABSTRACT While the study of interreligious conflict is a growing field of research, interreligious peace lacks conceptualisation and empirical investigation. We propose a concept of interreligious peace that distinguishes between positive and negative elements as well as attitudinal and behavioural aspects. The resulting four-dimensional concept is operationalised with a dataset covering 170 countries between 1990 and 2014, showing considerable global variation. We then apply our concept by testing how religious ideas and norms, religious demography and state-religion institutions determine interreligious peace. Our analysis finds that the determinants of individual elements of interreligious peace differ considerably, emphasising the need for nuanced analyses.

Have You Eaten?

Abstract Throughout history, empires have promised perpetual peace and justice for all; however, they have constantly bathed in blood while expanding their colonies and control. This paper intends to explore the theological concept of peacemaking from the experiences of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (uccp) and the Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea (prok), both of which suffered from U.S. (neo)colonialism. It also aims to study how we can live faithfully amidst the empire by decolonizing theology and the church. To achieve this, I will begin by reviewing the concept of peace as proclaimed by empires, from the Roman to the American, and contrast it with the biblical concept of peace. This will be followed by analyzing and evaluating the impact of the received colonial American Protestant cultures and the churches’ responses to the colonial gospel. The final part will propose peace as a way of peacemaking amid the empire. This paper suggests that the concept of peacemaking is essential to decolonizing theology, particularly the theology of sallim (life-giving).

War and Peace Literacy of Social Studies Teacher Candidates: A Metaphorical Research

The aim of this study is to reveal the literacy levels and metaphors of Social Studies teacher candidates regarding the concepts of war and peace taught in secondary school. The research may be important in terms of revealing how Social Studies teacher candidates interpret the concepts of war and peace and how they perceive these concepts metaphorically. Phenomenology, one of the qualitative research designs, was used in the research. The study group of the research consists of 60 teacher candidates studying in the 4th year of the Social Studies Teaching undergraduate program of two state universities. In the research, it was determined what meanings Social Studies teacher candidates attributed to the concepts of war and peace. The collected metaphors were classified according to the metaphors used by teacher candidates. In addition, the resulting metaphors were grouped around certain common themes. Accordingly, the prospective teachers who participated in the research created 33 metaphors regarding the concept of war and 30 metaphors regarding the concept of peace. According to the research results, the most frequently repeated war metaphor is “massacre”, followed by metaphors such as “murder”, “apocalypse”, “grim reaper” and “virus”. The most frequently repeated peace metaphor is “breathing”, followed by Metaphors such as “peace”, “friendship”, “mother” and “obligation” were followed. Metaphors related to the concepts of war and peace were grouped under two categories: “positive” and “negative”. While metaphors about war were concentrated in the “negative” category, metaphors about peace were observed to be concentrated in the “positive” category. When the participants’ reasons for the decision to go to war were examined, the most recurring answers were “if the future and security of the country is in danger” and “to guarantee peace”. It has been determined that Social Studies teacher candidates who are new to the profession view war as a negative concept and peace as a positive concept. On the other hand, the fact that they create simple and easy justifications for deciding on war can be interpreted as their failure to internalize peace sufficiently.

The Theme of the Brotherhood of Man in the Works by I. A. Bunin

The article is devoted to the researching of the theme of the brotherhood of people man and its evolution in the works by I. A. Bunin. In the artistic world of the writer, the idea of new — evangelical, fraternal relations between people, based on Christian love, is affirmed. The key images and motives for understanding the evolution of the theme of brotherhood of people appear in the early poems, such as “In Kostyol,” “The Gravestone Scripture:” the image of Christ, the motive of faithfulness to the “covenant of love” and to a new, evangelical relationship between people. In the works of 1914–1916 I. A. Bunin creates the image of humanity, which that has forgotten about God, about Christ, about its original initial brotherhood. There is a tragic motive of destruction of the brotherhood of people man poems “Silence,” “Desperation” and in his stories “Brothers,” “The Spring Evening.” The article pays special attention to the study of the Christian text in the short story “Brothers,” the results of which allow to speak about the Gospel meaning of the word “brothers” in the epigraph and in the title of the story, which are playing the most important role in the expression of the key author’s idea, phrased in the words of Christ. I. A. Bunin’s works of the period of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and of the Civil War, namely his diary “Cursed Days” and his speech “The Mission of Russian Emigration,” are imbued with the tragic motive of fratricide and with images of Russian Cain and Russian Abel. The ideas of brotherhood of people and of the deepest interconnection of all humanity people is heardresounds again in through the works by I. A. Bunin inof the emigration period, in and in his lyrical and philosophical prose of the 1920s. The theme of the brotherhood of people in the works by I. A. Bunin, which undoubtedly has an undoubted evangelical basis, develops throughout the writer’s work, which testifies to its significance for the writer’s worldview and his concept of peace and man.

