PbO Particles Research Articles

Study on the structure and γ‐ray shielding performance of polypropylene/PbO composites with heterogeneous networks

AbstractPolymer‐based radiation shielding materials are receiving more and more interests due to their desirable advantages in lightweight and maneuverability. Herein, we employ polypropylene (PP) as the matrix to construct γ‐ray shielding composites through the embedment of PbO particles with a wet reaction melt blending method. From the changes in dynamic rheological behaviors and fracture surface of PP/PbO composite, it can be found that the gradient addition of PbO particles facilitates the formation of heterogeneous network structure with, and high PbO content may make the composites undergo a “liquid–solid” transition. Rheological temperature and time scanning show that both PbO content and heterogeneous network structure greatly contribute to the storage modulus (G') and thermal stability. The γ‐ray (137Cs) shielding tests manifest that BPP/PbO‐4 has the best shielding performance, whose thicknesses of half value layer (HVL) and tenth value layer (TVL) are 0.32 and 1.05 cm, respectively, obviously smaller than those shielding materials ever reported. The analyses on effective atomic number (Zeff) and effective electron density (NE) reveal that the good shielding performance of BPP/PbO‐4 benefits from its proper content and dispersion of PbO particles.

Design of Reactor for The Production of PbO Particles

The aim of this study was to design and analyze the batch reactor designs to produce PbO particles on an industrial scale. The method used in this research is to perform computational analysis and calculation of the reactor and its stirrer as well as the mass balance as the basis for calculations using the Microsoft Excel application. The study of reactor design is one of the key steps of a process design in industry, and these specifications are used as a reference in production costs. To produce PbO particles on an industrial scale (10,000× laboratory scale), are required two reactors and two stirrers. The calculation results show that the first reactor has a volume of 11.2334 ft3 with a height of 3.2219 ft and requires one stirrer with a power of 163 Hp, while the second reactor has a volume of 7.3576 ft3 with a height of 11.9503 ft and requires one stirrer with power 191 Hp. The results of this computation and analysis can be applied to the design and analysis of reactor performance as a learning medium and operating mechanism in a production system.

Numerical study of solid-state oxygen control bypass performance and corrosion distribution in a LBE flow loop

Liquid lead–bismuth solid-state oxygen control technology is considered to be one of the effective means to inhibit corrosion of structural materials. The dissolution rate of PbO particles in the mass exchanger (MX) is a crucial factor influencing the effectiveness of solid-state oxygen control. To enhance the oxygen control efficiency of the MX, a PbO particle dissolution model based on the UPBEAT (Universal lead(Pb) bismuth(Bi) Eutectic Advanced Test loop) was established. This model aims to determine the impact of temperature, LBE flow rate, operating time, and initial oxygen concentration on the dissolution rate of PbO particles and the steady-state time in the MX. The obtained insights inform the design and operational aspects of the MX. Simultaneously, a loop corrosion precipitation model was developed to simulate loop corrosion in both oxygen-free and solid-state oxygen control states. While the corrosion precipitation distribution in the loop remains consistent between oxygen-free and oxygen-controlled states, solid-state oxygen control effectively enhances the corrosion resistance of the loop.

Lead-free X-Ray shielding aprons using Zn-doped SnO2 epoxy nanocomposite: A promising alternative to traditional heavy and lead-based materials

This report describes the first use of SnO2 nanoparticles with Zn dopants as a light weight and lead-free material for X-ray shielding applications. The material is environmentally friendly and offers high X-ray attenuation properties, making it a promising alternative to traditional heavy and lead-based X-ray shielding materials. The Zn-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were prepared using a sol-gel synthesis technique. This approach enabled the creation of high-quality Zn-doped SnO2 nanoparticles that were then mixed with epoxy polymer and coated onto a nylon mixed rexine cloth with the help of the drop casting technique, and they were treated for X-ray shielding applications. Micro-sized PbO particles were mixed with epoxy resin and coated onto rexine cloth to compare the X-ray shielding properties of the Zn-doped SnO2 nanoparticle. The structural properties were evaluated through X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis showed that the prepared SnO2 nanoparticles were in a tetragonal crystal structure. When compared to pure SnO2, the crystallite size of Zn-doped SnO2 nanoparticles was reduced (23.5–18 nm). UV–Visible spectroscopy is used to calculate the bandgap, which is increased as dopant introduced (3.41–3.57 eV). The photoluminescent (PL) study showed where the oxygen vacancy defect peaks originate. The cross-section Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) mapping showed a good coating of Zn doped SnO2 nanoparticle on the rexine cloth. The X-ray shielding abilities were extensively researched using various methods including percentage of attenuation (98–80 %), exposure, half value layer (0.06–0.16 mm), linear attenuation coefficient (μ), and mass attenuation coefficient (8.29–3.32 cm2/g). The findings indicated that 2% Zn-doped SnO2 has outstanding X-ray shielding properties compared to undoped SnO2 and PbO based aprons, making it a potential alternative for lead-free aprons in X-ray shielding applications.

