Field Pea Research Articles

Effects of multienzyme supplementation on energy and nutrient digestibility in various feed ingredients for pregnant gilts.

The utilization of exogenous fiber-degrading enzymes in commercial swine diets is a strategy to increase the nutrient and energy density of poorly digestible ingredients. In a prior set of studies, dietary multienzyme blend (MEblend) supplementation increased the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, non-starch polysaccharides, and energy in complete high-fibrous gestation diets by 6% when fed to gestating sows. The current study aimed to determine the effects of MEblend (containing xylanase, β-glucanase, cellulase, amylase, protease, pectinase, and invertase activities) supplementation on ATTD of energy and nutrients of individual feedstuffs commonly used in gestating sow diets across major pork-producing regions worldwide, which differ in their fibrous components. Twenty-seven gilts (initial body weight 176 ± 6.6kg), in a crossover design with four periods (periods 1, 2, 3, and 4 from d 41 to 55, 56 to 70, 71 to 85, and 86 to 100 of gestation, respectively), were allocated to one of 7 diets (with or without MEblend supplementation at 0.1% inclusion; 7-8 observations per treatment) to determine the ATTD of energy and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Three diets contained corn, wheat, and sorghum as the sole source of energy. In the other diets, soybean meal (SBM), field peas (FP), canola meal (CM), and sugar beet pulp (SBP) each replaced 25% of the corn in the corn diet to determine the energy value of individual feedstuffs. Data were analyzed using a Student's t-test to evaluate the effect of enzyme supplementation on these feedstuffs. The MEblend increased the metabolizable and net energy of corn (P = 0.10) and wheat (P < 0.01) by 2% and 3%, respectively. The energy content of sorghum was not impacted by MEblend. Furthermore, a 6%, 4%, and 25% increase was observed in metabolizable and net energy of SBM, FP, and CM, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). The energy value in SBP was not affected by MEblend supplementation. In conclusion, supplementing diets with a multienzyme blend increased the energy content of corn, wheat, soybean meal, field peas, and canola meal fed to gestating sows by approximately 2% to 25%, depending on the feedstuffs. The energy value of sorghum and sugar beet pulp was not affected by the multienzyme blend. This should be considered when formulating fibrous diets for gestating sows to increase nutrient utilization of feedstuffs.

Machine learning the abiotic stressor impacts on nitrogen availability and photo energy use in dryland forage systems under different tillage and green manuring practices

Background and aimSorghum sudangrass (SSG), a vigorous hybrid C4 plant grown as forage or bioenergy crop during the summer has deeply distributed fibrous root system beneficial to dryland agriculture. Despite these advantages, the crop faces challenges from abiotic stressors, particularly during severe drought seasons. Thus, the goal of planting SSG as a forage is to generate ample biomass with minimal inputs, minimize toxicity, identify stress factors, and implement suitable management strategies with negligible environmental impact. This study focused on machine learning the intricate soil–plant-water-atmosphere relationships associated with abiotic stresses and agroenvironmental variables to enhance energy-efficiency and alleviate nitrogen (N) stress.MethodsA long-term simulation study involving SSG with four N treatments (spring-fallow and N fertilization, and three spring-time cover with 100% residue addition as green manures) under no-till (NT) and conventional (CT) tillage systems was unsuccessful to provide distinct effects of N strategies. Machine learning (ML) was employed to determine how abiotic-stress factors were varied, specifically under influence of green manures such as oat (OG), field peas (FP) and grass peas (GP) under conventional and conservation systems.ResultsResults indicated significantly higher use-efficiency of photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR) and the lowest N stress in NT + FP contrasting with the lowest PAR and the highest N-stress in conventional system. ML Regression models highlighted significant impact of average daily temperatures on water (R2 of 78%) and N-stress (R2 of 79%). Multi-regression ML models, incorporating various agro-environmental variables identified tillage as the most influential factor during wet seasons, water-stress during normal seasons, and temperature as the predominant factor during drought seasons influencing N stress in SSG forage-system.ConclusionConspicuously, drought exhibited a more pronounced influence from green manuring compared to wet or normal seasons in our study. Thus, farmers should be encouraged to adapt the practice of using cover and green-manures despite the concerns about water reserves for summertime cash crops.

