Peace Approach Research Articles

Narratives and common traits of peace education and the ‘Teaching Students to be peacemakers’ programme: rethinking the role of cooperative learning in peace education

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to analyse the ‘Teaching Students to be Peacemakers’ programme, which is frequently cited in the Peace Education discourse, within the context of Peace Education. Based on a systematic literature review conducted using the PRISMA method, the study focuses on this programme that emerged as significant from the review results. It first examines how the programme reflects the fundamental concepts and peace approaches of the Peace Education discourse. The subsequent section compares the programme with various types of Peace Education and the broader discourse of cooperative learning. It investigates whether the shift in Peace Education literature towards postmodern, poststructuralist, and Critical Peace Education approaches can rely on the cooperative learning paradigm. Additionally, the study highlights how a simplistic methodological interpretation of cooperative learning may hinder its use in supporting these increasingly emphasised approaches and explores how a broader understanding of the cooperative learning discourse can aid in dismantling personal, cultural, and social violence structures, as well as in supporting positive peacebuilding processes.

Bhag-Rembhag Sabhala’an as a Method of Resolving Religious Conflicts in the Madura Legal Tradition

Religion-based conflicts often occur in various regions, including Madura. However, there is an interesting conflict resolution, namely through the bhag-rembhag sabhala'an tradition. This research aims to determine the mechanism for resolving religious-based conflicts based on local wisdom through bhag-rembhag sabhala'an which is practiced in Madura. This research uses empirical legal research methods with socio-legal and anthropo-legal approaches, which result in the discussion that: First, the resolution of religious conflicts in the context of national law only focuses on efforts to give verdicts of heresy and guilt to parties who, by the religious majority community, are considered contrary to the understanding of the majority of religious believers, not on efforts to open dialogue and find ways of peace between conflicting communities. Second, the resolution of religious conflicts with the bhag-rembhag sabhala'an emphasises efforts to open dialogue between conflicting adherents by utilising local village figures to find a peaceful way and find a variety of similarities amid striking differences caused by the outbreak of religious conflict. Bhag-rembhag Sabhala'an has long been practised in Madura in the event of differences in understanding and religious conflicts, where humanist and peaceful approaches are preferred over violent ways of resolving conflicts. The real contribution of this research is that the mechanism for resolving religious conflicts based on local wisdom can be the primary choice for parties in resolving religious conflicts. This method prioritises peaceful solutions and respect for religious differences.

Incoherences and Incompatibilities: Just Peace and Just War in Contemporary German Protestantism

This article revisits some of the main tenets and problems of the Just Peace concept as developed in the German Protestant Church, showing how it is beset by incoherences, ironical returns of expanded violence, as well as the problem of abstraction: once the Just Peace concept is applied to concrete problems, it runs dry. The article then examines some recent contributions made under the wider umbrella of ‘peace ethics’, showing that attempts to combine the Just Peace and bellum iustum are bound to fail. It then retraces the present shift to Just War thinking that reorders the basic terms, whilst also retaining some of the tenets of the Just Peace approach. Some refinements of these developments are indicated.

Realizing Peace in the Digital World

The dissemination of messages of peace on social media has a significant impact on shaping public opinion and attitudes toward social and political issues. However, there is still limited understanding of how messages of peace are disseminated and received by social media users. This research aims to explore and understand how messages of peace are disseminated and understood by social media users, as well as the factors influencing this process. A qualitative approach is used in this research with data collection procedures through online observation and in-depth interviews with 30 social media users. Data were analyzed through data restatement, data display, and data verification steps. The findings of the research indicate that social media users have various ways of disseminating messages of peace, ranging from sharing positive content to debating controversial issues with a peaceful approach. Factors such as content, social context, and user identity influence the effectiveness of messages of peace in achieving their dissemination goals. This research concludes that the dissemination of messages of peace on social media is a complex phenomenon influenced by various factors. However, with a deeper understanding of patterns and factors influencing the dissemination of messages of peace, more effective strategies can be developed to promote peace and tolerance in the online world.

