Pisum Sativum Research Articles

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Application at Different Levels on Performance of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) in Agroclimatic Zone-II of Himachal Pradesh, India

During the Rabi season of 2023-24, a field experiment was carried out at Agriculture Farm Chamelti, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan (H.P.). The soil in the experimental field was well-drained, with medium in organic carbon and available nitrogen, but high in available phosphorus and potassium. Four nitrogen levels viz., N0- Control, N1- 15 kg ha-1 + Nano urea (2 ml L-1), N2- 20 kg ha-1, N3- 25 kg ha-1 and four levels of phosphorus viz., P0- Control, P1- 20 kg ha-1, P2- 40 kg ha-1 + Nano DAP (2 ml L-1), P3- 60 kg ha-1 and the GS-10 variety of pea was tested in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications. The experimental field results showed that applying nitrogen @ 25 kg ha-1 (N3) and phosphorus @ 60 kg ha-1 (P3) produced maximum growth parameters (plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1, dry matter accumulation (g plant-1), yield contributing traits (pod length, number of pods plant-1, and number of grains pod-1), and yield (grains, stover, and biological). Furthermore, it increased gross returns, net returns, and the B:C ratio when compared to other levels of nitrogen and phosphorus.

Transcriptional and genetic characteristic of chimera pea generation via double ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutation revealed by transcription analysis.

Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutagenesis is a prominent method for generating plant mutants, often resulting in chimera plants; however, their transcriptional and genetic characteristic remain elusive. In this investigation, chimera pea (Pisum sativum L.) specimens, labeled GY1 and GY2, exhibiting a distinctive phenotype with yellow and green leaves were meticulously cultivated via sequential double EMS mutagenesis. The observed color disparity between the yellow and green leaves was attributed to a significant reduction in chlorophyll content coupled with heightened lutein levels in both chimeric variants. Transcriptome profiling revealed the enrichment of differentially expressed genes in both GY1 and GY2, specifically implicating Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways linked to amino acid biosynthesis and ribosome development, alongside Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes linked with stress response mechanisms. Few structural genes associated with chlorophyll and lutein biosynthesis exhibited discernible differential expression. Despite these functional similarities, distinctive nuances were evident between specimens, with GY1 exhibiting enrichment in GO pathways related to chloroplast development and GY2 showing enrichment for ribosome development pathways. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis uncovered a shared pool of 599 and 598 polymorphisms in the yellow and green leaves of GY1 and GY2, respectively, likely stemming from the initial EMS mutagenesis step. Further investigation revealed an increased number of unique SNPs in the yellow leaves following the second EMS application, whereas the green leaves exhibited sparse and unique SNP occurrences, suggestive of potential evasion from secondary mutagenesis. This inherent genetic variability underpins the mechanism underlying the formation of chimera plants. Predominant base mutations induced by EMS were characterized by G/A and C/T transitions, constituting 74.1% of the total mutations, aligning with established EMS mutation induction paradigms. Notably, genes encoding the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIIso4G and the ubiquitin ligase RKP, known to modulate leaf color in model plants, harbored two SNPs in the yellow leaves of both GY1 and GY2, implicating their putative role in the yellow leaf phenotype. Collectively, this study provides novel insights into the transcriptional and genetic characteristics of chimera plants via EMS-induced mutagenesis.

Water‒soil-air‒plant mutual feedback mechanism under the application of red bed composite polymers.

Red bed composite polymers composed of weathered red bed soil, adhesive materials, and water-retaining materials have been applied as a new type of material for environmental restoration. However, the promotion and application of this material has been limited by a lack of understanding of its action mechanism in environmental restoration. The objective of this study is to innovatively propose a water‒soil-air‒plant mutual feedback mechanism based on this material. Therefore, water‒soil-air‒plant mutual feedback tests were conducted in this study under 3 initial water contents and 10 red bed composite polymers ratios. Key parameters, namely, water content, soil conductivity, pH, temperature, O2 and CO2 contents, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) germination number and plant height were monitored and analyzed. As the results, a mutual feedback mechanism driving water retention, soil consolidation, air retention, and plant rooting was revealed under the application of red bed composite polymers. And, suitable environments and optimal compositions for this material are proposed. The study results provide a theoretical basis for the large-scale application of red bed composite polymers.