Assessment of X-ray shielding properties of polystyrene incorporated with different nano-sizes of PbO.

PbO (lead oxide) particles with different sizes were incorporated into polystyrene (PS) with various weight fractions (0, 10, 15, 25, 35%). These novel PS/PbO nano-composites were produced by roll mill mixing and compressing molding techniques and then investigated for radiation attenuation of X-rays (N-series/ISO 4037) typically used in radiology. Properties of the PbO particles were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Filler dispersion and elemental composition of the prepared nano-composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), revealing better filler distribution and fewer agglomerations with smaller PbO particle size. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients (μ and μm), total molecular and atomic cross-sections (σmol and σatm), as well as effective atomic number and electron density (Zeff and Neff), were calculated for the energy range N40 to N200. The influence of PbO weight percentage on the enhancement of the shielding parameters of the nano-composites was expected; however, the effect of PbO particle size was surprising. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients for PS/PbO composites increased gradually with increasing PbO concentrations, and composites with a small size of nanoparticles showed best performance. In addition, increasing PbO concentration raised the effective atomic number Zeff of the composite. Hence, the electron density Neff increased, which provided a higher total interaction cross-section of X-rays with the composites. Maximum radiation shielding was observed for PS/PbO(B). It is concluded that this material might be used in developping low-cost and lightweight X-ray shielding to be used in radiology.

Clarification of Photoelectrochemical Oxygen Evolution Sites in TiO2 Nanotube Array Electrodes by PbO2 Deposition Method

TiO2 nanotube (TNT) photoanodes exhibit activity and stability for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by photoelectrochemical water oxidation. However, the location of the OER site by the photogenerated holes has not been clarified for the TNT photoanodes, unlike well-studied macrocrystalline photocatalysts. In this study, we performed reactions of TNT photoanodes in a 0.1 M Pb(NO3)2 under UV irradiation. The photoelectrochemically deposited PbO2 particles were observed through scanning electron microscopy in the backscattered electron mode. We found that β-PbO2 was deposited on the nanotubes with photocurrent decay and that the reaction site was located on the upper part (∼1 μm) of the TNT array with ∼3 μm length. The photocurrent decay implies the selective deposition of PbO2 on the catalytic site for water oxidation. The PbO2 nanoparticles were deposited on the inner and outer surfaces of the tube walls. This result is consistent with the mechanism of charge separation at the space charge layers formed on both surfaces of the walls. We also confirmed that the OER site changes depending on the wavelength of the incident light due to the change in the light penetration depth.

DESIGN OF HEAT EXCHANGER FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS PbO PARTICLES

This study aims to develop and analyze the design of heat exchangers (HE) in the synthesis of PbO particles using a single precursor method. This type of HE shell and tube one-pass is designed to be simple. The specifications of HE equipment are shell length 1.5200 m, shell diameter 0.1361 m, outer tube diameter 0.0334 m, and thickness 0.0243 m. Then the calculation is done manually using the Microsoft Excel application. The results showed that the HE shell and tube design with the one pass type has a laminar flow, with an effective value of 84.66%. Therefore, this heat exchanger with shell and tube one meets the requirements and standards based on effectiveness, but without considering the fouling factor. The results of this analysis can be used as a learning medium in the design process, analysis of heat exchanger performance, and operating mechanisms.

