Payment Agreements Research Articles

Management Audit to Evaluate the Economical, Efficiency, and Effectiveness of Purchasing Function in GK Hotel

This research examines the economic, efficiency, and effectiveness of purchasing function and reveals findings obtained during the implementation of a management audit to give appropriate recommendations for better company performance in the future. The analytical techniques used in this research are quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques. The data analysis results in 2017-2019 show that the highest rate of economics occurred in 2019. The highest efficiency rate occurred in 2019 and declining the effectiveness rate in 2019. That is due to obstacles in the purchasing function resulting in wastage. These obstacles are the weaknesses in unauthorized purchase request activities, purchasing goods that did not comply with order specifications, and the delay of payment to the supplier due to a lack of funds from the head office. This research concludes that the economic rate in 2019 is uneconomical, the efficiency of purchase costs in 2019 is inefficient, and the effective rate in 2019 is quite effective. The recommendation is to make a payment agreement with the supplier, tighten the process of purchasing requests, and control in making the article description.

The Security Deposit in Obligations under a Construction Contract: Theoretical and Practical Aspects

The paper, on the basis of theoretical constructions, normative acts, materials of law enforcement practice, examines the peculiarities of legal regulation of relations arising during the use of security payment to enforce the obligation. Emphasis is placed on theoretical and practical aspects of the application of security payment in contractual obligations. The author justifies her viewpoint concerning the prospects of using a security payment to ensure the performance of tort obligations. It is concluded that the scope of application of a security payment in tort obligations is rather limited. On the example of securing the performance of tort obligations arising during the performance of work under the contract, the author argues that the security payment is mainly applicable to secure the fulfillment of the tort obligations arising between persons in contractual relations, in a situation where the counterparties face a threat of harm in execution of a civil obligation. The author emphasizes that the security payment agreement is a consensual transaction.

La procedencia de los convenios de pago en materia de contratación pública.

La contratación pública representa un proceso altamente sensible con impacto social. En este sentido, la procedencia de los convenios de pagos asumidos en materia de contratación representa una actividad de vital importancia para los procesos administrativos; sin embargo, a partir de estudios realizados en el Ecuador se ha evidenciado que los procesos de contratación han posibilitado la corrupción. La investigación tiene como objetivo realizar un estudio sobre la procedencia de los convenios de pagos en materia de contratación pública. Se realiza un estudio sobre la contratación pública en período de emergencia. Se define el fenómeno de la corrupción y los corruptos. Por último, un análisis sobre las prórrogas o terminación de la contratación pública por la emergencia sanitaria.

Preparing the health-care system to pay for new Alzheimer's drugs.

Biogen's announcement last fall that it will seek U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for its Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment, aducanumab, 7 months after the drug was declared a failure, buoyed patients and families, but put health payers and policymakers on alert. Whether aducanumab succeeds, other disease-modifying therapies for AD will follow, and the health-care system is unprepared for the reimbursement and access challenges. Novel AD therapies are much needed, but we cannot assume substantial cost offsets. With forethought and preparation, however, the health-care system can accommodate new AD drugs. First, we urge the use of cost-effectiveness of new Alzheimer's treatments as a starting point for setting value-based prices. Second, payments for new AD therapies should ideally incorporate a performance warranty, which helps apportion risk associated with initial therapy value estimates between drug manufacturers and payers. Third, we urge consideration of "subscription" payment agreements to address system affordability issues.

Legal Nature of the Child Support Payment Agreement / Правовая природа Соглашения об уплате алиментов

Legal Nature of the Child Support Payment Agreement / Правовая природа Соглашения об уплате алиментов

Foreign Exchange System in Nepal: A Theoretical Perspective

International economic relation and trade are occurred in different currency system. The currency of one country may not be tendered in another country. So, the natural person or organization requires buying the currency of target country. In fact it is the process of converting one currency into another currency, which makes globalization and international trade possible. Buying and selling of currency is made in spot market, forward market, futures market, swap market, and option market. Additionally, change in real price, structural change, speculation, inflation, interest rate, public debt, and status of terms of trade make effect in equilibrium position of exchange rate. Yet, demand and supply of the currency determine appreciation and depreciation of currency. Policy exchange rate is accepted as fixed rate, floating rate, crawling band, crawling peg, conventional fixed peg arrangement, pegged exchange rate within horizontal band peg, currency board, dollarization and no separate legal tender. Earlier mint par theory was universally accepted. However, in contemporary time, balance of payment theory and purchasing power parity theory are accepted as theories of foreign exchange. Market transaction is made through hedging, speculation, and arbitrage etc. Exchange control is made through unilateral method and bilateral method. Unilateral method includes bank rate policy, import and export policy, exchange equalization fund, exchange pegging, multiple exchange rates, rationing of foreign exchange, and blocked account whereas bilateral method includes clearing agreement, payment agreement, installment agreement, differed payment agreement, and compensation agreement etc as per necessity. Nepal has accepted fixed peg exchange rate regime with Indian currency and flexible exchange rate regime with rest of the currencies.

An Analysis of Solar P.V. Access To Alleviate Energy Poverty in Benin

The solar resources of Benin have the potential to provide enough access to modern energy for the entire country's energy-poor population, the benefits of decentralized solar systems in the rural communities can create employment and provide the much-needed access to electricity. This paper identifies the available solar resources and how these resources could be accessed in the two types of solar installations: centralized, and decentralized systems. Utilizing the Sustainable Energy Access Planning framework guidelines, and an energy consumption survey in Kandi Benin, a simplified 10kW solar system was designed to assess the cost of the technology and how it affects debt levels among those who can afford to enter into payment agreements. The decentralized system has been addressed as to the functional reliability within an integrated Western African Power Pool scenario, specifically for the diesel hybrid P.V installation type. The impact of Benin’s level of governance has been reviewed with regards to their land-use policies and the effectiveness of their funding management in state-owned enterprises.

Marriage and Money Entangled: Commodification, Agency, and Economic Analysis in Chinese Marriage Payment Lawsuits

Author(s): Zhang, Yiran | Abstract: Lawsuits about groom-to-bride marriage payments are arriving in Chinese courts, challenging traditional ideas about marriage formation. Through the lens of case files, I examine the dissolution of marriages (or quasimarital relationships) formed by marriage payment agreements and analyze the anticommodification views expressed by feminists and legal scholars. In these cases, judges wrestle with two competing considerations: their own antimarriage payment and pro-groom views on one hand and the litigants’ economic conception of marriage on the other. The former urges judges to rule for the grooms, and the latter for the brides. In balancing these two considerations, judges generally order a partial or full repayment of the payment when the relationship dissolves. I also examine feminist concerns of voluntariness and fairness in the commodification of sexuality. The current theoretical and judicial frameworks do not account for the divergent power dynamics in individual cases; as a result, the case rulings do not respond appropriately to brides and grooms with differing degrees of agency. These blind spots may have unintended consequences, including inflating prices and reinforcing gender-based asymmetries. In this Article, I argue that judges should rely on economic analysis rather than moral judgment to better account for the actual dynamics of marriage payment arrangements. Framing my analysis is a transactional conception of marriage and an economic approach to family, both of which have the potential to further our understanding of marriage and to advance gender equality.

СОГЛАШЕНИЕ ОБ УПЛАТЕ АЛИМЕНТОВ КАК ДИСПОЗИТИВНЫЙ ИНСТРУМЕНТ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ОТНОШЕНИЙ ПО ПОВОДУ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ

СОГЛАШЕНИЕ ОБ УПЛАТЕ АЛИМЕНТОВ КАК ДИСПОЗИТИВНