Pd-catalyzed Allylic Substitution Research Articles

Efficient recycling of a chiral palladium catalytic system for asymmetric allylic substitutions in ionic liquid

Chiral carbohydrate-based diphosphites were used for Pd-catalysed asymmetric allylic substitution (alkylation, amination, phosphination) in neat ionic liquids (ILs). Pyrrolidinium-based IL led to the best activities, allowing an efficient catalyst immobilization. In the allylic amination (TOF > 3100 h(-1)), the catalyst could be recycled nine times preserving both activity and enantioselectivity.

Chiral phosphinoferrocene carboxamides with amino acid substituents as ligands for Pd-catalysed asymmetric allylic substitutions. Synthesis and structural characterisation of catalytically relevant Pd complexes

An extensive series of chiral amino acid amides prepared from 1'-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-1-carboxylic acid (Hdpf) or its planar-chiral isomer, 2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-1-carboxylic acid, have been tested as ligands for Pd-catalysed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions. In alkylation of 1,3-diphenylallyl acetate as a model substrate with dimethyl malonate the ligands performed well in terms of both reaction rate and enantioselectivity, achieving up to 98% ee. In contrast, the reactions of the same substrate with other nucleophiles proceeded either slowly and with poor ee's (amination with benzylamine) or not at all (etherification with benzyl alcohol). In order to rationalise the influence of the ligand structure on the reaction course, three model complexes, viz. [(η(3)-methallyl)PdCl(L-κP)], [(η(3)-methallyl)Pd(L-κ(2)O,P)]ClO(4) and [(η(3)-methallyl)Pd(L-κP)(2)]ClO(4) have been prepared from the achiral amide Ph(2)PfcCONHCH(2)CO(2)Me (L; fc = ferrocene-1,1'-diyl) and structurally characterised. The coordination study showed that the amido-phosphines readily form 1 : 1 complexes as O,P-chelates where the amino acid chirality is brought close to the Pd atom. At higher ligand-to-metal ratios, however, simple P-monodentate coordination prevails, minimising the influence of the chiral amino acid pendant.

ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantio‐Selective Allylic Substitution Reaction of Monosubstituted Allyl Substrates with Benzyl Alcohols.

Regio- and enantio-selectivities in Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction of monosubstituted allylic substrates with substituted benzyl alcohols were realized, affording the corresponding products in high regioselectivity (up to 93/7) and enantioselectivity (up to 96%). (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Asymmetric allylic substitutions on symmetrical and non-symmetrical substrates using [5]ferrocenophane ligands

A series of [5]ferrocenophane diphosphane ligands were used in Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions. With a symmetrical substrate, 1,3-diphenylpropenyl acetate, enantioselectivities between 70% and 94% ee were observed. Several non-symmetrically substituted allylic substrates were also used. Depending on the substituents of the non-symmetrical allylic substrates, various degrees of regioselectivity (from 1:1 to 100:0) and enantioselectivity (from 0% to 96% ee) were observed. Tentative catalytically active complexes were studied by DFT computational methods.

ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of Enantiopure 1-[1(S)-(2-Pyridyl)alkyl]-2(R)-isopropylaziridines, New Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis.

Abstract Enantiopure 1-(2-pyridyl)alkyl aziridines were designed as bidentate ligands for asymmetric catalysis. Their synthesis involved the addition of organometallic reagents to the imine prepared from 2-pyridinealdehyde and an enantiopure β-aminoalcohol, followed by cyclisation of the β-aminoalcohol moiety to the aziridine ring. Two such ligands (N–N)* were prepared from ( S )-valinol and converted to the complexes (η 3 -allyl)(N–N)*Pd + SbF 6 − , one of which was characterised by X-ray crystallography. Modest enantioselectivities were achieved in a representative Pd-catalysed allylic substitution reaction.