Electrochemical performance of novel Pb alloys reinforced with Ni-coated fly ash microballoon composite foams in Lead Acid Battery

Novel Pb composite foams comprising hybrid gas pores and Ni-coated fly ash microballoons were produced by direct melt foaming method. Pb composite foams were designed to have a lower weight and larger surface area to be used in the Lead Acid Battery (LAB) as alternative to the traditional Pb grids, offering benefits in the transportation industry. The Ni-coated fly ash microballoons were added to Pb alloy melt to serve as thickening agent and pores, which were wholly enclosed within the microballoons, as well as reinforcements. The electrochemical performance of Pb grids used in traditional LAB and Pb composite foams produced in the present work was investigated for comparing purposes. The cured plates form positive and negative electrodes of Pb grid and Pb composite foams were characterized by X-ray diffraction to identify the different Pb compounds and phases. The morphology of the cured plate was found to contain flakes and dendritic structure. Zones were formed from a network of Pb particles in the negative electrode covered with PbSO4 crystals. The PbSO4 crystals exhibited miscellaneous morphology. The matrix of lead basic sulphate crystals was converted into aggregates of PbO2 particles in the positive electrode morphology, which maintained the form of the original substance. Cyclic voltammetry measurements (CV) were conducted in 3 M H2SO4 to study the anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction peaks of Pb, PbSO4 and PbO2. The galvanostatic polarization for oxidation and reduction steps was measured at different current densities. It revealed the benefit that the Pb matrix composite foam showed a longer period for oxidation of Pb into PbSO4. The composite foams exhibited a greater specific discharge electrical capacity than the Pb alloys used in traditional LAB.

Structural analysis and characterization of lead oxide

In this study, different nano sizes of lead oxide particles are prepared using high-speed planetary ball milling over a range of grinding times (15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes). The characterization of the prepared nanoparticles is carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD pattern reveals a phase transition from β-PbO to α-PbO with increasing the milling time. The PbO particles milled for 30 and 60 minutes and termed PbO(A) and PbO(B), respectively, are chosen for this research as they display less agglomeration and achieve nano sizes of 78 and 52 nm, respectively. The following stage utilizes PbO(Bulk), PbO(A) and PbO(B) as fillers and incorporates them independently into PS with a concentration of 10, 15, 25 and 35 wt % using roll mill mixing and compression molding techniques to create a novel polystyrene composite (PS/PbO). PS/PbO composites were then characterized by XRD, which shows a decrease in the phase percentage of PS to α-PbO with increasing PbO content. Extensive research of thermal characteristics employing thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) enables the evaluation of decomposition rates and activation energies. The analysis reveals that the addition of bulk and nano PbO particles shifts Tini and T50% to higher temperatures, and reduces the decomposition rate as well as the activation energy. This means that the thermal stability of PS is increased, especially using a small PbO nano size. This study emphasizes the role of particle size in enhancing the thermal properties of polystyrene, allowing it to withstand elevated temperatures in applications such as coating, insulation and radiation shielding.

Effect of PbO-nanoparticles on dimethyl polysiloxane for use in radiation shielding applications

In this work, morphological and attenuation parameters of gamma ray protection were studied. Dimethyl polysiloxane (Silicon Rubber) Mixed with micro-size and nano-size lead oxide particles at different weight percentage were prepared. The morphological structure of PbO/SR composites was investigated by SEM test, according to SEM images the nano PbO particles are more uniform micro PbO particles. The radiation attenuation test was carried out using 3ʺ × 3ʺ NaI (TI) detector for (Am-241), (Cs-137), (Co-60), (Ba-133), and (Eu-152). The effect on attenuation property of SR-PbO shown that the increase of PbO filler significantly increases the linear attenuation coefficient and improve the other radiation protection parameters especially at low gamma energy. It's found that a significant agreement between the experimental result and theoretical result from Xcom program. In this study it's found matrix filled with nano-PbO have higher gamma shielding ability compared to micro-PbO matrix at the same filler concentration. It can say that SR-nano PbO has a higher radiation protection than SR-micro PbO compositions.