Estimate of genetic components for yield and its component under normal and heat stress conditions in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Estimate of genetic components for yield and its component under normal and heat stress conditions in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Effect of mutations in the <i>Sym7</i>, <i>Sym19</i> and <i>Sym34</i> genes on the interaction of pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus <i>Rhizophagus irregularis</i>

BACKGROUND: Within the pea (Pisum sativum L.) species, genotypes with high and low responsiveness to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be distinguished. AIM: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that pea responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation may be inversely correlated with root colonization levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The wild-type line Finale with low responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and symbiotic mutants obtained on its basis were used. Plants were grown under controlled climatic conditions with a deficiency of available phosphorus; the fungus Rhizophagus irregularis was used for inoculation. Parameters of plant growth and development of reproductive organs were determined 52 and 71 days after inoculation, which corresponded to the flowering and pod filling stages, respectively. RESULTS: All mutant lines under conditions without inoculation had generally reduced parameters compared to the original line Finale. Inoculation led to a decrease in many parameters in the line Finale. Mutations in the Sym7 and Sym34 genes, which led to a decrease or delay in the start of mycorrhization, respectively, contributed to the manifestation of a positive plant response to inoculation. The mutant in the Sym19 gene almost completely lacked intrartadical colonization, while inoculation had no effect on the growth and development of above-ground organs. CONCLUSIONS: The study results support the idea that reducing mycorrhization levels can have a positive effect on pea plants.

Optimization of transformation conditions of the yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> to determine coregulators of the transcription factor NIN in a yeast two-hybrid system

BACKGROUND: The method of protein-protein interaction analysis using the yeast two-hybrid system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells is used to search for protein coregulators. This method is also used for mass screening of libraries of cloned fragments of complementary DNA (cDNA) that are translated in the cell. The key factor in the success of such screening is the level of efficiency of yeast cell transformation, since the resolution of the analysis is based on this. AIM: The aim of this study is to search for optimal parameters for chemical transformation of yeast cells to increase the resolution of cDNA library screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasmids pDEST22 and pDEST32 were used for chemical transformation of the yeast strain S. cerevisiae pJ69-4A. For screening, a cDNA library was used, obtained on the basis of mRNA isolated from the roots of pea Pisum sativum cultivar Finale, inoculated with rhizobia. RESULTS: Factors influencing the efficiency of transformation were identified. Among them are the molecular weight of polyethyleneglycol used for transformation, as well as the number of cell division cycles that the culture undergoes. The effect of the number and size of plasmids used in transformation was also shown. Using the optimized protocol, a cDNA library was successfully screened to find coregulators of the NIN transcription factor. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the data obtained, optimal parameters were determined that allow achieving a high level of competence in yeast cells. The use of the described protocol allowed for successful screening of the library to identify coregulators of the NIN transcription factor.

Genome-Wide Identification of WRKY Transcription Factors in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and their Response to Sulfur and Water Stress

AbstractThe WRKY gene family is widely distributed in plants and plays essential roles in plant development and stress response. Despite extensive characterization of WRKY transcription factors in many plants, a genome-wide analysis of the WRKY gene family in Pisum sativum is still lacking. The central method of this study focused on the retrieval and characterization of WRKY gene sequences in the pea genome and further looking up for their modulation in response to sulfur and water stress. This involved a combination of bioinformatics tools and gene expression study to identify, characterize, and understand the properties of the WRKY gene family in pea. In this study, 86 PsWRKY genes were identified in the pea genome, categorized into five phylogenetic groups. They were dispersed across all seven chromosomes, with Chromosome 5 showing the highest enrichment. Synteny analysis revealed orthologs of 69 PsWRKY genes in Arabidopsis and Medicago. Transcriptome analysis identified 36 differentially expressed PsWRKY genes in response to sulfur (S) stress, water (W) stress, and their combination (W + S). Real-time PCR validation confirmed significant upregulation of PsWRKY23, PsWRKY58, PsWRKY64, and PsWRKY83 under water stress, PsWRKY58 and PsWRKY84 under sulfur stress, and PsWRKY03 under combined (W + S) stress. Overall, this study provides important insights on genetic information of the WRKY gene family in Pea and its possible role in water and sulfur stress, which will help further to study these candidate WRKY gene with a future objective of understanding their role in abiotic stress.