Economics of Cropping Sequences Diversified with Specialty Crops in the Semi-Arid Canadian Prairies

The agronomic and environmental benefits of diversified cropping systems have been well documented in the Canadian prairies. However, little is known about the profitability of diversified rotations with oilseeds, cereals, legumes, and specialty crops. This study consisted of two 5-year (2018-2022) experiments carried out at four sites in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Net return (NR) was defined as total revenue minus total costs. Results showed diversified sequences with Oriental mustard, red lentil, yellow field pea and yellow mustard had higher NR than continuous wheat and wheat with chemical fallow sequences. Moreover, sequences diversified with quinoa, yellow mustard, field pea and wheat showed high NR across all sites. Wheat after chemical fallow in the wheat with chemical fallow sequence (wheat-wheat-chemical fallow-wheat-wheat) had high NR; however, this did not compensate for the loss of NR in the chemical fallow phase, resulting in the lowest NR. The inclusion of industrial, oriental, and yellow mustard in sequences with wheat and field pea decreased nitrogen cost by 30% compared to a continuous wheat sequence, concluding that such sequences not only improved NRs but also showed a significant reduction in nitrogen requirement costs.

The results of ecological variety testing of seed peas in the conditions of the Arkhangelsk region

Field peas (Pisum sativum L.) are the most important leguminous crop for the northern regions of Russia, used for green cattle feed. The experience in the variety study of field peas was laid on the basis of N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2021-2023, where the productivity and nutritional value of six new varieties of field peas of various origins were evaluated: Tyumenets, Frigate, Boar, Veles, Tan, Varys. The research was carried out according to the methodological guidelines “Methodology of the State Commission for Variety testing of agricultural crops”. Peas were grown in a single-species crop. The aim of the work was to evaluate varieties of seeded peas of various origins in terms of feed productivity and nutritional value and to identify the most adaptive to the conditions of the Arkhangelsk region. The growing season for the green mass varied from 36 to 41 days, the yield of the green mass from 17.9 to 35.5 t/ha. As a result of the conducted experience, precocious productive varieties of field peas with high biochemical parameters were identified – Veles, Wild Boar, Frigate, Tan. According to the main economically valuable characteristics, the Tan variety stood out. It has been established that it is effective to grow new varieties of field peas for green fodder in extreme climatic conditions.

Microbial protein production during fermentation of starch-rich legume flours using Aspergillus oryzae and Lactobacillus plantarum starter cultures.

Starch-rich faba bean, yellow lentil, and yellow field pea flours were subjected to submerged fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae and Lactobacillus plantarum starter mono- or co-cultures, to increase protein contents of the flours. Fermentation mixes were supplemented with up to 35g/L urea, ammonium sulfate and/or monoammonium phosphate as nitrogen sources. Protein contents of the flours increased 2-2.5-fold, i.e., total protein contents of up to 33% were achieved following fermentation with A.oryzae monoculture or A.oryzae‒L.plantarum co-culture. Therefore, A.oryzae was capable of efficient legume starch utilization and protein production. Using A.oryzae‒L.plantarum co-culture led to the highest yields of at least six of microbially produced amino acids. After fermentation by L.plantarum monoculture, protein contents remained largely unchanged. However, invitro protein digestibility of flours improved to a greater extent after fermentation with L.plantarum monoculture than with either A.oryzae monoculture or the co-culture. Hence, during fermentation with L.plantarum monoculture, microbially mediated hydrolysis of legume protein (generating smaller and easier digestible peptides), rather than microbial starch utilization, was the predominant process.