Peaceful Strategy to Black National Question in Ralph Ellison’s Juneteenth

This article analyzes the theme of Black national liberation as it appears in Ralph Ellison's novel Juneteenth. The study has relevance to probe into the remedies of Black liberation movement in America. The article addresses on the research problems concerning to the black protagonist's inability to identify and deal with an appropriate path that leads the freedom of blacks in American society. The study analyzes the issues through the research approach (methodology) of the Marxist concept of dialectics. According to this theory, the conflict between society's opposing forces is permanent, while any resolution to it is conditional and only temporary. This idea maintains that the key to the liberation of the oppressed nationality and class is the battle against the oppressor nationality and class. One of the novel's two main protagonists, Reverend Hickman, belongs to the oppressed black nationality and class. Hickman seeks to free the downtrodden Blacks from its constraints, but he chooses the incorrect road by making peace with the country's ruling white class. Hickman believes that the battles of Afro-Americans alone cannot end black national oppression; instead, he looks to some heavenly figure from the white race, such as Abraham Lincoln, to grant Afro-Americans their independence, justice, and equality. Bliss was nurtured by Hickman in the hopes that he would become the American equivalent of Abraham Lincoln, but Bliss betrayed Hickman by becoming into the racial baiting white senator Adam Sunraider. Despite Bliss's betrayal, Hickman continues to have faith in Sunraider. The study reveals that this Hickman's message of peaceful approach while dealing with ruling whites keeps the Afro-Americans weak, far from liberating the oppressed black nationality.

GHQ 일본 점령하 야스쿠니신사의 변화

This study aims to examine rituals performed in relation to peaceful commemoration, with a focus on Yasukuni Shrine’s pursuit of pacifism centered on the appeasement of the spirits during the occupation by the General Headquarters (GHQ). The GHQ issued the Shinto Directive and the Religious Corporations Ordinance immediately after the occupation of Japan. This meant Yasukuni Shrine was no longer supported by the state and was reduced to a mere religious corporation, necessitating self-reliant measures. Departing from its militaristic image, Yasukuni Shrine chose to advocate for peaceful commemoration. Considering its economic position under GHQ’s occupation policy, the shrine needed to transform itself into a universally acceptable pacifist shrine in order to attract bereaved families and the general public as worshippers. The peaceful memorial rituals include the Eitai Kagura Festival, which allowed bereaved families to apply to conduct an individualized memorial ritual for fallen soldiers at Yasukuni Shrine, departing from the collective nature of previous deity-centric ceremonies during wartime. In addition, various other festive occasions (“matsuri”) were held for the first time, including the Mitama Matsuri, which is an ancestor worship memorial festival. Yasukuni Shrine’s pursuit of a public-oriented and peaceful approach to commemoration was essentially initiated as a result of pressure or coercion from the GHQ. However, the various new rituals (“matsuri”) initiated at the shrine during the GHQ’s occupation can be seen as part of its efforts to transform itself.

The peace dilemma in the triple nexus: challenges and opportunities for the humanitarian–development–peace approach

ABSTRACT The triple humanitarian, development, and peace nexus is rising in prominence to promote better coordination between actors and actions. In this article, we examine three key challenges regarding the addition of peace to the double humanitarian–development nexus: how (1) the peace component affects the humanitarian principles; (2) projects adapt to differing timescales of activities; and (3) donor financing strategies and funding modalities affect the nexus implementation. Methodologically, we analyse projects in Kenya, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Indonesia, conduct a literature review and 55 interviews. Our findings show that incorporating peace into the humanitarian–development nexus requires systemic and cultural shifts in how international aid is delivered and accounted for, including, in some cases, a move away from project-based approaches. The main implications of this research are that adding peace to the nexus approach requires increased coordination and a critical rethink of humanitarian and development systems across political and operational actors.

Dialectical Order-Making through Ambiguity: Contestation Is the Norm in International Peace and Security Maintenance

Abstract What kind of order and contestation dynamics emerge if the initial institutional bargain includes liberal, partially liberal, and nonliberal visions of order? This contribution to the special issue locates the liberal ideational and institutional properties within the crisis management domain and analyzes contestation dynamics and their impact. My argument is twofold. First, liberal visions of order (e.g., based on human rights and self-determination) have coexisted alongside other aspirations focusing on the right of nonintervention and privileged political communities because post–World War II conflict management is rooted in the legal ambiguity of the Charter of the United Nations (UN). This ambiguity (low legalized institutionalization) gives space to different interpretations of what counts as peace, enforcement, threat, and the relationship between the UN and regional organizations (low liberal embeddedness). Second, ambiguity and competing visions of order sustain persistent contestation, which produces dialectical ordering within and outside the UN. Within dialectical ordering, order-challenging contestation occurs when actors disengage from the global level or when their vision of order becomes globally hegemonic. While order-challenging attempts in the realm of crisis management exist, they have remained unsuccessful so far. Seen from this perspective, there has never been a liberal international order in conflict management—only liberal attempts to impose a liberal order on an ongoing dialectical order-making process. So far, other order-challenging attempts, such as Russia’s sphere of influence or China’s developmental peace approaches, have also remained unsuccessful. Contestation remains the norm.