Preparation and comparative evaluation of PVC/PbO and PVC/PbO/graphite based conductive nanocomposites

Abstract Two series, A and B, of PVC based nanocomposite polymer membranes (nCPMs) were prepared using PbO only and PbO/graphite mixture as a filler by solution casting method. Seven samples with varying compositions (5–35%) of filler particles were prepared for each series and were compared by thickness measurements, porosity, water uptake, swelling degree, ionic conductivity, ion exchange capacity (IEC), membrane potential and transport number. The maximum values for these characteristics were observed as 0.402 mm, 0.77, 141.3%, 0.11, 0.0033 Scm−1, 8.6 milli-eq.g−1, 0.19 V and 0.01391 for series-A composites whereas that of 0.367 mm, 0.83, 63.4%, 0.019, 0.00981 Scm−1, 5.21 milli-eq.g−1, 0.13 V and 0.0108 for series-B nCPMs respectively. The SEM images of membranes showed greater voids produced in the series-B compared to series-A composites. The maximum Ionic conductivity, IEC, membrane potential and transport number were observed for membrane with 25% PbO/graphite, 20% PbO and 35% PbO particles respectively.

Effects of PVB addition on PbO ceramics used in lead-cooled fast reactors

The lead oxide (PbO) ceramics play an important role in the solid-phase oxygen control system of the lead-cooled fast reactor. But sintering process and properties of PbO ceramics are rarely studied. In this paper, the effects of PVB addition on the mechanical properties and microstructure of PbO ceramics are studied. PbO ceramic specimens added with x wt.% (the value of x is 0, 1, 2, 4 or 6) PVB solution, a kind of binder, are fabricated, debonded and sintered at 620 °C. The results reveal that compared with pure PbO ceramics, the addition of PVB solution improves the mechanical properties such as hardness, flexural strength, density, and the microstructure of PbO ceramics according to scanning electron microscopy images. The optimal relative density and flexural strength are found to be 90.16% and 26.33 MPa with 4 wt% PVB solution, respectively. And the optimum hardness of 1212.58 MPa is achieved with 2 wt% PVB solution. Lastly, the sintered PbO particles are placed in a pool-type LBE flowing set-up to check the integrity of the shape and change of microstructure. The results of flushing experiment show that most PbO ceramics with PVB solution can maintain the shape integrity in spite of the appearances of some internal cracks.

An optimized numerical method on corrosion in the non–isothermal lead–bismuth eutectic loops with solid–phase oxygen control system

In the present work, a new calculation method for oxygen and iron concentration parameters that can be used to calculate corrosion was proposed for a non–isothermal liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) loop with solid–phase oxygen control system. We aimed to optimize the prediction of one–dimensional distribution of the bulk oxygen and iron concentrations, as well as the dissolution/precipitation rates of corrosion products along the entire LBE loop by incorporating the dissolution process of PbO particles and the oxygen mass transfer process. In numerical terms, three mass transfer models were simultaneously applied. The simulation results indicated that the iron concentration dissolved in the liquid LBE was negatively related to oxygen concentration, and correlation between dissolution/precipitation rate and temperature clearly revealed that dissolution and precipitation areas corresponded respectively to hot region and cold region in the LBE loop. Dissolved corrosion products were transported by the flowing liquid to the cold region of the loop and re–precipitates there. These regulars were consistent with previous reports. Comparisons of calculated and experimental results from CRAFT and DELTA loops indicated that the optimized calculation method and corrosion model were applicable to other LBE loops.

Direct Electrochemical Visualization of the Orthogonal Charge Separation in Anatase Nanotube Photoanodes for Water Splitting

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is an important and rapidly developing technology that produces H2 as a renewable resource, but local surface investigations remain a major challenge. Using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), the PEC catalytic effects of anatase TiO2-nanotube arrays grown on Ti felt are explored. The SECCM imaging is performed both perpendicular and parallel to the nanotube growth direction. In contrast to bulk cyclic voltammetry measurements, SECCM measures only the upper region of the nanotubes that remain in contact with the electrolyte, which provides a better understanding of the phenomena connected to the longitudinal charge transport. Despite the presence of regions with higher and lower photocurrent, the PEC reactivities of the nanotube tops and walls are roughly comparable with each other. The data support the model of orthogonal electron–hole separation. This model facilitates the photogenerated hole diffusion over the short distance to the electrolyte interface due to the sufficient transport of photoexcited electrons along the long axial direction of TiO2 nanotubes and is often applied to one-dimensional systems. Observed results were additionally supported by the nanotube decoration with photoelectrochemically deposited PbO2 particles.