Effect of management system and pedoclimatic factors on Fusarium and Didymella communities associated with pea (Pisum sativum) roots in Germany

From 2016 to 2019, 128 organic and conventional spring and winter pea fields in Germany were surveyed to determine the effects of cropping history and pedo-climatic conditions on pea root health, the diversity of Fusarium and Didymella communities and their collective effect on pea yield. Roots generally appeared healthy or showed minor disease symptoms despite the frequent occurrence of 4 Didymella and 14 Fusarium species. Soil pH interacted with the occurrence of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) and F. tricinctum that correlated with reduced or increased soil pH values, respectively. While legumes in the cropping history or reduced time between legumes correlated with occurrence of D. pinodella and to a lesser degree with the members of the F. solani species complex (FSSC), the reverse was true at least in organic spring peas for F. redolens. Only in conventional systems increased root infections with F. redolens and the FSSC were linked to root rot incidence whereas yields negatively correlated with the FOSC and positively with F. tricinctum isolation frequencies. Overall, this study shows that pea root rot pathobiome is rather stable and that the damage caused is mostly due to the interaction with environmental conditions.

Characterization and In Vitro Digestion Kinetics of Purified Pulse Starches: Implications on Bread Formulation.

This study investigated the contribution of pulse starches (PSs) to the slowly digestible starch (SDS) properties observed in pulses. Purified pulse starches from 17 commonly consumed pulses were examined, focusing on their digestion kinetics using a pancreatic alpha-amylase (PAA) and rat intestinal acetone powder (RIAP) mixture. Chickpea starch, exhibiting a slow digestibility profile, was incorporated as an ingredient to confer slow digestibility to refined wheat flour bread. Our findings reveal that some PSs exhibited low digestibility when gelatinized (100 °C, 30 min) and retrograded (7 days, 4 °C). Rapid retrogradation was observed in starch from chickpeas, lentils, field peas, adzuki beans, navy beans, large lima beans, and great northern beans. The incorporation of chickpea starch into fortified bread significantly improved its slow digestibility properties. This study reveals the potential of pulse starch as a promising functional ingredient for baked products, related to the faster retrogradation of many pulse-sourced starches. These findings contribute valuable insights into the slow digestibility attributes of pulse starches for developing food products with enhanced nutritional profiles.

Assessment of Genetic Variability and Performance of Field Pea (Pisum sativum) Advanced Genotypes Across Environments

Assessment of Genetic Variability and Performance of Field Pea (Pisum sativum) Advanced Genotypes Across Environments

Genetic diversity and character association studies for agro-morphological and quality traits of advanced breeding lines in field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Genetic diversity and character association studies for agro-morphological and quality traits of advanced breeding lines in field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Effects of mixed cropping and inoculants on yield and quality of forage under different inter cropping ratios of oat and field pea

Using forage oat and field pea, this study was conducted to explore the effects of sole and mixed cropping patterns at varying ratios, and microbial inoculant application. The aim was to reveal the comprehensive effects of mixed cropping patterns and microbial inoculation on the above-ground biomass, forage yield, and nutritional quality. The results indicated that mixed cropping significantly increased the above-ground biomass of both oats and field peas. With microbial inoculation, mixed cropping increased dry hay yield by 21.81%, 18.31%, 13.33%, and 10.05%; crude protein by 9.4%, 16.44%, 14.98%, and 4.18%, and crude fat by 8.22%, 2.9%, 14.81%, and 5.59% respectively, compared to sole cropping. Additionally, neutral and acid detergent fiber contents decreased by 2.94% and 1.89% on average in mixed crops. These findings suggest that mixed cropping with microbial inoculants can significantly increase forage nutritional quality and yield, offering a scientific basis for efficient forage crop utilization. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(4): 903-911, 2024 (December)

Legume‐Colonising Aphids as Potential PNYDV‐Vectors: Reproduction and Infestation Dynamics in Two Different Field Bean Varieties