Making Space for Feminist Decolonial Geographies of Peace with the Shuar in the Ecuadorian Amazon: A Case for ‘Cuerpo Territorio’

ABSTRACT This article follows urgent calls from peace and conflict studies and geographies of peace to be decolonised. Our study shows that for the Shuar communities in the Ecuadorian Amazon, the concept of peace is quite different from that of the Ecuadorian state. This study demonstrates how ‘Western’ centric definitions of the term are rooted in colonial logic and power structures. In this article, we explore what it could mean to decolonise theories and spaces for peace. Through encounters with Indigenous Shuar understandings of peace in a community-based participatory research project, we highlight the plurality of possibilities for the term. Using a decolonial lens we conclude with a call to action for scholars in those disciplines to engage with the Feminist Indigenous Latin American and Caribbean methodology and epistemology ‘cuerpo territorio’ (body-territory) to understand territory from the perspective of Abya Yala, that sees women’s bodies as the ‘first territory’. We argue that ‘cuerpo territorio’ is well suited to do decolonial work and help us step outside a Westernized understanding of peace and make strides towards the pluriverse. While typically this Indigenous concept has been used to better understand violence surrounding extraction sites, we propose that engaging with the methodology will prove useful for theoretical findings in spatial understandings of peace and its praxis.

Spielen für den Frieden: ein Scoping-Review über Sportprogramme als Botschafter des Friedensvermittler

AbstractThe quest for peace and stability in contemporary society, particularly in conflict-affected regions, is of vital importance. In the 21st century, sport has evolved beyond its traditional role of entertainment and competition to become a powerful force for change. Its ability to bring people together, overcome cultural barriers and promote universal values makes it an effective vehicle for promoting peace and coexistence. Despite the undeniable potential of sport as a social bridge between divided communities, previous studies have not specifically addressed the concept of peace. In addition, researchers may need information on existing programs for study, replication or improvement. This study aims to provide an overview of programs that use sport to promote peace. Following the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA, databases such as Scopus, PubMed, SciELO and EBSCO were searched. Two reviewers independently performed a thorough selection, including 17 manuscripts. The predominant methodology in these studies was qualitative. Within this context, most of the experiences recovered took place in Colombia, with soccer being the most used sport modality in such programs. These programs are presented as a tool to promote peace in diverse contexts of conflict, violence and community division, and their capacity to be instrumentalized for peaceful purposes is remarkable, even surpassing the capacity of States to regulate and resolve conflicts.

Recontextualization of Fiqh Al-Siyāsah from the Perspective of Fiqh Al-Ḥaḍarah in Realizing World Peace

The objective of this research article is to investigate Nahdlatul Ulama's perspectives on the discourse of Fiqh Al-Ḥaḍarah, also known as "Fiqh of Civilization," within the context of contextualizing Islamic political thought toward the concept of global peace. Sociological disparities in national and state dynamics, keeping in view the intensity of conflict at the global level, demand the attention of the leaders from all across the world . Fiqh Al-Ḥaḍarah through the discourse of Fiqh Al-Siyāsah, advocates that the idea of peace contained in the UN charter has a strong basis in Islamic Sharia. All Muslims must campaign peace as a form of adherence to the Sharia. Therefore, the notions in classical Fiqh Al-Siyāsah must be interpreted and recontextualized as theyaim to straighten the view that politics in Islam is an intermediary for realizing prosperity through peace. This study used an annotated bibliography and descriptive qualitative method, while data was collected by using the desk research method. The approaches used included the textual-contextual approach, sociological approach to Islamic law, and critical theory. The results showed that Fiqh Al-Ḥaḍarah can be used to recontextualize Fiqh Al-Siyāsah in an ideal direction according to the needs and demands of the contemporary times. Similarly, Fiqh Al-Ḥaḍarah can present Islamic thought as a solution to establish peace and allow the emergence of a better civilization in the future.

Just War or Just Peace: Some Observations on the Debate in Germany

In the debate on peace ethics in Germany, it is constantly argued that the ‘doctrine of just war’ must be replaced by a ‘doctrine of just peace’. The criteriology of just war can at best be preserved within a doctrine of just peace. However, it is often overlooked that—although the word ‘peace’ may sound nicer than ‘war’—a doctrine of just peace is also fraught with great difficulties in terms of content. The concept of peace can be interpreted in different ways; the concept of justice must even be differentiated if it is to have meaning at all. Ultimately, the two concepts point to a different understanding of tradition and historicity: while the doctrine of just war takes its criteria from the tradition, the idea of just peace attempts to draw conclusions for the present from drafts or blueprints of the future. However, since the drafts can turn out differently, new conflicts will arise precisely for this reason. Talk of ‘just peace’ might be more pleasing to the public, but does not necessarily have to be more restrictive in terms of violence.

