Growth Of Pea Plants Research Articles

Special issue in honour of Prof. Reto J. Strasser - JIP-test as a tool for early diagnostics of plant growth and flowering upon selected light recipe

Light is a major factor controlling plant growth and development. To assess the impact of the applied light conditions, we aimed to sort out a tool for early diagnostics of the plant physiological state. We investigated the effect of a blue:red:far-red LED light formula recommended for improved plant performance (flowering). High (BR) and low (BRS) light intensity variants were compared to normal (W) and 'shadowed' (WS) white fluorescent controls. The efficiency of the JIP-test to determine changes during early growth of pea plants was compared to additional physiological characteristics (growth parameters, thermal stability of the thylakoid membranes, chlorophyll content, CO2 assimilation, transpiration). Our data showed the onset of growth inhibition under BR light, while BRS light stimulated plants to reach the flowering stage similarly as the W control. We concluded that the JIP-test is appropriate for early, reliable, and nondestructive analysis of light recipes for plant growth and flowering.

Efficacy of a Plant-Microbe System: Pisum sativum (L.) Cadmium-Tolerant Mutant and Rhizobium leguminosarum Strains, Expressing Pea Metallothionein Genes PsMT1 and PsMT2, for Cadmium Phytoremediation.

Two transgenic strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, 3841-PsMT1 and 3841-PsMT2, were obtained. These strains contain the genetic constructions nifH-PsMT1 and nifH-PsMT2 coding for two pea (Pisum sativum L.) metallothionein genes, PsMT1 and PsMT2, fused with the promoter region of the nifH gene. The ability of both transgenic strains to form nodules on roots of the pea wild-type SGE and the mutant SGECdt, which is characterized by increased tolerance to and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in plants, was analyzed. Without Cd treatment, the wild type and mutant SGECdt inoculated with R. leguminosarum strains 3841, 3841-PsMT1, or 3841-PsMT2 were similar histologically and in their ultrastructural organization of nodules. Nodules of wild-type SGE inoculated with strain 3841 and exposed to 0.5 μM CdCl2 were characterized by an enlarged senescence zone. It was in stark contrast to Cd-treated nodules of the mutant SGECdt that maintained their proper organization. Cadmium treatment of either wild-type SGE or mutant SGECdt did not cause significant alterations in histological organization of nodules formed by strains 3841-PsMT1 and 3841-PsMT2. Although some abnormalities were observed at the ultrastructural level, they were less pronounced in the nodules of strain 3841-PsMT1 than in those formed by 3841-PsMT2. Both transgenic strains also differed in their effects on pea plant growth and the Cd and nutrient contents in shoots. In our opinion, combination of Cd-tolerant mutant SGECdt and the strains 3841-PsMT1 or 3841-PsMT2 may be used as an original model for study of Cd tolerance mechanisms in legume-rhizobial symbiosis and possibilities for its application in phytoremediation or phytostabilization technologies.

The external presence of running water influences the root growth of pea plants (Phaselous vulgaris)

Each year, invasive tree roots cause large amounts of damage to underground pipes. While this is usually due to leaks and cracks, tree roots can also invade pipes that are structurally sound. We are interested in investigating whether plant roots have an affinity towards flowing water, measured through mass, even when the running water is not in direct contact with soil. We tested this by creating a choice chamber with water running under one end and no stimulus on the other end. We grew the plants in their chambers until their stems reached 10 inches before removing the plants to measure the mass of the roots growing towards either side of the choice chamber. Data from other scientists as well as a previously conducted experiment seemed to show that flowing water attracted plant roots. Therefore, we hypothesized that there would be greater root mass on the side of the chamber exposed to flowing water. Overall, the masses of the roots growing towards flowing water were greater than the masses of the roots growing towards the end with no stimulus, showing that plant roots did have an affinity towards flowing water. The remarkable sensitivities of plants to sound are still being discovered, but the delicacy already shown by experiments such as ours leaves concerns regarding a new facet of the impact of sound pollution on our ecosystems.