ABSTRACTFaba bean can be infected by Pea necrotic yellow dwarf virus (PNYDV), a novel pathogen throughout Europe, and transmitted persistently by several legume‐colonising aphid species. Recent field screenings in Austria and Germany of different faba bean varieties were encouraging as consistently the lowest viral symptom development in the variety ‘GL Sunrise’ was reported. However, our own greenhouse experiments revealed that ‘GL Sunrise’ was not resistant to PNYDV but showed a similar susceptibility such as other common varieties, for example, ‘Fuego’. Therefore, we suspected varietal host traits were affecting the reproductive potential of virus vector species with reduced virus transmission, probably explaining the empirical superior health status in the field. Under greenhouse conditions, vector‐specific intrinsic rates of increase (rm) for Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris Aphis fabae Scopoli and Megoura viciae Buckton were similar for both varieties, except for a particular A. pisum‐biotype derived from field pea, with a significantly reduced rm and fecundity in ‘GL Sunrise’. Furthermore, vector abundance assessments in multisite varietal showed A. pisum as the predominant species. In overall cross‐year and ‐site evaluation, early aphid census in ‘GL Sunrise’ at growth stage BBCH 61–65 indicated significantly lower primary A. pisum‐infestation pressure (factor 0,43 relative to ‘Fuego’). This lower infestation level in ‘GL Sunrise’ was kept until BBCH 77–79 but the difference had diminished down to the non‐significant factor of 0,74 A. pisum‐density relative to ‘Fuego’ in the late census, respectively. Based on our findings of (i) basic PNYDV susceptibility, (ii) similar reproductive vector performance of key aphid species, together with (iii) a significantly weaker initial A. pisum‐infestation levels in the field, we hypothesise ‘GL Sunrise’‐specific additional antixenosis/antibiotic traits, must influence host recognition and settling behaviour of alighting (viruliferous) migrants and/or apteres, which finally determine the superior PNYDV‐health status in ‘GL Sunrise’ at field conditions.

PRODUCTIVITY AND METABOLISM OF SUBSTANCES IN THE BODY OF BULLS BY OPTIMIZING THEIR PROTEIN NUTRITION

The issue of optimizing the protein nutrition of bulls by keeping them in the territory belonging to the III zone of radioactive contamination due to the Chernobyl accident is considered. Experimental studies on young cattle of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed were conducted in the conditions of the physiological yard of the Institute of Agriculture of the Polissya NAAS. For the experiment, 2 groups of experimental animals were formed: Group I (control) – protein deficiency in the diet was provided by feeding 1.02 kg of pea shoots (Pisum sativum L.), and in Group II (experimental) – the same amount of field peas (Pisum sativum, var arvence). Since different types and amounts of feed were used for feeding the bulls, optimization of the nutritional value of the feed rations was carried out monthly. The experimental animals were kept in the same room according to the adopted technology – in stalls on a leash. The feeding and watering regime, microclimate parameters in both groups were the same. Optimization of protein nutrition of fattening bulls due to various high-protein feeds has a positive effect on productivity (875-1023 g) and feed conversion (103.0-120.4 MJ), does not have a negative effect on the slaughter qualities of animals. At the same time, the use of field peas compared to peas to ensure the normalized need of young cattle in digestible protein contributed to an increase in the average daily gain of live weight of animals by 16.9% (P&gt;0.95) while reducing the expenditure of metabolic energy per unit of gain by 14.5%. The introduction of field peas into the diet of fattening bulls compared to the use of peas contributed to better digestion of dry matter by 0.2% abs., crude protein – 3.9 (P&gt;0.95) and fiber – by 0.9% abs. Experimental animals of group II digested crude fat (by 1.4% abs.) and BER (by 0.3% abs.) somewhat worse than their peers of group I. At the same time, the Nitrogen balance in the body was better in the experimental group bulls compared to the control by 2.9%.

Effect of magnetic field on growth and protein concentration in aboveground herbage of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars

Research of the exposure of young pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants of two cultivars (Gold and Uran) to magnetic field (MF) of different flux densities (250 and 350 mT) was conducted in controlled conditions during 20 days. Pea plants were continuously exposed to magnetic field of neodymium magnets. Upon the statistical analysis there were revealed significant effects of MF treatments (P 0.01) on root freshweight, aboveground herbage freshweight and total plant freshweight. Cultivars differed in root (P 0.05), stem (P 0.01) and total plant length (P 0.05). There was also revealed significant Treatment × Cultivar interaction for all the tested traits.