Revisiting the Concept of Peace: A Sociological Perspective

In the ever-changing global context, understanding peace has become a primary focus across various disciplines, including sociology. The sociological paradigm offers a rich and relevant perspective in understanding the dynamics of conflict, reconciliation, and post-conflict development. However, there is still a need for deeper exploration of the concept of peace within the sociological context. This research aims to investigate the evolution of the concept of peace from a sociological perspective, ranging from classical to contemporary thoughts, and to explore the implications of the sociological paradigm in peace practices and policies. This study utilizes a literature review approach to gather and analyze prominent works in sociology relevant to the concept of peace. The analysis is conducted on the views of leading sociological thinkers and relevant research findings. The findings from this literature review indicate that the sociological paradigm provides profound insights into the evolution of the concept of peace, from classical thinkers such as Durkheim, Weber, and Marx, to contemporary approaches such as critical theory and feminism. The practical implications of the sociological paradigm in conflict resolution, reconciliation, and post-conflict development are also explored. This research underscores the importance of the sociological paradigm in understanding and resolving conflicts and post-conflict development. By considering the complexity of social, political, and cultural dynamics and applying a holistic and contextual approach in designing peace strategies, sociology can make a valuable contribution to promoting sustainable and inclusive peace.

Incoherences and Incompatibilities: Just Peace and Just War in Contemporary German Protestantism

This article revisits some of the main tenets and problems of the Just Peace concept as developed in the German Protestant Church, showing how it is beset by incoherences, ironical returns of expanded violence, as well as the problem of abstraction: once the Just Peace concept is applied to concrete problems, it runs dry. The article then examines some recent contributions made under the wider umbrella of ‘peace ethics’, showing that attempts to combine the Just Peace and bellum iustum are bound to fail. It then retraces the present shift to Just War thinking that reorders the basic terms, whilst also retaining some of the tenets of the Just Peace approach. Some refinements of these developments are indicated.

Theoretical evaluation of integrated Basin at Risk (iBAR) method for international water conflict-cooperation analysis

Comprehensive analysis of water interactions enhances understanding of the dynamic and complex conditions in transboundary river basins. The Basin at Risk (BAR) method is among common methods to analyze water interactions. The integrated Basin at Risk (iBAR) method has recently enhanced BAR. As an extension of BAR, iBAR emphasizes hidden drivers of water conflict and cooperation, whereas BAR includes visible ones. The novelty of iBAR is grounded in Johan Galtung’s theory of violence and the concept of positive peace. This method emphasizes the importance of capturing the hidden aspects of water conflicts as well as the concept of positive peace in water interactions. While iBAR has made significant improvements in addressing water conflicts, some challenges remain. This paper provides a review and theoretical analysis of iBAR. Initially, the iBAR development phases are reviewed in terms of positive peace conceptualization and contextualization in water interactions. Following this, the theoretical background of this method is discussed. The results suggest that the iBAR method could be further enhanced by revising concepts of positive peace, social justice, and environmental justice in water interactions.

In Honor of Johan Galtung, the Father of Peace Studies

In this tribute to Johan Galtung, I reflect on Galtung’s groundbreaking work in peace studies, particularly his focus on structural violence and the concept of positive peace. Galtung’s ideas have profoundly influenced scholars and activists, inspiring a shift toward holistic approaches to peacebuilding. Despite initial skepticism, peace studies has gained widespread recognition and integration into academic disciplines. In this essay, I also introduce the concept of ‘hyper’ form of negative peace, emphasizing the need to address historical grievances in peacebuilding efforts. Inspired by Galtung’s vision, the essay advocates for inclusive and participatory approaches to peace formation, envisioning a future where peace is synonymous with justice and human flourishing.

Education for peace: transformations in the concept of peace and peace as opposed to violence

Education for peace: transformations in the concept of peace and peace as opposed to violence

A monetary model of global peace and health

BackgroundThis study aims to expand on the concept of peace and health by drawing from Keynes' theory of the economic consequences of peace, in light of the global pandemic experienced in 2020 due to COVID_19.MethodsIn this paper, I will elaborate on the concept of ‘security’, as an indicator of peace in the time of biological shocks, in order to expand the definition of Keynesian precautionary motivation. This puts forth a new monetary policy model developed to make contributions to achieving global peace. In so doing, I will calculate the optimal growth rate of discount rate through utilizing the Global Peace Index (GPI), adjusted by the Case Fatality Risk (CFR) of COVID-19 in a dynamic shopping time monetary model. This analysis is comprised of the top 15 GDP countries as well as the 10 most and least peaceful countries in 2020.ResultsThe results indicate that households in more peaceful and healthy countries tend to hold less money compared to those in less peaceful and healthy countries. Besides, the discount rate needs to be reduced due to the outbreak of COVID-19 and the decrease in the level of peace in the economy.ConclusionInsofar as the imposition of fines through international legal circles on countries with an insignificant health and peace policy will increase the cost of liquidity, other alternative methods of financing will be affor dable for the countries.