Lead-Induced Changes in Fluorescence and Spectral Characteristics of Pea Leaves

Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters can provide useful indications of photosynthetic performance in vivo. Coupling appropriate fluorescence measurements with other noninvasive techniques, such as absorption spectroscopy or gas exchange, can provide insights into the limitations to photosynthesis under given conditions. Chlorophyll content is one of the dominant factors influencing the conditions of a vegetation growing season, and can be tested using both fluorescence and remote sensing methods. Hyperspectral remote sensing and recording the narrow range of the spectrum can be used to accurately analyze the parameters and properties of plants. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of lead ions (Pb, 5 mM Pb(NO3)2) on the growth of pea plants using spectral properties. Hyperspectral remote sensing and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were used to assess the physiological state of plants seedlings treated by lead ions during the experiment. The plants were growing in hydroponic cultures supplemented with Pb ions under various conditions (control, complete Knop + phosphorus (+P); complete Knop + phosphorus (+P) + Pb; Knop (-P) + Pb, distilled water + Pb) affecting lead uptake via the root system. Spectrometric measurements allowed us to calculate the remote sensing indices of vegetation, which were compared with chlorophyll and carotenoids content and fluorescence parameters. The lead contents in the leaves, roots, and stems were also analyzed. Spectral characteristics and vegetation properties were analyzed using statistical tests. We conclude that: (1) pea seedlings grown in complete Knop (with P) and in the presence of Pb ions were spectrally similar to the control plants because lead was not transported to the shoots of plants; (2) lead most influenced plants that were grown in water, according to the highest lead content in the leaves; and (3) the effects of lead on plant growth were confirmed by remote sensing indices, whereas fluorescence parameters identified physiological changes induced by Pb ions in the plants.

The integrated effect between phosphorus fertilizing levels and biological control on damping - off, root rot diseases and its reflection on an improving growth and fresh pods yield of priming and non-priming pea seeds

Two experiments were conducted in newly reclaimed soil for two successive winter seasons during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 at El-Nobaria region, Beheira, Egypt on two peas cultivars, i. e. Little Marvel (LM) and Master B (MB). The purpose of this study is to improve the efficiency of biological seed treatments such as bio-priming and seed coating with T. harzianum in control of root rot disease and improve vegetative growth of pea plants under field conditions. In this investigation four levels of phosphorus were used, i.e. 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P2O5 per fed. and combined with four biological seed treatments, i.e. untreated seeds (control); treated seeds with bio-priming, priming and coated by T. harzianum. Pea root rot disease incidence was recorded after 30 and 60 days of sowing. Results showed that the highest vegetative growth characters, total green pods yield and good quality were obtained by plants of Master P (MB) cultivar compared to Little Marvel (LM). The highest values of previous characters were recorded by plants which received 50 kg P2O5 / fed compared with other levels. Phosphorus fertilizer levels at 50 and 75 units/ fed were highly effective then 25 units/ feddan in decreasing the root rot % infection and reduction in the incidence of root rot of pea plants. Recommend by using pea seeds of cv. Master B in cultivation and using bio-primed seeds with bio-control agents like T. harzianum or T. viride or T. asperellum should be utilized for managing seed borne pathogens and fertilizing pea plants by adding mineral phosphorus fertilizer.

English

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are well-known to influence plant growth via a variety of mechanisms such as nitrogen fixation, production of volatile organic compounds and enzymes, and bioremediation contaminants from the environment. PGPR have been previously identified by other researchers using laboratory screening methods. It was hypothesized that relying on these routine laboratory tests, some PGPR species are being overlooked. These species could promote growth through genes that encode for the synthesis of specific growth stimuli or other growth-promoting traits such as vitamins, antibiotics, and secondary metabolites. To evaluate this hypothesis, PGPR (MA-7, ON-4, SP-7, and RA-9) and previously overlooked PGPR (SE-7, LE-26, SQ-7, and SQ-9) were tested both with sterilized and non-sterilized soil in pot and greenhouse experiments. The PGPR isolates significantly increased pea plant growth, albeit to different degrees based on isolate, in both types of soil. The increases were recorded in shoot and root length and fresh matter in non-sterilized soil whereas increases in root length and root fresh weight were observed in sterilized soil. Interestingly, strains SE-7 and SQ-7 of the four overlooked PGPR isolates tested were also able to promote pea plant growth similarly to the PGPR isolates under both pot and greenhouse conditions. Morphological and biochemical characterization of the four original PGPR isolates revealed that they were rod-shaped, gram-positive, and spore-forming. Sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA showed that these strains were mostly similar to Bacillus sp. (99% similarity). Using the EzBioCloud 16S rRNA database, it was found that one strain was likely to be Bacillus paramycoides based on 100% similarity, two strains were Bacillus wiedmannii based on 99.05 and 100% similarity, and the remaining strain was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on 99.64% similarity. Key words: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), pea, soil, 16S rRNA, Bacillus.