Mean Performance of Field pea (Pisum sativum L) Advanced Genotypes for Yield and Yield-related Traits in Arsi Zone, Ethiopia

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is the second most important cool-season food legume in Ethiopia after faba bean, both in terms of production area and annual yield. The study comprises 13 advanced field pea genotypes that were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications across four different environments during two consecutive main cropping seasons (2020–2021). The primary objectives were to identify a field pea genotype with a reliable, high grain yield that could be subsequently released as a new cultivar for farmers in specific areas of Ethiopia. A combined analysis of field pea grain yield revealed a significant difference (P &lt; 0.01) between genotypes and environments, suggesting that the genetic composition of the genotypes varied and the environments were distinct. The average grain yield ranged from 1614 kg/ha to 2412 kg/ha, with a mean of 2032.69 kg/ha. Genotype G13 had the highest average grain yield (2412 kg/ha) compared to the standard check varieties Bilalo (2190 kg/ha) and Bursa (2100 kg/ha), indicating its potential for developing adaptable varieties suited to specific environments. This outcome may aid breeders in choosing the most appropriate cultivars for particular environments, resulting in higher field pea yields and productivity. Nonetheless, the research also indicates that to create broadly adaptable and climate-resilient varieties, it is crucial to carry out trials in various locations and across multiple years.

Metabolizable energy and digestible nutrient values of protease-supplemented field pea for broiler chicken.

A study was conducted to determine the effects of protease supplementation of field pea (in comparison with soybean meal; SBM) for broilers on apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA). One hundred and forty broiler chicks were divided into 35 groups of 4 birds/group and fed 5 diets in a completely randomized design (7 groups/diet) from 14 to 21 d of age. The diets were cornstarch-based containing SBM or field pea as the sole protein source without or with protease (ProSparity 250TM; CBS Bio Platforms, Calgary, AB, Canada) in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, and N-free diet. Protease was added to diets to supply 6,250 U/kg. Digestibility of AA and N retention for feedstuffs were determined by the direct method, whereas digestibility and retention of energy for feedstuffs were determined by the difference from the N-free diet. On as fed basis, SBM and field pea contained 90.0 and 88.9 dry matter, 46.6 and 20.2 % crude protein, 2.88 and 1.47 % Lys, and 14.3 and 14.7 % non-starch polysaccharides, respectively. On as fed basis, the AMEn value for field pea was lower (P < 0.05) than that of SBM (2,006 vs. 2,414 kcal/kg). Also, the SID values of most indispensable AA in field pea were lower (P < 0.05) than those in SBM. Feedstuff (field pea vs. SBM) and protease did not interact on AMEn and SID of AA values. The supplemental protease increased (P < 0.05) AMEn values of the SBM and field by an average of 187 kcal/kg but decreased (P < 0.05) the SID values of all indispensable AA (except His) for the SBM and field, by an average of 2.7 percentage points. Results indicate that the protease product used in the current study marginally reduced the SID of AA for both SBM and field pea. However, the protease product can be beneficially included in diets based on SBM or field pea for broilers to enhance their AMEn values. The response to the protease on the AMEn was consistent regardless of the protein source in the diet, implying that the protease used in this study has similar positive impact on energy availability in both field pea and SBM.

Genetic Variability and Characters Association for Lodging, Yield and Related Traits of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes in Contrasting Plant Types