The effect of UV-C radiation and cytokinin on pea plants

Aim. The effect of ultraviolet C (UV-C) radiation and cytokinin benzylaminopurine (BAP) on the growth and content of photosynthetic pigments in leaves of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) was studied. Methods. Pea plants cultivar Aronis were irradiated by UV-C at a dose of 15 kJ/m2 with a power of 7 W/m2. Part of the non-irradiated plants was treated with BAP, part of the plants was treated with BAP one day before irradiation and part of plants were treated with BAP in one day after UV-C irradiation. Length and mass of plant shoots and roots were measured during the experiment. Content of photosynthetic pigments in leaves were determined during all time the experiment. Results. It was shown that pea plants growth delayed content of carotenoids in leaves reduced after the UV-C radiation of pea plants. Treatment of plants with BAP after the end of the UV-C radiation accelerated the restoration of photosynthetic pigments content. Conclusions. It was shown that UV-C radiation of pea plants by dose of 15 kJ/m2 caused inhibition of growth, decreasing photosynthetic pigments content in leaves. The BAP treatment after radiation stimulated the restoration of photosynthetic pigments content in the leaves.

Spray inoculation and image analysis-based quantification of powdery mildew disease severity on pea leaves

Pea (Pisum sativum) is an important agricultural legume crop, but powdery mildew disease caused by the biotrophic fungus Erysiphe pisi regularly limits its annual yield. Assays to evaluate the efficacy of potential antifungal compounds or resistance genes for disease control require a simple fungal inoculation method that provides control over the initial inoculum concentration and enables uniform inoculum distribution within a leaf and across replicates as well as a method for the quantitative assessment of disease severity. Here, we present an easy spray inoculation method for the uniform distribution of a defined concentration of E. pisi conidia on the leaves of pea plants and a semi-automated image analysis-based quantification of disease symptoms. The uniformity in conidial distribution was validated using a novel grading system termed the uniformity index. In addition, RT-qPCR was used to validate the reproducibility of the spray inoculation method and image analysis-based disease quantification. These procedures permit the accurate quantification of powdery mildew disease severity at macroscopic and molecular levels.•Uniform and reproducible inoculum distribution on leaves using a simple and inexpensive spray device•Rapid and reproducible quantification of powdery mildew disease symptoms using open-source software without the requirement of computational expertise

An Assessment of the Safety, Efficacy, and Tolerability of a Novel Scalp Treatment Regimen Combining a Hydroxy Acid-Based Scrub and Copper Tripeptide Serum in the Management of Seborrheic Dermatitis in Adults.

Background and objective Scalp dandruff, a prevalent dermatological condition marked by flaking and itching, affects a large segment of the population. Sun exposure, genetics, and dryness, along with winter conditions, indoor heating, and hard water, all contribute to moisture loss and scalp imbalance.This study aimed to evaluatethe safety, efficacy, and tolerability of a novel regimen combining a scalp scrub with hydroxy acidderivatives for exfoliation and dandruff removal, and a serum containing copper tripeptide-1, witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), hesperidin, hyaluronic acid, and pea protein (Pisum sativum) for hydration and scalp health. Methods This prospective, interventional, open-label, single-center study assessed the safety, efficacy, and in-use tolerability of a scalp scrub and serum regimen for mild to moderate dandruff. Ethical approval was granted by ACEAS - Independent Ethics Committee and all participants provided written consent. The study evaluated changes in Adherent Scalp Flaking Score (ASFS), scalp hydration with the Corneometer® CM 825, hair thickness, hair density, and scalp condition using CASLite Nova.Scalp appearance and treatment usage perception were evaluated on day 1, day 8, and day 15. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics v29.0.1.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) and Microsoft Excel 2019, with results reported as p-values and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results As per the ASFSscale for adherent scalp flaking, a significant improvement of 61.24% (p<0.0001) was observed by day 15. Assessmentswith CASLite Nova showed significant increases in hair density and hair thickness by 12.48% (p<0.0001) and 25.36% (p<0.0001), respectively. Regarding scalp condition, the proportion of individuals with a dry scalp and significant keratin decreased from 65.52% at baseline to 6.9% by day 15. The incidence of dry scalp with fine dandruff also decreased from 6.9% at baseline to 0% by day 15. Conversely, the percentage of individuals with a dry scalp and some keratin increased from 27.59% at baseline to 48.28% by day 15. Also, the proportion of subjects with a normal scalp, characterized by good hair density and thickness, increased from 0% at baseline to 44.83% by day 15. Scalp skin hydration, measured by Corneometer® CM 825, showed a significant improvement of 76.24% (p<0.0001) from baseline to day 15. Overall, there were notable enhancements in scalp appearance, with reductions in itchiness, redness, roughness, and scaliness. All subjects reported satisfaction with the treatment. Conclusions The ThriveCo scalp regimen (scalp scrub + serum) has been demonstrated to be both effective and safe in treating and reducing scalp dandruff in healthy adults. The regimen significantly reduced ASFS by effectively removing visible scalp flakes from day 1 to day 15 with continuous use. Furthermore, the kit improved overall scalp condition, increased skin hydration, and enhanced the scalp's appearance. The components include scalp scrub with hydroxy acidderivatives for exfoliation and dandruff removal, and a serum containing copper tripeptide-1, Hamamelis virginiana, hesperidin, hyaluronic acid, and pea protein (Pisum sativum) for hydration and overall scalp health over the 15-day treatment period. The synergistic effects of this regimen work to clear visible dandruff flakes, reduce adherent scalp flaking, rejuvenate the scalp, and simultaneously strengthen the hair.