Tripartite Relationships in Legume Crops Are Plant-Microorganism-Specific and Strongly Influenced by Salinity

This study investigated the effects of specific strains of two arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) (Rhizophagus irregularis and Claroideoglomus claroideum) and of two plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) (Rhizobium leguminosarum and Burkholderia spp.), supplied either individually or as combination of a mixture of both arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi with each bacteria on root morphology, growth and fresh grain yield in pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Inoculated and non-inoculated pea plants were subjected to two levels of salinity (0 and 50 mM) by the addition of sodium chloride into tap water. Prior to fresh grain harvesting the morphology of root system was analyzed and the dry matter of roots and shoots were individually measured in randomly selected plants. Fresh pods were individually harvested per each plant; fresh (green) grains were separately counted and weighted per each pod at each individual plant, and the average grain weight was calculated by dividing total grain weight of plant with the respective number of green grains. The raise of salinity in the irrigation water strongly diminished the growth of pea plants by significantly reducing weight, length, surface area and root volume of pea plants. The relationships of pea plants with beneficiary fungi and bacteria were specific to each microorganism and highly depended on the environment. We found that under saline conditions, Rhizophagus irregularis provided a better vegetative growth and a higher yield than Claroideoglomus claroideum. Although, single application of Burkolderia spp. provides a better vegetative growth than single application of Rhizobium leguminosarum the best results, in terms of growth and harvested yield, were still obtained by combined application of AM fungi with Rhizobium leguminosarum. This combination was able to sustain the average grain weight at the level of non-saline plants and provided a significantly higher yield than the control plants.

A phytobeneficial strain Planomicrobium sp. MSSA-10 triggered oxidative stress responsive mechanisms and regulated the growth of pea plants under induced saline environment.

The study was planned to characterize Planomicrobium sp. MSSA-10 for plant-beneficial traits and to evaluate its inoculation impact on physiology of pea plants under different salinity levels. Strain MSSA-10 was isolated from pea rhizosphere and identified by the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. The strain demonstrated phosphate solubilization and auxin production up to 2moll-1 NaCl and exhibited 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity up to 1·5moll-1 salt. In an inoculation experiment under different salinity regimes, a significant increase in growth was observed associated with decreased levels of reactive oxygen species and enhanced antioxidative enzyme activities. The strain also promoted the translocation of nutrients in plants with subsequent increase in chlorophyll and protein contents as compared to noninoculated plants. It has been observed that rifampicin-resistant derivatives of MSSA-10 were able to survive for 30days at optimum cell density with pea rhizosphere. Growth-stimulating effect of MSSA-10 on pea plants may be attributed to its rhizosphere competence, nutrient mobilization and modulation of plant oxidative damage repair mechanisms under saline environment. Planomicrobium sp. MSSA-10 might be used as potent bioinoculant to relieve pea plants from deleterious effects of salinity.