Peacemaking in an authoritaraian context in Africa: Promoting peace from below in Cameroon

Abstract Cameroon, traditionally overlooked on the international peace agenda, has recently received increased attention due to mounting security challenges. Operating under an authoritarian regime that denies conflicts while promoting a narrative of stability, the course of international peace-from-below initiatives is profoundly influenced by this constrained political environment. Through in-depth case studies of three ongoing humanitarian crises—the Central African refugees’ influx, the Boko Haram/Islamic State West Africa Province insurgency, and the Anglophone conflict—this article contends that localized peace approaches, centring on grassroots reconciliation, may obscure broader structural issues, silence non-state political claims from below, and absolve the state of its responsibilities. Embracing such methodologies not only reinforces authoritarian dynamics but also exhibits a performative dimension, contributing to the establishment of a ‘victor’s peace’ in the absence of military victory.

Introducing Peacebuilding Philosophy to Language Teacher Education

Rebecca L. Oxford’s contributions to academia extend well beyond language learning strategy research, for which she is well known, to embrace peace education in language classrooms. Inspired by her peace education philosophy, this study first describes the influence of Oxford’s scholarly research in peace approach. Then, it presents a case study of five preservice teachers, all native Turkish speakers, who were guided to adopt the peace approach philosophy to develop creative teaching materials to be implemented in the Practicum course. Throughout six hours of weekly lessons at a state middle school, the preservice teachers integrated peacebuilding activities into their English instruction. The analysis of the qualitative data from lesson plans, classroom observations, and reflective writings, revealed compelling findings. Preservice teachers who implemented peacebuilding activities showcased increased competence and awareness of peace education philosophy, and they reported feeling more confident and fulfilled in their teaching. Children exposed to peacebuilding activities experienced a shift in their emotional state. It was also found that peacebuilding activities fostered inner harmony, boosted self-confidence, and enhanced children’s English learning engagement. The study highlights the crucial role of integrating peace education into teacher education programs, particularly for language teachers. Equipping educators with the tools and philosophies of peacebuilding can empower them to become agents of positive change, cultivating global citizens who embrace harmony and understanding.

Islamic Foreign Policy: Principle and Practices

Islam is a religion and an ideology encompassing all aspects of human life. However, many Muslims currently misunderstand and misinterpret the holistic concept of Islam. This can be attributed to the intellectual limitations within the Muslim community and the influence of secularism and liberalism across the Islamic world. This article aims to clarify Islam's perspective on domestic and foreign politics, including its principles, objectives, and practices. This article employs a qualitative approach through gathering data from Islamic sources and other relevant sources to examine foreign policy concepts. This paper argues that Islam forms the foundation of Islamic foreign policy to disseminate its message (da'wah), which can be practised by way of either peaceful approaches (diplomacy) or forceful means (warfare). Moreover, with respect to practical considerations as regards optimising foreign policy interests, reliable expert analysis can be sought on matters such as negotiation strategies and war. As this is an elaboration on Islamic foreign policy in general, this article proposes that more detail and practical Islamic foreign policy issues should be conducted with regard to future research. 
 

Penanganan Konflik Ambon dalam Analisis Dialektics Peace-Reconciliation dari Bar- Siman-Tov

Abstract The concept of conflict management often focuses only on how to stop the conflict. However, how to prevent these conflicts from happening again, and how to maintain permanent peace, often escapes scientific studies and the attention of conflict theorists and parties concerned with world peace. Based on this phenomenon, Bar-Siman-Tov developed a theory regarding the creation of lasting peace (stable peace) through a dialectic between the "peace approach" (top down structural) and the "reconciliation approach" (bottom up social psychological). The research is aimed at analyzing the Ambon conflict using the Bar-Siman-Tov theory. The Ambon conflict is a big story in the history of the Indonesian nation. Maluku, known as a peaceful region with all its plurality, was tested in 1999-2002 by a major conflict. The method used is the library method by collecting data through various written sources. The results of the study show that the dialectic of a structural "peace approach" with a grassroots "reconciliation approach" is capable of creating stable peace. Keywords: stable peace; peace; reconciliation; dialectics