Mitigation of heavy metal toxicity in pigeon pea by plant growth promoting Pseudomonas alcaliphila strain PAS1 isolated from contaminated environment.

The risk of arsenic contamination is rising globally, and it has negative impacts on the physiological processes and growth of plants. Metal removal from contaminated soils can be accomplished affordably and effectively with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-based microbial management. From this angle, this research evaluated the mitigation of arsenic toxicity using the bacteria isolated from contaminated site, Mettur, Salem district, South India. The newly isolated bacterial strain was screened for plant growth promotion potential and arsenic tolerance such as (100ppm, 250ppm, 500ppm, 800ppm and 1200ppm). The metal tolerant rhizobacteria was identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Pseudomonas alcaliphila strain PAS1 (GenBank accession number: OQ804624). Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) plants were used in pot culture experiments with varying concentrations of arsenic, (5ppm, 10ppm and 25ppm) both with and without bacterial culture, for a period of 45days. At the concentration of 25ppm after the application of PAS1 enhanced the plant growth, protein and carbohydrate by 35.69%, 18.31% respectively. Interestingly, P. alcaliphila strain PAS1 significantly reduced the stress-induced elevated levels of proline, flavonoid, phenol and antioxidant enzyme in pigeon pea plants was 40%, 31.11%, 27.80% and 20.12%, respectively. Consequently, PAS1 may significantly reduce the adverse effects that arsenic causes to plant development in acidic soils, improve plant uptake of nutrients, and increase plant production. The findings of this study reveal that P. alcaliphila PAS1 is intrinsic for phytoremediation by reducing arsenic accumulation in the root and shoot.

A "love match" score to compare root exudate attraction and feeding of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Azospirillum brasilense.

The rhizosphere is the zone of soil surrounding plant roots that is directly influenced by root exudates released by the plant, which select soil microorganisms. The resulting rhizosphere microbiota plays a key role in plant health and development by enhancing its nutrition or immune response and protecting it from biotic or abiotic stresses. In particular, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial members of this microbiota that represent a great hope for agroecology, since they could be used as bioinoculants for sustainable crop production. Therefore, it is necessary to decipher the molecular dialog between roots and PGPR in order to promote the establishment of bioinoculants in the rhizosphere, which is required for their beneficial functions. Here, the ability of root exudates from rapeseed (Brassica napus), pea (Pisum sativum), and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to attract and feed three PGPR (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Azospirillum brasilense) was measured and compared, as these responses are directly involved in the establishment of the rhizosphere microbiota. Our results showed that root exudates differentially attracted and fed the three PGPR. For all beneficial bacteria, rapeseed exudates were the most attractive and induced the fastest growth, while pea exudates allowed the highest biomass production. The performance of ryegrass exudates was generally lower, and variable responses were observed between bacteria. In addition, P. fluorescens and A. brasilense appeared to respond more efficiently to root exudates than B. subtilis. Finally, we proposed to evaluate the compatibility of each plant-PGPR couple by assigning them a "love match" score, which reflects the ability of root exudates to enhance bacterial rhizocompetence. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the specific selection of PGPR by the plant through their root exudates and may help to select the most effective exudates to promote bioinoculant establishment in the rhizosphere.