Impact of coal mine overburden leachates on pea plant growth with their quality

Impact of coal mine overburden leachates on pea plant growth with their quality

Artificial Inoculation of AM Fungi Improves Nutrient Uptake Efficiency in Salt Stressed Pea (Pissum Sativum L) Plants

The study aimed to investigate the effects of commercially available AMF inoculate (Glomussp. mixture) on the growth and the nutrient acquisition of field pea (Pissum sativumL) plants. Inoculated (AMF+) and non-inoculated (AMF-) pea plants were subjected to two levels of salinity by the addition of sodium chlorate into the tap water (0 and 50mM NaCl). Several times during the growing cycle, in randomly selected plants the morphology of root system was analyzed and the dry matter of roots and the aboveground biomass were individually measured. Furthermore, plant tissue samples were analyzed regarding N, P and K concentration and the total uptake and specific absorption rate of these elements (SARN, SARP, SARK) per unit of root length, root surface area and root volume were calculated. Saline irrigation water strongly diminished the growth of pea plants and strongly reduced the absorption capacity of their root system. The inoculation of AM fungi in the growing substrate contributed to the increase of plant biomass and alleviation of the salinity stress by improving the specific absorption rate of main nutrient elements by the root system. Therefore, the artificial inoculation of AM fungi could be considered as an effective alternative to improve growth of pea plants under saline irrigation water conditions.

Effect of Chromium (Vi) Reducing Bacillus species PZ3 on the Growth of Pea Plants in Chromium Amended Soil

Effect of Chromium (Vi) Reducing Bacillus species PZ3 on the Growth of Pea Plants in Chromium Amended Soil

Pea crop (Pisum sativum L.) responseto the nickel application

El niquel (Ni), se considera el ultimo de los micronutrientes esenciales para las plantas superiores, debido a su participacion en la enzima ureasa; sin embargo, a la fecha son pocas las investigaciones orientadas a conocer su influencia en el crecimiento y en la produccion de los cultivos. Con el fin de determinar la respuesta de la arveja a la aplicacion de Ni, se realizo el montaje de un experimento en la Universidad de Ciencias Ambientales y Aplicadas U.D.C.A, donde se evaluaron, como tratamientos, cuatro dosis de Ni: 0,0; 2,0; 4,0 y 6,0 mg L-1 de Ni. La investigacion, se adelanto en el marco de un diseno en bloques completos al azar. Las plantas fueron sembradas en materas con arena lavada de rio, como sustrato. Los resultados demuestran que la aplicacion de 2,0 mg L-1 Ni promueve una mayor produccion de masa seca total, asi como un mayor numero de vainas por planta y un mayor numero de granos por vaina; no obstante, estos resultados no son estadisticamente significativos. Las concentraciones foliares de Ni variaron cercana a 0,0, en el testigo y 13,73 mg kg-1, en el tratamiento 6,0 mg L-1 Ni. Las concentraciones cercanas a 5,0 mg kg-1 estuvieron asociadas al mayor crecimiento en las plantas de arveja.

Influence of plant stage and organ age on the receptivity of Pisum sativum to Mycosphaerella pinodes

On spring pea, ascochyta blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes) frequently appears at the plant base on yellowing stipules and disease scores are higher on basal parts of the plants than on the uppermost parts. In order to investigate the relationship between pea plant growth stage and/or organ age, and ascochyta blight on whole plants and detached stipules and pods, two experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 under controlled conditions. This study showed that plant stage does not influence receptivity to ascochyta blight before the appearance of the first visual signs of senescence (beginning of yellowing). When stipules were green, regardless of the plant stage, no differences of receptivity was observed (except for the youngest stipule(s) at the top of the plant). Plant stage only had an effect on receptivity by the way of the importance of the visual senescence of the organs and visual senescence has a more predominant effect on plant receptivity than the plant stage considered alone. An effect of the nodal position, linked with the stipule age, was observed on whole plant inoculation, with a decreasing disease severity gradient from the base to the top of the plant which was explained by a greater receptivity for the basal/older stipules which had begun yellowing. On detached stipules, a higher receptivity was observed as soon as visual senescence had been observed. On pods, during their filling, few symptoms appeared and severity was important as soon as they began to yellow. The effect of ascochyta blight on induced senescence of the infected stipules was also observed.