The Ibibio Concept of Peace and Its implication for Building an Egalitarian Society

Conflict and violence are phenomena that are common to every human society. It would not be an overstatement to say that conflicts, war and various forms of violence are clear, indications of a lack of Peace in any given society. Many scholars had work closely on various topics related to peace, yet, the attainment of peace in our human society (Ibibio) remains a mirage. On a daily basis, there are indications that, all over the African society, violence is on the increase, sending thousands of innocent people to early graves. In Ibibio society, the story is even worse. Different approaches towards achieving peace have failed to yield the needed positive peace. Yet, little or nothing has been done in terms of searching for peace within the indigenous African context. The aim of this paper is to examine critically the concept and causes of violence and lack of peace in the Ibibio society. The method adopted in this work is theoretical. It is, noted that lack of peace has physical, psychological, economic, social as well as political consequences in people’s lives which basically, result in death, suffering, injustice, poverty, and the human person’s loss of dignity. Yet, the Ibibio leaders, being mostly Ibibio natives, know what the Ibibio peace is all about. This paper has offered insight on how Ibibio elders should integrate indigenous peace initiatives in order to become more effective in building an egalitarian society. Keywords: Ibibio, Concept, Peace, Egalitarian and Society.

فقه السلم المدني في السنة النبوية، دراسة تأصيلية.

This research explores the concept of civil peace within the Prophet's Sunnah (sayings and practices). It examines the theoretical foundations, practical applications, and historical emphasis on peace throughout the Prophet's life. The goal is to extract valuable lessons for promoting peace in today's world. The focus is on highlighting the importance of peace in society and reviving Islamic legal principles for handling disagreements between social groups, emphasizing dialogue over conflict. The research concludes by proposing the Prophet's Sunnah and biography as a model for managing societal disagreements. It calls for reviewing Islamic jurisprudence on peace and disagreement, re-evaluating interpretations in light of contemporary challenges, and implementing educational and media initiatives that promote the values of peace.

The Land for Peace Message Between Israel and Jordan: The Case of Baqura and Ghamr

Israel has reached historic agreements in its sought-after objective of recognition—each unique. There is a similarity between agreements between Israel and neighboring states. These agreements were with Egypt (1979) and Jordan (1994) . In both these, land for peace was an element. That is a legalistic interpretation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 adopted on November 22, 1967, in the aftermath of the Arab–Israeli War of 1967. There are two arguments on the land for peace concept. One is that there were more historical and significant reasons for peace than land. The other is that every millimeter of land is significant and not overlooked. Looking at both, this article examines the agreement with Jordan, focusing on two small farmland areas in the border areas referred to as Baqura and Ghamr in Arabic and Naharayim and Tzofar in Hebrew. The agreement was a land lease for 25 years (1994–2019). It could have been extended after that, yet Jordan called for its return, which Israel accepted. This is examined under four headings: Where did the land come from? The Israel–Jordan peace treaty; legal viewpoint; and private ownership versus state sovereignty. The take-out from such a message of land for peace examination is to bear the findings in mind for future agreements with Israel on how much land for peace, where, how, and why. The bottom line is that strong leadership and issues other than land may be more important in achieving a peace treaty, yet land for peace is a strong message.

Prevention as a norm cluster? Mapping China's contestation on atrocity prevention

Abstract This article argues that China's rhetorical support for prevention at the United Nations obscures its underlying contestation of atrocity prevention in both conception and practice. It introduces a novel conceptual framework, coined as the two-level norm cluster of prevention, which includes three conceptually aligned yet distinct parts: operational conflict prevention, direct atrocity prevention and root-cause prevention. Drawing on interviews and policy documents, this article finds that China conflates direct atrocity prevention with operational conflict prevention, with a preference for the agenda of conflict prevention, as seen in China's divergent commitments to preventing armed conflicts and peacetime atrocities. This conflation represents a deliberate political choice rather than a result of misunderstanding or lack of knowledge regarding their distinctions. China also endorses a strong linkage between direct atrocity prevention and development-focused root cause prevention. Despite China's growing assertiveness in shaping liberal norms and the favourable perception of its development-focused approaches among elite groups in host states, the Chinese government hesitates to officially promote the scholarly concept of developmental peace and present it as an alternative to the existing liberal principles. This reluctance reflects China's intention to avoid explicit confrontation with liberal norms and its concerns about the potential failure of norm entrepreneurship.