Modular chiral diphosphite derived from l-tartaric acid. Applications in metal-catalyzed asymmetric reactions

A new family of C 2-symmetric chiral diphosphites was synthesized using two different chiral backbones derived from tartaric acid, combined with chiral binaphthyls or non-chiral substituted biphenyl moieties. Diphosphites were applied to Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of styrene producing good conversions in mild conditions, fair regioselectivities but low enantioselectivities in all cases. Ligands were also essayed in Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions of linear and cyclic substrates using dimethyl malonate as nucleophile. Conversion rates up to 7200 h −1 were reached, while moderated ee's were attained. In this reaction, a kinetic resolution of rac-1,3-diphenyl-3-acetoxyprop-1-ene was observed, leading to 99% ee of for the unreacted S-substrate and 60% ee of S-alkylated product. Coordination properties of diphosphites in rhodium and palladium complexes related to catalytic species involved in the two previous reactions were investigated. Some ligands form equatorial-equatorial chelates in pentacoordinated complexes [RhH(CO)(PPh 3)(diphosphite)], while other act as bridge between two metal atoms. In the catalytic active species [Pd(η 3-PhCHCHCHPh)(diphosphite)]PF 6 one or two diastereoisomers are formed, depending on the diphosphite structure.

Palladium-catalyzed regio- and enantio-selective allylic substitution reaction of monosubstituted allyl substrates with benzyl alcohols

Regio- and enantio-selectivities in Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction of monosubstituted allylic substrates with substituted benzyl alcohols were realized, affording the corresponding products in high regioselectivity (up to 93/7) and enantioselectivity (up to 96%).

Preparation of S-Containing Aminophosphine and Phosphoramidite Ligands and Their Applications in Enantioselective C–C Bond Forming Reactions

A series of phosphorus/sulfur ligands were readily prepared and successfully applied in the Pd-catalyzed enantioselective allylic substitution and Cu-catalyzed conjugated additions of cyclic enones, respectively. The Pd-catalyzed enantioselective allylic substitution showed the best yield of 98% with 74% ee. For the Cu-catalyzed conjugated additions of cyclic enones, the best yield of 100% with 76% ee at the temperature of −30 °C could be obtained.

Phosphinite Thioethers Derived from Chiral Epoxides. Modular P,S-Ligands for Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitutions

A new family of modular P,S-ligands has been prepared from enantiopure arylglycidols. These ligands have been iteratively optimized with respect to four different structural parameters for use in Pd-catalyzed allylic substitutions. As a final output, highly active and enantioselective ligands for these synthetically important transformations have been developed, and the factors controlling their catalytic behavior have been rationalized. From a methodological point of view, a convenient procedure for the regioselective ring-opening of cis-glycidic esters with bulky thiols to yield the corresponding beta-alkylthio-alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids has been developed.

Diamidophosphites with isomeric carborane fragments: a comparison of catalytic activity in asymmetric Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions

New chiral diamidophosphite ligands containing electron-donating 9-meta-carborane and electron-withdrawing 1-meta-carborane substituents have been synthesized. The ligand 3a with an electron-donating group demonstrated high enantioselectivity in Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions with C-, S- and N-nucleophiles (up to 98% ee). The isomeric diamidophosphite 3b bearing an electron-withdrawing substituent showed in all cases, moderate-to-poor conversion and lower enantioselectivity.

A New Class of Modular P,N‐Ligand Library for Asymmetric Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions: A Study of the Key Pd–π‐Allyl Intermediates

A new class of modular P,N-ligand library has been synthesized and screened in the Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions of several substrate types. These series of ligands can be prepared efficiently from easily accessible hydroxyl-oxazole/thiazole derivatives. Their modular nature enables the bridge length, the substituents at the heterocyclic ring and in the alkyl backbone chain, the configuration of the ligand backbone, and the substituents/configurations in the biaryl phosphite moiety to be easily and systematically varied. By carefully selecting the ligand components, therefore, high regio- and enantioselectivities (ee values up to 96 %) and good activities are achieved in a broad range of mono-, di-, and trisubstituted linear hindered and unhindered substrates and cyclic substrates. The NMR spectroscopic and DFT studies on the Pd-pi-allyl intermediates provide a deeper understanding of the effect of ligand parameters on the origin of enantioselectivity.