Study of stationary magnetic fields on initial growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds

Summary The effects of magnetic treatments on the initial growth stages of pea (Pisum sativum L) seeds have been studied. Seeds were exposed to 125 mT or 250 mT stationary magnetic field generated by magnets under laboratory conditions for 1, 10 and 20 min, 1 and 24 h and continuous exposure. In a first experiment, seeds were glued to filter paper, rolled, placed in a vessel containing distilled water and subjected to a magnetic treatment; the length and weight of plants were measured at 3, 7 and 10 days after imbibition. In a second experiment, seeds were sown in pots with organic growing medium and subjected to the same magnetic treatments as the first group of experiments; the length and weight of pea seedlings were assessed at 7 and 14 days after sowing. In both experiments, plants from seeds given magnetic field treatment were longer and heavier than the corresponding controls at each time of evaluation. The major increases occurred when seeds were continuously exposed to the magnetic field. In conclusion the data suggest 125 and 250mT stationary magnetic fields have a stimulating effect on the first stages of growth of pea plants.

Changes in antioxidant gene expression and induction of oxidative stress in pea (Pisum sativum L.) under Al stress.

Aluminium toxicity has been recognized as a primary growth-limiting factor in acid soil, resulting in a decrease in plant growth and production. In this experiment we have studied the induction of oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant gene expression in pea (var. ALASKA) under aluminium (Al) stress. We have found that Al treatment affected the growth of pea plant and induced oxidative stress with a change in antioxidant gene expression profile. While the expression of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) was more in root, cytosolic Ascorbate peroxidase (cAPX) expression increased in shoot under aluminium stress. Copper- Zinc Superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) gene expression was higher after 24 h but decreased after 48 h along with elevated expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and iron-superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) at higher aluminium concentrations after 24 and 48 h. Aluminium stress elevated hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) level and affected the growth. The proline content did not change significantly, whereas glutathione content increased with a decreased ascorbate content under Al stress. The present study indicates that aluminium treatment affected the antioxidant gene expression and induced oxidative stress in pea plant.

RESPONSE OF PEAS TO ORGANIC MANURE AND NPK FERTILIZATION.

Two field experiments were conducted at the Farm of Al-Zawia Zone - Libya in the winter seasons of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 to study the effect of organic manure (cheep manure rates , i.e. 7.5, 15 and 22.5 m3/ hectare, and NPK fertilization levels, i.e. o-o-o, 100-150-80 and 150-200-120 kg/hectare on plant growth, green pod yield and it’s components and the nutritive values of pea seeds cv. Master-B. The results showed that adding 22.5 m3/hectare caused a highest values of pea plant growth, i.e. plant height, number of leaves and dry weight of leaves, green pod yield of peas and its components, i.e. number of pods/plant, average pod weight, both of total green pod yield per plant and per hectare and number of seeds per pod, as well as the nutritive values of pea seeds, i.e. T.SS., ascorbic acid and total soluble sugars percentages. The highest values of different characters above mentioned were obtained by applying pea plants with 150-200-120 kg NPK fertilization per hectare. The interaction between organic manure at 22.5 m3 cheep manure/hectare) and NPK fertilization (150-200-120kg/hectare), increased in most cases, growth parameters, green pod yield and its components of peas as well as the nutritive values of seeds.

Fenología del cultivo de arveja (Pisum sativum L. var. Santa Isabel) en la sabana de Bogotá en campo abierto y bajo cubierta plástica

La valoración del efecto del ambiente en el desarrollo de los cultivos es importante para la determinación de zonas aptas y la planificación de la producción. En esta investigación se realizaron cuatro ensayos para evaluar el desarrollo de las plantas de arveja (Pisum sativum L.) variedad Santa Isabel en condiciones de la sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, (2640 msnm, 14°C, 80% H.R., 800 mm de lluvia anual), tema sobre el cual no hay información. Se realizaron dos ensayos bajo cubierta plástica (21°C ± 2,5°C, promedio ± DE) y dos a campo abierto (13,9°C ± 1,2°C). Se evaluó el tiempo de la siembra a la emergencia, la tasa de aparición de nudos en el tallo principal, el inicio de la floración, la duración del ciclo de la siembra hasta la cosecha, el número de nudos totales en la cosecha y el número de nudos con flor. Se encontró que la temperatura bajo cubierta plástica aceleró en 10 días la emergencia de las plantas y redujo el filocrón de 3,05 a 2,72 días/nudo, lo cual a su vez adelantó el momento de floración y cosecha entre 15 y 20 días. La tasa de aparición de nudos no varió significativamente por el cambio de la fase vegetativa a reproductiva. Los resultados contribuyeron a respaldar el modelo dentado de desarrollo vegetal en función de la temperatura para arveja, según el cual el crecimiento es máximo en un rango de temperatura óptima, que se sugiere está entre los 14°C y 21°C.