Revolutionizing Garden Pea Yield: A Synergistic Strategy with Plant Extracts, Bio-control Agents and Fungicides for Root Rot Disease Management and Optimal Productivity

Background: Pea, a vegetable crop cultivated in cooler regions globally, holds substantial economic significance in India. Unfortunately, root rot poses a significant challenge, especially during the early stages of plant growth, with Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi identified as the causative agent. To address this issue, a comprehensive study was conducted over two consecutive years, evaluating the efficacy of various plant extracts, bioagents and fungicides, both in field and laboratory settings, to control root rot in pea. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Jaipur in the Rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23 aimed to develop a sustainable strategy to gather valuable insights and observations throughout the growing seasons to combat root rot in pea crops, specifically using the susceptible variety Arkel. Result: Among all fungicides, plant extracts and bio-control agents that demonstrated efficacy in laboratory settings were subsequently evaluated in real-field conditions. In field condition seed treatment with tebuconazole 50%+ trifloxystrobin 25% at 0.1% along with soil application of neem cake at 5q/ha was found best with minimum disease incidence and maximum pod yield (75.80 q/ha). Among these treatments, neem cake was the most effective in reducing the incidence of root rot in peas compared to the application of mustard cake.

Effect of Plant Types on Lodging Resistance and Yield of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Lodging Impact on Yield and Ascochyta Blight Severity

Effect of Plant Types on Lodging Resistance and Yield of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Lodging Impact on Yield and Ascochyta Blight Severity

N Stress Alleviation in Crops—A System Approach Analysing Residual N From Winter Crops in a Late‐Maize‐Wheat Sequence

ABSTRACTNitrogen (N) is crucial for crop production. Crop sequences with different legume participation affect N availability and therefore N fertiliser management. The study aimed to assess the inclusion of winter crops (WC) with different amounts of residues and different C:N ratios on the following: (i) the response to N fertilisation in the following late‐maize (Zea mays L.), and to carry that comparison into a subsequent wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.), and (ii) identify soil N indicators associated with these responses. Two field experiments (E1 and E2) were conducted in the Argentinean Pampas during two growing seasons to evaluate a WC/late‐maize‐wheat sequence under no‐tillage. In each experiment, late‐maize was sown after a bare‐fallow and three WC: wheat, vetch (Vicia villosa L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.), where five rates of N fertilisation were evaluated. An area of late‐maize that was not fertilised with N within each previous WC was used to evaluate the response to N fertilisation in the subsequent wheat crop. Indigenous N was estimated by using N uptake in the non‐N‐fertilised treatments. Soil N indicators and C:N ratio of WC residues were evaluated as indicators of response to N fertilisation in both crops. Significant responses to N fertilisation in grain yield and N uptake were observed in late‐maize when bare‐fallow and wheat were the previous treatments in both experiments. In contrast, vetch and field pea supplied 32 and 40 kg N ha−1 in E1 and E2, respectively, and showed no response to N fertilisation, satisfying the N required by late‐maize. However, this supply was not enough to sustain the N demand of the subsequent wheat, where the response to N addition ranged from 36% to 74% when vetch and wheat were the previous WC, respectively. Only soil inorganic N indicators were associated with indigenous N supply. Moreover, the apparent net WC effect was linked to late‐maize (r2 = 0.91) and subsequent wheat (r2 = 0.67) grain yield response, which was also related to the C:N ratio of the WC residues in late‐maize and the subsequent wheat (r2 = 0.78), suggesting that mineralisation occurs when C:N ratio is below 18. Consequently, in future studies the C:N ratio of the WC residues can be included in N fertilisation recommendation schemes when late‐maize is sown as a double crop in more intensified crop sequences.

Critical stages in pea photosynthesis impaired by tetracycline as an environmental contaminant.

The widespread use of antibiotics in intensive animal husbandry, and the agricultural utilization of manure from such farms, imposes a significant burden on the environment. Consequently, the effects of antibiotics should be studied not only in animals and humans but also in all components of biocenoses and agrocenoses. In our study, we analyze the impact of four different concentrations of tetracycline present in soil (0, 5, 50, and 500mg/kg of soil) on the growth and key photosynthesis parameters of pea seedlings: chlorophyll concentration, aminolevulinic acid concentration, aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase activity, and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO) activity. At the lowest tetracycline concentration, chlorophyll content decreased by 13% compared to the control (0 tetracycline), while at the highest antibiotic concentration, it decreased by as much as 27%. Similarly, the decrease in aminolevulinic acid (a chlorophyll precursor) concentration was significant, amounting to 34%. However, the activity of the dehydrogenase enzyme, which consumes this precursor, decreased even more drastically by 51%, indicating significant disturbances in the light phase of photosynthesis. However, the activity of RuBisCO in pea plants subjected to tetracycline was even more severely affected, dropping by 58%, 69%, and 70% in soils with increasing concentrations of tetracycline. The reduction in enzyme activity could only partially be explained by a less pronounced decrease in the quantity of RuBisCO (large subunit) protein, which amounted to 6.5%, 11%, and 35% for tetracycline concentrations of 5, 50, and 500mg/kg of soil, respectively.