A comprehensive Monte Carlo study to design a novel multi-nanoparticle loaded nanocomposites for augmentation of attenuation coefficient in the energy range of diagnostic X-rays

Abstract Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the radiation protection properties of silicon-based composites doped with nano-sized Bi2O3, PbO, Sm2O3, Gd2O3, WO3, and IrO2 particles. Radiation shielding properties of Sm2O3 and IrO2 nanoparticles were investigated for the first time in the current study. Material and methods: The MCNPX (2.7.0) Monte Carlo code was utilized to calculate the linear attenuation coefficients of single and multi-nano structured composites over the X-ray energy range of 10–140 keV. Homogenous distribution of spherical nanoparticles with a diameter of 100 nm in a silicon rubber matrix was simulated. The narrow beam geometry was used to calculate the photon flux after attenuation by designed nanocomposites. Results: Based on results obtained for single nanoparticle composites, three combinations of different nano-sized fillers Sm2O3+WO3+Bi2O3, Gd2O3+WO3+Bi2O3, and Sm2O3+WO3+PbO were selected, and their shielding properties were estimated. In the energy range of 20-60 keV Sm2O3 and Gd2O3 nanoparticles, in 70-100 keV energy range WO3 and for photons energy higher than 90 keV, PbO and Bi2O3 nanoparticles showed higher attenuation. Despite its higher density, IrO2 had lower attenuation compared to other nanocomposites. The results showed that the nanocomposite containing Sm2O3, WO3, and Bi2O3 nanoparticles provided better shielding among the studied samples. Conclusions: All studied multi-nanoparticle nanocomposites provided optimum shielding properties and almost 8% higher attenuation relative to single nano-based composites over a wide range of photon energy used in diagnostic radiology. Application of these new composites is recommended in radiation protection. Further experimental studies are suggested to validate our findings.

Facile Synthesis of β-PbO2 Nanoparticles Range from 10–30 nm and their Application for Ozone Generation

β-PbO2 is an important high oxygen overpotential anode coating material. Further study on nanoscale β-PbO2 with higher performance and lower cost is a critical issue in order to develop the electrochemical ozone generator. Herein, an improved β-PbO2 nanoparticles synthesizing strategy based on the traditional Pb(OAc)4 hydrolysis method is proposed in this work, which is more scalable for industrial-scale production compared with existed nano β-PbO2 synthesizing methods. The possible mechanism of synthesizing β-PbO2 nanoparticles via Pb(OAc)4 hydrolysis was discussed for the first time. Based on the proposed mechanism, the size and morphology of the β-PbO2 nanoparticles were effectively controlled, and alternative raw material that can significantly reduce costs was developed. SEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS results indicate that pure phase β-PbO2 nanoparticles range from 10–30 nm were obtained. In addition, the use of alternative raw materials reduces the cost by 90%–95% compared to the traditional Pb(OAc)4 hydrolysis method. The β-PbO2 nanoparticles showed good ozone generation performances. The energy consumption per unit ozone of the β-PbO2 nanoparticles is reduced by 51.9% at the optimized operation condition than the reference PbO2 particles used for comparison.

Assessment of Radiation Shielding Properties of Polymer-Lead (II) Oxide Composites

Long term exposure to very high levels of radiations from medical diagnostic centres, industries, nuclear research establishments and nuclear weapon development have resulted in health effects such as cancer and acute radiation syndrome, hence the need for proper radiation shielding. This paper investigated Epoxy-Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) composite as radiation shielding. The composites were prepared by dispersion of microsized PbO particles into polymeric materials using effective melt-mixing method and cast in a 4 cm by 6 cm rectangular aluminium Mold with a thickness of 5 mm and was allowed to set over night at room temperature. The gamma ray attenuation ability of the composites were studied using gamma ray transmission or attenuation coefficient determination for the gamma ray energy. Three gamma ray sources Ba-133, Cs-137 and Co-60 were employed. The density, linear attenuation coefficient, half value layer (HVL), relaxation length and heaviness of the samples were determined. The measured values of linear attenuation coefficient increased with increasing filler concentration in all the samples at all gamma ray energies. It was also noticed that 40 % and 50 % filler samples attenuates more relative to the other samples under study. The maximum linear attenuation attained was found at energy of 662 keV. The composites have been found to possessed medical gamma-ray attenuation characteristics among the sample materials over a certain photon energy range (0.08 MeV–1.332 MeV) and found useful as a biological radiation shielding against gamma rays.