Cellular response of pea plants to cadmium toxicity: cross talk between reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and calcium.

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity has been widely studied in different plant species; however, the mechanism involved in its toxicity as well as the cell response against the metal have not been well established. In this work, using pea (Pisum sativum) plants, we studied the effect of Cd on antioxidants, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) metabolism of leaves using different cellular, molecular, and biochemical approaches. The growth of pea plants with 50 mum CdCl(2) affected differentially the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isozymes at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, giving rise to a SOD activity reduction. The copper/zinc-SOD down-regulation was apparently due to the calcium (Ca) deficiency induced by the heavy metal. In these circumstances, the overproduction of the ROS hydrogen peroxide and superoxide could be observed in vivo by confocal laser microscopy, mainly associated with vascular tissue, epidermis, and mesophyll cells, and the production of superoxide radicals was prevented by exogenous Ca. On the other hand, the NO synthase-dependent NO production was strongly depressed by Cd, and treatment with Ca prevented this effect. Under these conditions, the pathogen-related proteins PrP4A and chitinase and the heat shock protein 71.2, were up-regulated, probably to protect cells against damages induced by Cd. The regulation of these proteins could be mediated by jasmonic acid and ethylene, whose contents increased by Cd treatment. A model is proposed for the cellular response to long-term Cd exposure consisting of cross talk between Ca, ROS, and NO.

Chromium (VI) induced changes in growth and root plasma membrane redox activities in pea plants.

The effect of chromium (Cr) on growth as well as root plasma membrane redox reactions and superoxide radical production was studied in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad) plants exposed for 7 days to 20 and 200 microM Cr (VI), respectively, supplied as potassium dichromate. The growth of pea plants declined significantly at 200 microM Cr, as indicated by reduced leaf area and biomass. Relative to the control plants (no Cr exposure), the Cr content of roots increased significantly, both at 20 and 200 microM Cr. Following exposure to 200 microM Cr, there was a significant increase in root lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) content, while both the Fv/Fm ratio and chlorophyll content were reduced. Exposure to Cr increased NADPH-dependent superoxide production in pea root plasma membrane vesicles, with the effect being more significant at 200 microM Cr than at 20 microM Cr. Treatment with Cr rapidly increased the activities of NADPH oxidase: relative to the controls, plants exposed to 20 microM Cr showed approximately a 67% increase in activity while there was a threefold increase in those plants exposed to 200 microM Cr. NADH-ferricyanide oxido-reductase activity was found to be inhibited by 16 and 51% at 20 and 200 microM Cr, respectively. The results of this study suggest that exposure to excess Cr damages pea root plasma membrane structure and function, resulting in decreased photosynthesis and poor plant growth.

Photosynthesis and growth responses of pea Pisum sativum L. under heavy metals stress.

The present work aimed to study the physiological effects of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in pea (Pisum sativum). Pea plants were exposed to increasing doses of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and copper chloride (CuCl2) for 20 d. The examined parameters, namely root and shoot lengths, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and the rate of photosynthesis were affected by the treatments especially with high metals concentrations. The analysis of heavy metals accumulation shows that leaves significantly accumulate cadmium for all the tested concentrations. However, copper was significantly accumulated only with the highest tested dose. This may explain the higher inhibitory effects of cadmium on photosynthesis and growth in pea plants. These results are valuable for understanding the biological consequences of heavy metals contamination particularly in soils devoted to organic agriculture.