Biaryl Phosphites: New Efficient Adaptative Ligands for Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution Reactions

Pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, fragrances, fine chemicals, and natural product chemistry all rely on the preparation of enantiomerically enriched compounds. The palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution, which allows for the enantioselective formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds, is a potential synthetic tool for preparing these compounds. To date, most of the successful ligands reported for the Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions have used three main design strategies. The first, developed by Hayashi and co-workers, used a secondary interaction of the nucleophile with a side chain of the ligand to direct the approach of the nucleophile to one of the allylic terminal carbon atoms. The second increased the ligand's bite angle in order to create a chiral cavity in which the allyl system is perfectly embedded. To discriminate electronically between the two allylic terminal carbon atoms, the third strategy employed heterodonor ligands. Although many chiral ligands have been successfully applied in the substitution of several disubstituted substrates, problems generally remain with both substrate specificity and reaction rates using these methods. Other substrates, such as those that are monosubstituted, will require more active and more regio- and enantioselective Pd-catalysts. Overcoming these limitations requires research toward the development of new ligands. This Account discusses the application of homo- and heterodonor biaryl-containing phosphites as new, versatile, and highly effective ligands in the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution of several substrate types. We and others recently demonstrated that the inclusion of biarylphosphite moieties in ligand design is highly advantageous. In these systems, the catalyst's substrate specificity decreases because the chiral pocket created (the chiral cavity with the embedded allyl ligand) is flexible enough to allow the perfect coordination of hindered and unhindered substrates. Reaction rates with these ligands increase because of the larger pi-acceptor ability of these moieties. The ability of the phosphite moiety to accept pi-electrons and enhance the S(N)1 character of the nucleophilic attack increases the regioselectivity of the reactions toward the desired branched isomer in monosubstituted linear substrates. Finally, the easy synthesis of biaryl phosphites from readily available alcohols allows for simple ligand tuning as well as systematic modifications of several important ligand parameters. Taking advantage of these features, we and others have designed highly adaptative biaryl-phosphite-containing ligands for asymmetric Pd-allylic substitution reactions. In this context, several diphosphites, phosphite-oxazolines, and phosphite-phosphoroamidites have recently emerged as extremely effective ligands for this process. Using a broad range of mono- and disubstituted hindered and unhindered linear and cyclic substrates, we have obtained high activities (turnover frequencies up to 22,000 mol substrate x (mol Pd x h)(-1)) unprecedented in the literature along with excellent regio- (up to 99%) and enantioselectivitites (up to >99%) at low catalyst loadings (turnover numbers up to 10,000 mol substrate x (mol Pd x h)(-1)). Appropriate ligand tuning allows access to both enantiomers of the substitution products.

Kinetic Resolution of Indolines by Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Amination

The kinetic resolution of indolines was realized via a Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction by using Trost's chiral ligand L10, affording optically active indolines and N-allylated indolines in high yields and high enantioselectivities with an S factor up to 59, which provided the first example for the kinetic resolution of nucleophiles via a transition-metal-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction.

Influence of structural changes in ferrocene phosphane aminophosphane ligands on their catalytic activity

New phosphane aminophosphane ligands based on [3]ferrocenophane skeleton were synthesized using a direct double lithiation followed by phosphanylation. Influence of ligand structure on catalytic performance was evaluated by performing a series of Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution on different substrates. Enantioselectivities up to 55% ee were obtained with bridged ligand compared to 33% ee with analogous non-bridged BoPhoz ligand.

Mass spectrometric screening of chiral catalysts and catalyst mixtures

The use of quasi-enantiomeric substrates and ESI-MS as an analytical tool has made it possible to determine the intrinsic enantioselectivity of chiral catalysts by monitoring catalytic intermediates. In this way, potential problems of methods based on product analysis, which may be caused by catalytically active impurities, partial dissociation of a chiral ligand-metal complex, or a non-catalytic background reaction can be avoided. ESI-MS-based screening is fast, reliable, and operationally simple, as it does not require work-up or purification steps. Moreover, mixtures of catalysts with different molecular masses can be screened simultaneously, which is not possible with methods relying on product analysis. In this way catalyst libraries prepared in one batch by combinatorial methods can be screened without the need to synthesize and purify the catalysts individually. This screening method was successfully applied to Pd-catalyzed allylic substitutions and metal-catalyzed and organocatalytic Diels-Alder reactions.