Reflexive postliberal peace: a cultural paradigm shift in Israel’s peacebuilding

ABSTRACT To what extent does postliberal peace represent a substantive cultural paradigm shift relative to the liberal peace paradigm? We offer an empirical examination of the question through the Israeli case. An analysis of sixteen peace associations shows that peace activism has changed in the last twenty years in Israel in terms of organization, orientation, and action. Such change is clearly based on reflexivity, i.e. on the attempt by the activists to overcome the weakness of the liberal peace approach that has failed repeatedly in the Israeli-Palestinian context. The Israeli case reveals a cultural change that is creating a new, concrete, micro-level, “bottom-up” model of peacebuilding grounded, first and foremost, in everyday life. It is based on creating bridges on the social and cultural levels through practices, meetings, and networks. Although the peace process is not visible in the near future in Israel, and precisely because of that, the article presents the formation of a new cultural perception, which might be useful, and even necessary in time.

Asta-Ja Framework: A Peaceful Approach to Food, Water, Climate, and Environmental Security Coupled with Sustainable Economic Development and Social Inclusion in Nepal

Sustainable conservation, development, and utilization of natural and humanresources is necessary for accelerated economic growth and fast-pacedsocio-economic transformation of Nepal. Asta-Ja Framework, which is atheoretically grounded grassroots based peaceful and self-reliant planningand development approach, offers practical strategies for sustainable con-servation and development of natural and human resources enhancing food,water, climate, and environmental security, accelerated economic growth, andsocio-economic transformation of Nepal. Asta-Ja includes interconnectedeight resources in Nepali letter, Ja, – Jal (water), Jamin (land), Jungle(forest), Jadibuti (medicinal and aromatic plants), Janashakti (manpower),Janawar (animal), Jarajuri (crop plants) and Jalabayu (climate). Asta-JaFramework is a unifying framework for planning and resources develop-ment and has a strong footing on science, business, and eastern philosophy.While providing practical guidelines for achieving food, water, climate and environmental security, this article presents Nepal Vision 2040, which isdeveloped considering challenges that Nepal is currently facing and itsavailable Asta-Ja resources, envisioning that Nepal’s economic developmentreaching at the par of developed nations by 2040. Key strategic sectorsidentified in Nepal Vision 2040 include smallholder mixed-farming system,agro-jadibuti industrialization, protection of drinking water sources, climatechange adaptation, environmental pollution control, conservation of naturalresources, infrastructure, tourism, renewable energy, alleviation of inequali-ties, and good governance. This article demonstrates strategies for addressingsocial discrimination and inequalities through the process of Asta-Ja com-munity capacity-building and self-reliant development. Ecological balanceof Asta-Ja resources is necessary for sustainable natural resources, economicdevelopment, and community resiliency. The Government of Nepal is sug-gested to adopt Asta-Ja Framework as its national planning and developmentframework for sustainable economic growth and fast-paced socio-economictransformation of the country.

“Go Out to the Peripheries”: The Social Vision of Pope Francis

In this essay, the author describes the trajectory toward a just peace framework in contemporary Catholic social teaching, as well as similar trends in the broader Christian community. He articulates a refined just peace framework or process that has arisen from and within a pastoral approach that listens to the experiences and voices of people in conflict situations across various cultural spaces. He then turns to the recent and challenging case of the war in Ukraine to explore and argue for a just peace approach rooted in the praxis of accompaniment. The author also reflects on the distinction between and implications of an accompaniment approach and a justification-of-war approach to initiate more inquiry on this topic.

Praxis of Accompaniment: A Way of Just Peace amid the War in Ukraine

In this essay, the author describes the trajectory toward a just peace framework in contemporary Catholic social teaching, as well as similar trends in the broader Christian community. He articulates a refined just peace framework or process that has arisen from and within a pastoral approach that listens to the experiences and voices of people in conflict situations across various cultural spaces. He then turns to the recent and challenging case of the war in Ukraine to explore and argue for a just peace approach rooted in the praxis of accompaniment. The author also reflects on the distinction between and implications of an accompaniment approach and a justification-of-war approach to initiate more inquiry on this topic.

