Photodynamic Therapy Group Research Articles

Influence of antibacterial effects of tetracycline, laser, and photodynamic therapy on cell viability, cell damage, and virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis.

IntroductionThis study compares and evaluates the efficacy of tetracycline, laser and photodynamic therapy on bacterial counts, cell damage, cell viability and neutralization of gingipains. Material and methodsP.gingivalis (ATCC 33,277) was cultured anaerobically. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 50% inhibition of P.gingivalis by tetracycline, laser, and toluidine blue (TB) was determined using spectrophotometry. The antibacterial effects, cell viability, cell damage and neutralization of gingipains of the treated groups was evaluated by microbial culture and counting, 2,3 Bis 2 Methyloxy-4 Nitro-5 Sulphophenyl 2 H tetrazolium-5-Carboxaanilide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, and gingipain assay (BAPNA). ResultsThe MIC of tetracycline, toulidine, diode laser (810nmm; 0.5 Watts) is 1 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL and 15 s respectively. Comparative analysis for bacterial colony reduction was highest in tetracycline followed by PDT and then laser group at p < 0.01. MTT assay shows a significantly lesser number of viable cells in the tetracycline and PDT group when compared to laser group p < 0.01. Comparative analysis for cell damage using LDH shows the highest results for PDT followed by tetracycline and laser at p < 0.01. The highest neutralization of the gingipains is seen in the PDT group followed by tetracycline and laser groups at p < 0.01. ConclusionPDT shows highest antibacterial activity, gingipain neutralization, cell damage, and least number of viable cells in comparison with tetracycline and laser.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with curcumin controls intradermal infection by Staphylococcus aureus in mice with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main pathogens that cause infections in diabetic individuals. In this paper, we report the outcomes of our investigation on the intradermal application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) with curcumin in an infection induced by MRSA ATCC 43300 strain in the ear of mice with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). A solution containing 100μg of curcumin was photoactivated ex vivo with a LED light (450nm) delivering a fluency of 13.5J/cm3. This solution was administered in the ear intradermally, at the same inoculum site as the MRSA ATCC 43300 strain (PDT Group). This study also included the use of two control groups (both infected): One was treated with saline and the other was treated with non-photoactivated curcumin. The animals were euthanized 24h after these treatments and samples of draining lymph node and treated ear were collected for examination. The PDT group showed lower bacterial load in the draining lymph node when compared to the saline and curcumin groups (p-value <0.05) 24h after treatment. In addition to bacterial load, the PDT group presented a higher concentration of nitrates and nitrites in the draining lymph node when compared to the saline and curcumin groups (p-value <0.001). Examining the infectious site, despite apparently having similar inflammatory cell recruitment compared with the control groups, the PDT group showed a profile with less intense activity in the myeloperoxidase expression when compared to the saline group (p-value <0.001). Additionally, the detected concentration of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-10 was significantly lower in the PDT group when compared to the saline group (p-value <0.01; p-value <0.05; p-value <0.05, respectively), thus presenting a less intense inflammatory response during infection resolution. Our pilot study showed for the first time the therapeutic potential of PDT using curcumin when administered intradermally in the treatment of infections caused by S. aureus in mice with T1DM.

Shear bond strength of resin modified glass ionomer cement following photodynamic therapy, Er,Cr:YSGG and chlorhexidine in hypoplastic primary teeth

PurposeThis study investigates the micro shear bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) bonded to hypoplastic teeth after the application of chlorhexidine (CHX), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Er;Cr:YSGG and methylene blue mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT). MethodsA total sample of 60 erupted and extracted hypoplastic teeth collected from < 16 years children were subjected to different conditioning protocols including control group that involved bonding of hypoplastic teeth with RMGIC; CHX and NaOCl groups that included hypoplastic enamel being treated with 0.2% CHX and 2% NaOCl solution for 30 s followed by rinsing and drying for 5 s, MB–PDT group involved methylene blue photosensitizer and Er,Cr:YSGG group. All specimens were processed for microshear bond strength in a universal tester. The fractured surface was examined using a stereomicroscope at 40 × magnification and categorized under adhesive, cohesive and mixed. ResultsThe highest microshear bond strength was noted for the control group (∼29 MPa). Whereas the specimens conditioned by NaOCl showed the lowest microshear bond strength (∼17 MPa). Among the treatment groups, APDT showed the highest bond strength values (∼22 MPa) as compared to chemical disinfection protocols. However, Er, Cr:YSGG showed slightly lower microshear bond strength as compared to APDT. No significant difference was noted between CHX and NaOCl groups (p > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference when all the groups were compared together (p < 0.05). Microscopic analysis revealed that specimens bonded after APDT showed the highest adhesive failures (70%). The highest cohesive failures were seen in NaOCl group (40%). The mixed type of failures was seen in the control groups with none appearing for chemical disinfection protocols. ConclusionsThis study concludes that APDT could be a potential therapeutic strategy for increasing the microshear bond strength of RMGIC to hypoplastic enamel.

Photodynamic therapy and gaseous ozone versus conventional post space treatment methods on the push-out bond strength of fiber posts luting with different resin cements

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to compare the push-out bond strength of fiber posts by using two different resin cement after the treatments of post space with photodynamic therapy, gaseous ozone and conventional disinfection solution. MethodsThe root canal treatments of one hundred maxillary incisors were performed. The roots were randomly distributed into 5 groups (n = 20). NaOCl of 2.5% + EDTA of 17% in group 1, CHX of 2% in group 2, toluidine blue + diode laser as the photodynamic therapy (PDT) in group 3 and ozone in group 4 were applied to the post spaces. Group 5 was washed with distilled water as control group. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to the adhesive types and the posts were bonded by using RelyX and LinkForce. The bond strength was calculated using the push-out test method. Resin tag formations were photographed with SEM. The push-out bond strength was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (p = .05). ResultsThe PDT group, which showed the highest PBS among the groups bonded with LinkForce at all levels, was significantly higher than Ozone and DW groups (p<.05). NaOCl and ozone treatments provided the highest PBS among the groups bonded with RelyX for all levels and this difference was significant according to the DW group (p < .05). ConclusionPost space treatments improved the bond strength of the fiber post ​​in both types of resin cement.

Low-Level Laser and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Reduce Peri-implantitis-related Microorganisms Grown In Vitro.

Objective Currently, dental implants are a predictable treatment option for oral rehabilitation; however, complications such as peri-implant diseases are increasing every day. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the efficacy, in vitro , of two protocols against cultures of periodontal biofilm and Staphylococcus aureus . Material and Methods Petri dishes for each of the following groups were used: control groups (C)—plates inoculated with periodontal biofilm (C.B; n = 4) or S. aureus (C.SA; n = 4) without any treatment; laser groups—plates inoculated with periodontal biofilm (low-level laser therapy [LLLT].B; n = 4) or S. aureus (LLLT.SA; n = 4) and treated with LLLT (660 nm, 30 mW, 50 J/cm 2 , and 47 seconds); antimicrobial photodynamic therapy groups (aPDT)—plates inoculated with periodontal biofilm (aPDT.B; n = 4) or S. aureus (aPDT.SA; n = 4) and treated with aPDT (red laser 660 nm, 30 mW, 50 J/cm 2 , 47 seconds + toluidine blue O (TBO) 100 µg/mL, and 1 minute). After treatments were performed, the contents of all plates were diluted and seeded for counting colony-forming units (CFUs). Statistical Analysis Results were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s test, comparison of percentages, and independent t -tests with a 5% significance level. Results Both treatments, LLLT and aPDT, significantly reduced the number of CFUs for the two types of culture, LLLT.B (3.69 × 10 6 ± 0.20), aPDT.B (2.79 × 10 6 ± 0.13), LLLT.SA (4.10 × 10 6 ± 0.12), and aPDT.SA (3.23 × 10 6 ± 0.10) when compared with control groups C.B (5.18 × 10 6 ± 0.43) and C.SA (5.81 × 10 6 ± 0.16; p = 0.000). When treatment groups were compared separately, there was also a statistically significant difference ( p = 0.000). None of the protocols were able to eliminate cultured microorganisms. Conclusion The LLLT and aPDT protocols effectively reduced cultures of periodontal biofilm and S. aureus in vitro , with the superiority of aPDT.

The effect of 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy versus CO2 laser in the Treatment of Cervical Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions with High-Risk HPV Infection: A non-randomized, controlled pilot study

Background: There are insufficient studies comparing the efficacy of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) against CO2 laser therapy in the treatment of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), especially for long-term efficacy. Methods: Patients with cervical LSIL and HR-HPV infection were divided into two treatment groups based on their own choice. All patients had a follow-up test including HPV testing, cytology and colposcopy at 4–6 months and 12 months after the treatment. Results: (1) Among 277 patients, 176 patients received 5-ALA PDT and 101 patients received CO2 laser therapy. (2) 4–6 months after treatment, there was no significant difference between two groups in the complete remission (CR) rates of cervical LSIL and the clearance rate of HR-HPV infection. (3) 12 months after treatment, compared with the CO2 laser group, the CR rates of cervical LSIL in the 5-ALA PDT group was significantly higher than the CO2 laser group. There was no statistical difference in the clearance rate of HR-HPV infection between the two groups. (4) 12 months after treatment, the recurrence rate of cervical lesions and the reinfection rate of HR-HPV infection in 5-ALA PDT group were significantly lower than those in CO2 laser group. Conclusion: The effect of 5-ALA PDT is similar to CO2 laser at 4–6 months. The long-term efficacy of 5-ALA PDT appears better than CO2 laser. As a non-invasive treatment, 5-ALA PDT is a highly effective therapeutic procedure for cervical LSIL with HR-HPV infection.

Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma: Comparative efficacy of transpupillary thermotherapy, indocyanine green-enhanced transpupillary thermotherapy, and photodynamic therapy and analysis of baseline clinical features effecting treatment outcomes

PurposeTo compare the efficacy of transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT), indocyanine green-enhanced TTT (ICG-TTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the management of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) and to investigate the baseline clinical features effecting treatment outcomes MethodsRetrospective review of clinical records of 60 eyes with CCH which underwent TTT (25), ICG-TTT (22), or PDT (13). Main study outcomes were 1) final visual acuity (VA) ≤20/200, 2) <2 Snellen lines VA increase, 3) persistent subretinal fluid (SRF), and 4) <20% decrease in tumor thickness. ResultsMultivariable factors associated with final VA ≤20/200 included longer duration of symptoms (p = 0.015), lower initial VA (p = 0.030), and presence of retinoschisis overlying the tumor (p = 0.047). Multivariable factors for <2 Snellen lines VA increase were longer duration of symptoms (p = 0.018) and previous failed treatment (p = 0.003). By multivariable analysis, the only significant factor for persistent SRF was the presence of retinoschisis (p = 0.001). Multivariable factors associated with a decrease in tumor thickness by <20% were smaller initial tumor thickness (p = 0.045) and presence of retinoschisis (p = 0.014). By Pearson Chi-Square/Fisher Exact Test, final VA ≤20/200 rates (48.0%, 13.6%, 30.8% respectively, p = 0.041) and VA improvement by <2 lines rates (64.0%, 27.3%, 38.5% respectively, p = 0.036) were significantly different between TTT, ICG-TTT, and PDT groups. However, by post hoc analysis, ICG-TTT yielded statistically better outcomes compared to TTT with respect to final visual acuity (VA) ≤20/200 (p = 0.012) and <2 Snellen lines VA increase (p = 0.012). ConclusionsLonger symptom duration, previous failed treatment, lower initial VA, and presence of retinoschisis were risk factors for worse visual outcomes. Eyes with retinoschisis displayed more SRF persistence after treatment. Smaller initial tumor thickness and presence of retinoschisis were risk factors for <20% decrease in tumor thickness.

Morphological Assessment of the Effect of Nanosecond Diode Laser Radiation With a Wavelength of 1265 nm on Periodontal Tissue in the Treatment of Apical Periodontitis: An Experimental Study.

Introduction: There is a morphological assessment of the damaged area and the inflammatory response of periodontal tissues after therapy. It seems relevant to evaluate the reaction of the periapical tissues of the teeth of experimental animals after the treatment of simulated apical periodontitis using laser photodynamic therapy (PDT) and non-pigment laser transcanal microablation using morphological research. Methods: The lower incisors of 15 rabbits were used to simulate acute apical periodontitis of pulpal origin. Subsequently, the traditional treatment of teeth canals using mechanical cleaning and irrigation with antiseptic solution started. Then, three groups underwent different therapies - using PDT (n = 5; photosensitizer chlorin e6, [l = 660 nm, 60 mW/cm2 ] for 2 minutes), using a new technology of transcanal laser ablation (n = 5; diode laser [l = 1265 nm, 180 mW/cm2 ] for 3 minutes), and without additional treatment (n = 5). Laser therapy in two groups was carried out for 10 days once in 2 days. The animals were euthanized 10 days after the treatment started, decapitation was performed, and morphological specimens were studied under a microscope. Descriptive analysis (study of inflammatory apical infiltrate, bone regeneration of the alveoli and periodontal ligament) and quantitative analysis were performed. The data were statistically processed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The group treated with the new laser technology showed the best results with moderate lymph-macrophage infiltration and congested vessels, moderate neoangiogenesis and fibrogenesis. The size of the lesion was 506.4 mm2, compared with the PDT group - 872.0 mm2 (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: A decrease in the focus of inflammation, moderate neoangiogenesis and fibrogenesis in the periapical region when using transcanal laser microablation indicate the prospects of using the new technology in clinical practice in the complex therapy of apical periodontitis.

The effect of photodynamic therapy on the wound process dynamics in patients with purulent hand diseases

Despite the progress in modern surgery, the number of patients with purulent finger and hand diseases keeps growing these days in the clinical practice of surgeons. In recent years, there has been a tendency to develop more severe forms of panaritium and phlegmon in an increasingly young contingent of patients. Increasingly, doctors refuse to use the classical method of managing a postoperative wound of the hand involving the installation of drainage tubes. This phenomenon is polygenic and calls for special attention due to the frequent deplorable consequences of a treatment failure. The high urgency of this issue in Moscow Hospital No. 4 has become a rationale to study the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the course of the wound process in patients with this pathology.The purpose of this work is to develop a technique to advance the treatment outcomes for patients with purulent finger and hand diseases in case of open postoperative wound treatment.This study includes a comparative analysis of the wound process dynamics in 49 (49.5%) patients who underwent a photodynamic therapy session in the postoperative period and in 50 (50.5%) patients who received an open wound treatment after the operation. Photodynamic therapy was performed on the second postsurgical day by a laser apparatus “Atkus-2” (wave length 661 nm) with a gel form of the chlorinseries photosensitizer photoditazin in the form of an application at the rate of 1 g ml per 3–5 cm2 of the wound surface. The power density was chosen in the range of 0.1–1 W / cm2, and the time of exposure to the wound varied from 30 to 400 seconds, depending on the area of the wound.To assess the dynamics of the wound process in the postoperative period, we took measurements of all the patients’ wound areas on the 1st and 5th days, monitored the gross impression daily. In the patients who received PDT, we observed an earlier wound cleansing and remitting of the inflammatory process, acceleration of the edge epithelization, and earlier appearance of the granulation tissue by an average of 2 days. In the group of patients who were treated with PDT in the postoperative period, on the 5th day, the wound defect decreased by an average of 1 cm2, which amounted to 22.4%, in the control group – by 18%. The analysis of cytological and morphological patterns also revealed an accelerated switch from the inflammatory stage of the wound process to the reparative one - the reparative processes in the PDT group began earlier by 2 days. The microbiological analysis of wound exudate showed a downregulation of microflora after a PDT session - only in 6 cases pathogens were identified in the repeated seeding, which amounted to 12.24% of the group compared to 38% of the control group. After a session of photodynamic therapy, patients noted a significant reduction in pain, including during dressings. The pain syndrome immediately after the session decreased by 2–3 points. By the 5th day it became moderate – 4–5 points. In the control group, this indicator on the 2nd day was 8 points, decreasing by the 5th day to 6 points. For all analyzed indicators, the groups had statistically significant differences (p &lt;0.001). Acceleration of postoperative wounds healing enabled to shorten the inpatient stay by 6 days and bring a vast improvement to the treatment quality for this group of patients, which allows considering photodynamic therapy as a high potential method for postoperative treatment of purulent finger and hand diseases.

Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy mediated by 5-aminolevulinic acid for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2: A single-center, prospective, cohort study

BackgroundPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a minimally-invasive treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of 5-ALA-PDT on CIN2 and the factors influencing outcome of 5-ALA-PDT. MethodsPatients diagnosed as CIN2 who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study sequentially from January 2019 to April 2020. Patients were treated by PDT or cryotherapy according to their intentions. The primary endpoint was pathological regression. The secondary endpoint was HPV clearance. Affecting factors of the efficacy of PDT and adverse events were also assessed during treatment. ResultsA total of 210 patients were enrolled, including 97 patients in PDT group and 101 patients in cryotherapy group, with 12 patients excluded. There was no statistical difference in population characteristics. The pathological regression rate in PDT group was 92.0% (80/87), compared with 81.4% (79/97) in cryotherapy group (P < 0.05). The HPV clearance rate was 64.4% (56/87) in PDT group and 57.8% (56/97) in cryotherapy group (P = 0.36). The main side effects of PDT were abdominal pain (24.1%, 21/87) and increased vaginal secretions (23.0%, 20/87). On univariate analysis, the risk for lesions persisting at 6 months after PDT was increased by recurrent genital tract inflammation (P = 0.004), smoking or passive smoking (P = 0.020), and multicentric lesions (P = 0.020). ConclusionPDT can be a safe and efficient treatment for CIN2. Risk factors for persisting HSIL after PDT include recurrent genital tract inflammation, smoking or passive smoking, and multicentric lesions.

Towards effective cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment with light-based technologies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected disease that represents a serious global public health concern. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis targeting the use of light-based therapies on CL in preclinical studies since they are essential to identify the benefits, challenges, and limitations of proposing new technologies to fight CL. We searched Pubmed and Web of Science to include original preclinical researches in English that used light-based technologies to fight CL. Inclusion criteria encompassed any animal model for CL induction, an untreated infected group as the comparator, reliable and consistent methodology to develop and treat CL, focus on an antimicrobial therapeutic approach, and data for lesion size and/or parasite load in the infection site. We identified eight eligible articles, and all of them used photodynamic therapy (PDT). For the meta-analysis, three studies were included regarding the parasite load in the infection site and four comprised the lesion size. No overall statistically significant differences were observed between untreated control and PDT groups for parasite load. Differently, PDT significantly reduced the lesion size regardless of the protocol used to treat CL (in mm, SMD: -1.90; 95% CI: -3.74 to -0.07, p=0.04). This finding is particularly encouraging since CL promotes disfiguring lesions that profoundly affect the quality of life of patients. We conclude that PDT is a new promising technology able to be topically used against CL if applied in more than one session, making it a promising ally for the management of CL.

Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on bonding strength and failure modes of fiber-posts in c-shaped treated root canals

AimThe present study aimed to assess the push-out bond strength (PBS) and failure modes of fiber-posts after photodynamic therapy (PDT) and Erbium yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) in c-shaped canals. MethodsSixty molars with c-shaped root configuration were studied. The endodontic prepared teeth specimen were equally randomized into four groups: i) photodynamic therapy (PDT); ii) Er,Cr:YSGG; iii) chlorhexidine and; iv) control group. Post root filling, 10 mm space was prepared for insertion of post in the root canals. The push-out bond strength was evaluated using Universal testing machine. Modes of failure were evaluated as adhesive, cohesive and admixed. Mean values were computed between groups using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Comparison between two thirds of root sections were analyzed using Friedman test. P-value was set at 0.05 or less. ResultsSpecimens treated with PDT reported the highest mean PBS (8.56 ± 2.12 MPa), while the lowest PBS was observed in NaOCl group (6.92 ± 2.21 MPa). Thirteen failures were observed at the adhesive post interface, whereas 22 failures were found at the interface forming between the dentin surface and adhesive. Similarly, 9 failures were categorized as mixed. For PDT group, a sum of 3 failures and 4 failures were noted at the apical and cervical points. ConclusionThe specimens treated with PDT showed the highest push out bond strength with least number of failures.in c-shaped root canals.

Photodynamic therapy of vitiligo: A pilot study

BackgroundVitiligo is an acquired autoimmune skin disorder with depigmented macules and patches. There are several possible treatments for vitiligo, none of which could be considered as a definitive cure. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel treatment with controversial outcomes in vitiligo patients. Materials & methodsA total of 10 patches (5 patches on the trunk, 3 on the extremities, and 2 on the neck) were selected and received microderm abrasion. Then the lesion was covered with 5- aminolevulinic acid (ALA) for one hour. Afterwards, it received red light with a dose of 120 J/cm2.This cycle was repeated monthly for 5 sessions. Another vitiligo patch was considered as a control and received topical mometasone twice a day during the study. The therapeutic results were compared by a blind dermatologist. ResultsThe median of repigmentation score, which was determined by a blind dermatologist, was 0.5 in the PDT group and 1 in the steroid group, which did not show any statistically significant difference. ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated that PDT does not have any additional therapeutic effect in comparison with topical corticosteroids as the traditional treatment of vitiligo.

Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy Versus Eplerenone in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (SPECTRA): A Randomized Controlled Trial

To compare the efficacy and safety between half-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) and eplerenone therapy for treating chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC). This was a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. This investigator-initiated trial was conducted in 3 academic medical centers in the Netherlands. Eligible patients were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to receive either indocyanine green angiography-guided half-dose PDT or oral eplerenone for 12 weeks. Both anatomical and functional outcomes were evaluated at 3 months after the start of treatment. A total of 107 patients were randomly assigned to receive either half-dose PDT (n=53) or eplerenone treatment (n=54). Thirteen patients (3 in the PDT group and 10 in the eplerenone group) did not adhere to the study protocol. At the 3-month evaluation visit, 78% of patients in the PDT group had complete resolution of subretinal fluid accumulation compared to only 17% of patients in the eplerenone group (P < .001). Mean best-corrected visual acuity in Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters at the 3-month evaluation visit was 83.7 ± 10.8 and 82.8 ± 9.0 in the PDT and eplerenone groups, respectively (P=.555). In addition, mean retinal sensitivity on microperimetry was 25.4 ± 3.4 dB and 23.9 ± 4.0 dB in the PDT and eplerenone groups, respectively (P=.041). Finally, mean vision-related quality of life scores were 87.2 ± 8.5 and 83.8 ± 12.1 in the PDT and eplerenone groups, respectively (P=.094). Three patients (6%) in the PDT group experienced adverse events during the study compared to 18 patients (33%) in the eplerenone group. Half-dose PDT is superior to oral eplerenone for cCSC with respect to both short-term safety and efficacy outcomes.

Photodynamic therapy reduces metastasis of breast cancer by minimizing circulating tumor cells.

Cancer metastasis after traditional surgery introduces a high barrier to therapy efficacy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer is based on a photochemical process of photosensitizers that concentrate in tumors and release oxidant species under light excitation to destroy cells. Compared with traditional surgery, PDT provides minimal invasion and targeted therapy. In this in vivo study, we monitor the real-time and long-term dynamics of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) after a single round of PDT and after surgical resection in a breast cancer animal model. The CTC level is low after PDT treatment, and the recurrence of the primary tumor is postponed in the PDT group compared with the resection group. We find that metastasis is correlated with the CTC level, and the PDT-treated mice show no metastasis in the lung or liver. Our results suggest PDT can effectively reduce metastasis by minimizing CTCs after treatment and is a great technology for breast cancer therapy.

Evaluation of the Photodynamic Therapy with Curcumin on L. braziliensis and L. major Amastigotes.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected disease prevalent in tropical countries with the ability to cause skin lesions. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a specific and topical option for the treatment of these lesions. This study evaluated the response of macrophages infected with L. braziliensis and L. major to PDT with curcumin. Curcumin concentrations were evaluated in serial dilutions from 500.0 to 7.8 µg/mL using LED (λ = 450 ± 5 nm), with a light dose of 10 J/cm2. The Trypan blue viability test, ultrastructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mitochondrial polarity by Rhodamine 123 (Rho 123), curcumin internalization by confocal microscopy, and counting of the recovered parasites after the PDT treatment were performed. The lowest concentrations of curcumin (15.6 and 7.8 µg/mL) presented photodynamic inactivation. Cell destruction and internalization of curcumin in both macrophages and intracellular parasites were observed in microscopy techniques. In addition, an increase in mitochondrial membrane polarity and a decrease in the number of parasites recovered was observed in the PDT groups. This study indicates that PDT with curcumin has the potential to inactivate infected macrophages and might act as a basis for future in vivo studies using the parameters herein discussed.

Short-term improvement of clinical parameters and microbial diversity in periodontitis patients following Indocyanine green-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: A randomized single-blind split-mouth cohort

BackgroundIndocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy is effective against chronic periodontitis. Here, we evaluated the efficiency of indocyanine green-based adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis patients. MethodsFifty-six periodontally involved teeth of 20 patients were treated with “scaling and root planing” (control group) or “scaling and root planing with indocyanine green-based (perio-green, 0.1 mg/ml) antimicrobial photodynamic therapy” (test group) using a split-mouth design. We performed clinical assessment of probing depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment loss, and other indices, while plaque samples were collected for microbiome analysis. ResultsAt baseline, periodontal depth and clinical attachment loss were significantly higher in the test group (p < 0.05), and at 1-month post-treatment, we observed a significant favorable reduction of both periodontal depth and clinical attachment loss in test and control sites, with lower means maintained at 3 months (p = 0.01 and p = 0.000, respectively). Additionally, analysis of variance showed significant improvements in periodontal depth and clinical attachment loss in the indocyanine green–antimicrobial photodynamic therapy group (p = 0.001), although not for clinical attachment loss in controls (p = 0.102). Moreover, a significant reduction was observed in test sites for bleeding on probing and residual pocket post-therapy (p = 0.04 and p = 0.0001 respectively). Furthermore, microbiome analysis identified Porphyromonons gingivalis, Treponema, and Tannerella in all samples with favorable changes in test sites (p = 0.07). ConclusionWe observed a significant reduction in periodontal clinical parameters (periodontal depth and clinical attachment loss) in chronic periodontitis patients treated with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive procedure to conventional scaling and root planing. This improvement was associated with periodontal pathogen reduction and increase in the healthy subgingival microbiome.

Comprehensive evaluation of intravitreal conbercept versus half-dose photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.