Novel pyridine-phosphite ligands for Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reaction

A series of novel chiral pyridine-phosphite ligands, synthesized from PCl3, chiral BINOL and 4H-quinolyl alcohols, have been successfully applied in the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reaction, which afforded the substituted products with high enantioselectivities (up to 95% ee).

Understanding the mechanism of Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution of the cyclic difluorinated carbonates.

We present a mechanistic investigation of Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution of cyclic gem-difluorinated carbonates 1 and 4, previously employed in the synthesis of 3',3'-difluoro-2'-hydroxymethyl-4',5'-unsaturated carbocyclic nucleosides in 17 steps. The substitution features a reversal of regioselectivity caused by fluorine.

Modular Phosphite–Oxazoline/Oxazine Ligand Library for Asymmetric Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions: Scope and Limitations—Origin of Enantioselectivity

A library of phosphite-oxazoline/oxazine ligands L1-L15 a-h has been synthesized and screened in the Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions of several substrate types. These series of ligands can be prepared efficiently from easily accessible hydroxyl amino acid derivatives. Their modular nature enables the substituents/configurations in the oxazoline/oxazine moiety, alkyl backbone chain and in the biaryl phosphite moiety to be easily and systematically varied. By carefully selecting the ligand components, therefore, high regio- and enantioselectivities (ee values up to 99 %) and good activities have been achieved in a broad range of mono- and disubstituted linear hindered and unhindered liner and cyclic substrates. The NMR studies on the Pd-pi-allyl intermediates provide a deeper understanding about the effect of the ligand parameters on the origin of enantioselectivity. It also indicates that the nucleophilic attack takes place predominantly at the allylic terminal carbon atom located trans to the phosphite moiety.

Organic Carbonates as Alternative Solvents for Palladium‐Catalyzed Substitution Reactions

Organic carbonates, such as propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and diethyl carbonate, were tested in the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions of rac-1,3-diphenyl-3-acetoxy-prop-1-ene with dimethyl malonate or benzylamine as nucleophiles. Bidentate diphosphanes were used as chiral ligands. The application of monodentate phosphanes capable of self-assembling with the metal was likewise tested. In the substitution reaction with dimethyl malonate, enantioselectivities up to 98% were achieved. In the amination reaction, the chiral product was obtained with up to 83% ee. The results confirm that these "green solvents" can be advantageously used for this catalytic transformation as an alternative to those solvents usually employed which run some risk of being harmful to the environment.

Transition Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions Using P-Chirogenic Diaminophosphine Oxides: DIAPHOXs

This review describes the development of a new class of chiral phosphorus ligands: amino acid-derived P-chirogenic diaminophosphine oxides, DIAPHOXs, and their application to several transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation with cyclic beta-keto esters as prochiral nucleophiles was initially examined using P-chirogenic diaminophosphine oxide 1a, resulting in highly enantioselective construction of quaternary stereocenters. Mechanistic investigations revealed that 1a is activated by N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide-induced tautomerization to afford a trivalent diamidophosphite species 13, which functions as the actual ligand. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitutions of both acyclic and cyclic substrates were also examined using various nucleophiles such as malonate derivatives, nitromethane, aliphatic amines, and aromatic amines, providing a variety of chiral compounds with good to excellent enantioselectivity. In addition, Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination and alkylation of terminal allylic carbonates were examined using structurally optimized P-chirogenic diaminophosphine oxides, and the corresponding branched products were obtained in a highly regio- and enantioselective manner. Furthermore, the developed catalytic asymmetric process was successfully applied to the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of biologically active compounds, (R)-preclamol, (R)-baclofen hydrochloride, and (-)-paroxetine.