The role of religious authority in the twentieth revolution The supreme religious authority, Sheikh Muhammad Taqi al-Shirazi, as a model

The research deals with an Iraqi national figure who played a key role in mobilizing political events in Iraq prior to and during the 20th National Liberal Revolution. Iraq and the handover of governance to the Iraqis. This character is represented by the top reference Sheikh Sheikh Taqi al-Ha'iri Shirazi.The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: Sheikh Mohammed grew up in the martyrs in a family interested in science and knowledge, and his character was characterized by many qualities, and good manners, and subdued, and asceticism in the martyrs, and renounced the discrimination between the sons of one nation, and his courage and feet against the British occupation .From (1919-1920). The leadership role of Sheikh Mohammad Taqi al-Shirazi was characterized by two first periods, starting from his leadership of the religious authority in May 1919 and continued until March 1920. It was characterized by strengthening the role of the religious authority in opposing British projects and solving some of the problems faced by the national movement and taking a peaceful approach in dealing with the administration. The British continued to obtain the rights of the Iraqi people, and stressed the need to maintain peace and security, and not to shed blood, and continued the second period until his death on (August 17, 1920),where he took a firm position represented by authorizing the use of armed force to achieve the Iraqi national goals Declaration of the revolution against the British occupation. Sheikh Shirazi succeeded in winning over the majority of the Iraqi people. In addition to being a scholar and a brilliant political scientist, Sheikh Shirazi was able to exert great pressure on the British inside and outside Iraq, and he was able to incite the Iranians against British policy in the interest of Iraq and its independence. The aspirations of the Iraqi people for liberation and independence. Another role of the religious authority in the revolution of the twentieth is to mobilize, direct and put forward slogans and goals that reflect the national and Islamic content of the revolution, and work to spread the spirit of enthusiasm through speeches delivered in mosques and Husaynat or through the issuance and distribution of publications in various regions of Iraq. The jihadist fatwa of Sheikh Shirazi had a great impact in saving Iraq from the British occupation and made it march on the path of independence. In one of the sons of Sharif Hussein, the throne of Iraq. Al-Shirazi refused to distinguish between the components of Iraq and its various sects, and treated everyone equally after them citizens who have the right to live well in their

Indonesia’s G20 Peace Communication over Russia-Ukraine War

The phenomena that occurred in the war between Russia and Ukraine had a negative impact on the world economically, politically, and socially. This problem invites researchers to address peace communication to immediately negotiate and stop the war. This study uses a communication and peace approach using library research. The data used comes from library sources, both in the form of text in books, articles, papers, and other written sources. This research belongs to the descriptive-analytic research category which describes and analyzes Indonesian Peace Communication comprehensively. Data were obtained from primary and secondary literature. As for the primary data, the source is the literature on Peace Communication. As an additional reference, sources from the internet are used in this study. The research results were analyzed descriptively. The theory used was the theory of communication and peace. The results of the research show that the Indonesian Peace Communication invites Russia and Ukraine to quickly move towards peace; the two countries are neighbors and have many similarities in culture. In the war that happened no one won and no one lost. The 2022 G20 Summit invites Russia-Ukraine and the world to maintain peace and the non-nuclear use movement to protect humans.

Van rechtvaardige oorlog tot vredesethiek

This article first of all shows how moral questions arise in spiritual care in the armed forces. The role of the chaplain is not neutral because part of it is opening up, explaining and articulating questions concerning the moral basis of military action. Next, it is examined how contemporary Protestant theological-ethical reflection on questions of war and peace can inform the practice of spiritual care. It is argued that both the just peace approach and the just war tradition as well as Christian pacifism have something to say to spiritual care, albeit in different ways and to varying degrees.

Վիլյամ Սարոյանը Դերենիկ Դեմիրճյանի հակասական գնահատումներում

With this study we refer to two articles by DerenikDemirchyan, written in 1946 և 1953. In them, Demirchyan expresses contradictory opinions on William Saroyan’s literature and civic description. The point is that Saroyan, being a great supporter of the Soviet Union, and of course, Soviet Armenia, for some reason did not sign the Peace Call adopted in 1950 on the initiative of a number of countries, including the Soviet Union, known as the Stockholm Call. We assume that Demirchyan wrote the 1953 article on the orders of the Soviet regime, in which he severely criticized Saroyan, considering him a faithful servant of the morals of the bourgeois world, to whom humanitarian, peaceful approaches are hostile. And this is in the case when in the article published in 1946 Demirchyan claimed the exact opposite and gave the highest assessment to Saroyan’s works and the human image. We have raised these contradictory views in our article and presented a number of sources and views that shed light on the reasons for DerenikDemirchyan’s contradictory approaches.