To compare the safety and efficacy of conbercept intravitreal injection and half-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) in treating chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). This study was retrospective. Thirty-seven patients (37 eyes) with chronic CSC received conbercept injections while 57 patients (57 eyes) were treated with half-dose PDT. All subjects were followed in 6mo. Outcome measures included change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF). There was no adverse event observed in either treatment group. At the 6-month follow-up, 26 eyes (70.3%) in the conbercept group and 54 eyes (94.7%) in the half-dose PDT group (P<0.05) reached full resolution of SRF. The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BCVA significantly improved (P<0.001) in both treatment groups with better outcome at early phase in the half-dose PDT group (2wk, 1, and 2mo, P<0.05). All subjects experienced significant CMT improvement (P<0.001) with no statistical difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The SFCT also improved in all subjects (P<0.001) with better outcome in the half-dose PDT group (P<0.05). Both intravitreal conbercept and half-dose PDT are safe to use in treating chronic CSC. By 6mo, both treatment groups are efficacious in improving BCVA, reducing CMT and SFCT, and resolving SRF in eyes with chronic CSC. Half-dose PDT may show better outcome at initial phase of treatment in chronic CSC. Longer follow-up period is necessary to study for long-term effect and safety.

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of subthreshold micropulse laser with photodynamic therapy for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: A meta-analysis.

Background:This meta-analysis was conducted to compare the therapeutic effect and safety of subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) vs photodynamic therapy (PDT) in treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC).Methods:PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for all relevant studies published up to August 17, 2020. Data of interest were analyzed by STATA (version 14.0) software.Results:Four randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and 5 retrospective studies with 790 eyes were included in this meta-analysis after study selection. The results showed that SML significantly improved the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) compared with PDT at 6 to 8 weeks, 6 months, and 7 to 8 months in patients with cCSC (weighted mean difference (WMD) = −0.15, 95% confidence intervals (CI): −0.23 to −0.07, P < .01; WMD = −2.83, 95% CI: −4.79 to −0.87, P < .01; and WMD = −2.61, 95% CI: −4.23 to −1.24, P = .026, respectively). There was also a statistically significant difference between SML and PDT groups in the differences in the complete resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF) (risk radios = 0.388, 95% CI: 0.307 to 0.491, P < .01). There were no significant differences between the SML and PDT in the overall effect with central macular thickness (CMT), adverse events, complete resolution of SRF and treatment response.Conclusions:Based on the available evidence, this meta-analysis demonstrated that SML may be considered as a competitive alternative to PDT for treating cCSC, and as the first-line treatment of cCSC.

Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Infected Leg Ulcers-A Pilot Study.

Chronic and infected leg ulcers (LUs) are painful, debilitating, resistant to antibiotics, and immensely reduce a patient’s quality of life. The purpose of our study was to demonstrate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of infected chronic LUs. Patients were randomized into two experimental groups: the first group received 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) (10 patients), and the second group of 10 patients received local octenidine dihydrochloride (Octenilin gel) exposed to a placebo light source with an inserted filter that mimiced red light. In the PDT group, we used 20% ALA topically applied for 4 hrs and irradiation from a Diomed laser source with a wavelength of 630 nm at a fluency of 80 J/cm2. ALA-PDT was performed 10 times during a 14-day hospitalization in 10 patients of both sexes aged 40–85 years with chronic leg ulcers. Treatments were carried out at 3-week intervals for 3–5 cycles. At 8-month follow-up with the PDT group, complete remission (CR) was obtained in four patients (40%), partial response (>50% reduction in ulcer diameter) in four patients (40%), and no response in two patients (20%) who additionally developed deterioration of the local condition with swelling, erythema, and inflammation. To assess the degree of pain during the trials, we used a numeric rating scale (NRS). From the preliminary results obtained, we concluded that PDT can be used to treat leg ulcers as a minimally invasive and effective method with no serious side effects, although further studies on a larger group of patients with LUs are warranted.