DNA Metabarcoding Approach as a Potential Tool for Supporting Official Food Control Programs: A Case Study.

Food authentication significantly impacts consumer health and the credibility of Food Business Operators (FBOs). As European regulations mandate the verification of food authenticity and supply chain integrity, competent authorities require access to innovative analytical methods to identify and prevent food fraud. This study utilizes the DNA metabarcoding approach on meat preparations, sampled during an official control activity. It assesses animal and plant composition by amplifying DNA fragments of the 12S rRNA and trnL (UAA) genes, respectively. The results not only confirmed the declared species but also revealed undeclared and unexpected taxa in products labelled as containing a single animal species and various unspecified plant species. Notable findings such as the presence of Murinae, Sus scrofa, Ovis aries, and Pisum sativum could raise public health concerns, compromise consumer choices made for ethical or religious reasons, and reflect the hygienic conditions of the processing plant. This study demonstrates that the DNA metabarcoding approach looks to be a promising support tool for official control authorities to ensure food authenticity and safety, and to develop risk profiles along the supply chain.

Biocidal function of Trichoderma-derived secondary metabolites against Fusarium wilt of pea

The current research investigates the potential of secondary metabolites extracted from Trichoderma species for managing Fusarium wilt in pea plants. Crude extracts of secondary metabolites from T. viride and T. harzianum were obtained using ethyl acetate and methanol through solvent extraction methods and evaluated for their antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi under various experimental conditions. In vitro assays were performed using the poisoned food technique on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, employing Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three concentrations of secondary metabolites (250 ppm, 350 ppm, and 500 ppm). Greenhouse experiments were also conducted in a CRD setup, where pea plants were inoculated with a spore suspension (1×10⁶ spores/ml) of the pathogen and treated with different concentrations of metabolites through soil drenching. For field trials, a Randomized Complete Block Design was utilized to evaluate the most effective concentration (500 ppm) of metabolites, applied via hand sprayer and soil drenching. Results showed that the combination of T. viride and T. harzianum metabolites significantly reduced mycelial growth (10.11 mm) under laboratory conditions and decreased disease incidence to 27.08% in greenhouse trials and 28.15% in field trials. These findings highlight the potential of Trichoderma-derived secondary metabolites as a sustainable approach for managing Fusarium wilt in pea plants, offering promising prospects for integrated disease management strategies.

Genome-Wide Mapping of Main Histone Modifications and Coordination Regulation of Metabolic Genes under Salt Stress in Pea (Pisum sativum L)

Abstract Pea occupy a key position in modern biogenetics, playing a multifaceted roles as food, vegetable, fodder, and green manure. However, due to the complex nature of its genome and the prolonged unveiling of high-quality genetic maps, research into the molecular mechanisms underlying pea development and stress responses has been significantly delayed. Furthermore, the exploration of its epigenetic modification profiles and associated regulatory mechanisms remains uncharted. This research conducted a comprehensive investigation of four specific histone marks, namely H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K9ac, and H3K9me2 and the transcriptome in pea under normal condition, and established a global map of genome-wide regulatory elements, chromatin states, and dynamics based on these major modifications. Our analysis identified epigenomic signals across approximately 82.6% of the genome. Each modification exhibits distinct enrichment patterns: H3K4me3 is predominantly associated with the gibberellin response pathway, H3K27me3 is primarily associated with auxin and ethylene responses, and H3K9ac is primarily associated with negative regulatory stimulus responses. We also identified a novel bivalent chromatin state (H3K9ac-H3K27me3) in pea, which is related to their development and stress response. Additionally, we unveil that these histone modifications synergistically regulate metabolic-related genes, influencing metabolite production under salt stress conditions. Our findings offer a panoramic view of the major histone modifications in pea, elucidate their interplay, and highlight their transcriptional regulatory roles during salt stress.

Lignification based screening of pea (Pisum sativum L.) germplasm for resistance to rust (Uromyces viciae–fabae)

Lignification based screening of pea (Pisum sativum L.) germplasm for resistance to rust (Uromyces viciae–fabae)