A total of 49 field pea genotypes, belonging to two different plant types were evaluated for 13 traits at Bekoji and Kofele in 2020 to assess the extent of genetic variability and association among morpho-agronomic traits. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference between plant types and among the tested genotypes within each plant type for most of traits. Relatively, genotypes within prostrate type are more variable in thousand seed weight and genotypes within semi-leaf less type are more diverse in plant height, ascochyta blight and lodging severity score. Moderate to high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability in broad sense (H2b) and genetic advance as a percent of mean (GAM) combination were recorded from seed yield, thousand seed weight, plant height and number of seeds per plant in both plant types. The path and correlation analysis showed that lodging score had significant negative association and negative direct effect on seed yield in prostrate type. Number of seeds per plant and plant height had both positive direct effects and significant positive association with seed yield consistently in both plant types. Thousand seed weight also showed both positive direct effects and significant positive association with seed yield in semi-leaf less type. Therefore, great emphasis should be given for those traits while making selection of field pea genotypes for high seed yield. However, for the improvement of yield and lodging simultaneously there should be balance between yield and lodging related traits especially in prostrate type. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the first five principal component axes accounted for 71.67% of the total variability. Generally, the results suggested the possibility of further improvement of seed yield and associated desired traits through selection in both plant types.

Growth and Yield Performance of Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivated on Agricultural Residues

Food insecurity and malnutrition are among the major problems in most developing nations recently. Mushroom cultivation is one of the promising strategies to overcome these challenges. The growth and productivity of mushrooms differ because of their wide range of cultivation substrates. Cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus on suitable substrates is one of the key factors affecting its growth and productivity. This study was, therefore, conducted to investigate the effect of cultivation substrates, namely straws of tef (Trt1), barley (Trt2), and wheat (Trt3), husks of faba bean (Trt4) and field pea (Trt5), and sawdust (Trt6) alone, and their mixture (1:1, w/w) (Trt7) on the growth and yield of P. ostreatus. Mycelial colonization, primordial formation, and days to first harvest were faster (13.00, 19.67, and 22.67 days) for the P. ostreatus cultivated on Trt7 whereas those grown on Trt6 were delayed (18.00, 27.00, and 29.67 days), respectively. Trt7 gave a higher (67.33) fruiting body/bunch and total yield (2001.70 g/bag). Biological efficiency was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher for Trt7 (238.64%). Strong relationships between cap diameter and mushroom yield (r = 0.84***), number of bunches (r = 0.76***), number of fruiting bodies (r = 0.80***), stipe length (r = 0.83***), and total yield (r = 0.84***) were among significant positive correlations observed. In conclusion, cultivating P. ostreatus on the Trt7 (mixed substrate) is recommended rather than using either of the residues alone.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN PROGRESS FOR FIELD PEAS (Pisum sativum L.)

Since ancient times, the field pea has stood out, on the one hand, for its special nutritional value, and, on the other hand, for the favorable impact it leaves on the environment through cultivation. Currently, more and more performing varieties are obtained and with increased adaptability in different environmental conditions. Recently, the plant is also recommended for the establishment of green, protective crops, including in horticulture. It is believed that by growing peas, there is also a conservation of CO2, as a response to the need to reduce the phenomenon of global warming. The new pea variety Avatar thus has a number of improved morphological characters, which proves that pea breeding is making visible progress. Among these new morphological characters, the height of the plant was 80 cm, with the dominant weight of 11 g. The plant had 15 nodes of which the last 6 formed pods. Pod mass was 8 g/plant and contained 22 grains/plant. Pea grains had a mass of 5 g/plant, a diameter of 7 mm, and an absolute mass (BMB) of 260 g. The correlations obtained between these characters showed generally positive trends. Considering the gain of these morphological characters in progress, it is recommended to increase the proportion of the plant in the structure of crops within the farm.

Genetic Diversity of Field Pea Genotypes (Pisum sativum L.) in Relation to their Plant Type using Multivariate and Genotype-by-Trait Biplot Analysis

Genetic Diversity of Field Pea Genotypes (Pisum sativum L.) in Relation to their Plant Type using Multivariate and Genotype-by-Trait Biplot Analysis

AAC Planet field pea

AAC Planet is a semi-leafless and powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd.) resistant field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) variety developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It has high yielding potential, late maturity, tall plant height with good lodging resistance, medium seed size, round seed shape, and low seed coat breakage. It has maturity of 100 days, and thousand-seed weight of 221 g with seed protein content of 24.6%. AAC Planet has a lodging score of 3.2 on the scale of 1–9. It is moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium avenaceum and F. solani).