Gamma radiation shielding properties of recycled polyvinyl chloride composites reinforced with micro/nano-structured PbO and CuO particles

In this work, the γ-ray shielding characteristics of fabricated recycled polyvinyl chloride (rPVC) loaded with micro and nano fillers of PbO and CuO composites were investigated. The PbO/rPVC and CuO/rPVC composites were prepared by changing the percentage of injected materials (PbO and CuO) between 10% and 40% with additions by 10%. Gamma-ray attenuation properties, such as mass attenuation coefficients, linear attenuation coefficients and half-value layer for PbO and CuO-supported polymers were obtained in the energy range between 59.5 and 1408.0 keV using narrow beam transmission geometry. These experiments were carried out by using a HPGe detector and five standard radioactive sources [241Am, 133Ba, 137Cs, 60Co and 152Eu]. Moreover, equivalent atomic numbers and the exposure buildup factor (EBF) values for incident photon energy in the range from 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV were also calculated by Geometric Progression (G-P) method. The experimental results revealed that, the measured values of the linear attenuation coefficients of the PbO/rPVC and CuO/rPVC composites showed their dependence on the type and the concentration of the filler (either PbO or CuO) and also on the incident gamma ray energy. Increasing the filler weight fractions wt.% in the rPVC matrix, increases the linear attenuation coefficients of the composite and the improvement is more significant in case of PbO compared to CuO of the same filler wt.% at the same energy. The results also demonstrated an enhancement in the radiation protection behavior of rPVC composites due to the addition of PbO and CuO fillers as nano-sized particles.

Lead borate@polydopamine core–shell particles chemically bonded with silicone rubber for neutron and γ‐rays shielding

AbstractRubber composites with excellent radiation shielding and flexibility are extremely important to personal protective equipments (PPEs) for protecting workers from radiation hazards, especially for mixed radiations. It is, however, challenging to achieve uniform dispersion of fillers and good compatibility of the interfaces in highly‐filled rubber composites that are closely related to their physical properties. In this article, lead borate@polydopamine (PBO@PDA) core–shell particles are chemically bonded with silicone rubber (SR) for co‐shielding of neutron and γ‐rays. Uniform dispersion of the core–shell particles and good compatibility of the interfaces give rise to enhanced flexibility of the rubber composites. Particularly, the SR composite with 40 wt% PBO particles displays increases of 106% in elongation at break and 490% in tensile strength to neat SR. Furthermore, the mass attenuation coefficient of γ‐rays (105 KeV) reaches 2.35 and the thermal neutron absorption rate (0.025 eV) of is 76.9%. This work takes into account the balance between radiation shielding and flexibility of rubber composites, which provides a facile strategy to fabricate excellent integrated properties of flexible materials for shielding mixed neutron and γ‐rays.

Stability Enhancement of Pbo-Based Anodes through Facile Encapsulation in Carbon Nanofibers for Li-Ion Batteries

Lead (II) Oxide (PbO)-embedded Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) anodes for lithium-ion batteries were prepared via the electrospinning method. While lead-based materials have several advantages over conventional graphite, including higher theoretical capacity and low cost, deleterious performance loss due to degradation caused by volume expansion remains as its main limitation. The use of carbon as an additive has been shown to stabilize the cycling performance and utilizing carbon nanostructures, namely nanofibers, can further substantially improve performance by accommodating volume change during lithiation/de-lithiation upon cycling as well as of batteries through capacity retention over several cycles. In this report, significant enhancement of battery performance in terms of specific capacity and cyclability is made using the prepared PbO/CNF anodes. The PbO particles were effectively embedded into the CNF, which significantly suppressed mechanical degradation of the electrode due to volume expansion and retained the PbO particles over numerous cycles and at high current. The PbO/CNF anode exhibits a high specific capacity of 375 mAh g-1 at a current of 200 mA g-1 (corresponding to ~1.2C) over 250 cycles compared 245 mAh g-1 for CNF, high current capability, and markedly improved stability, indicating its potential as an alternative to conventional graphite anodes.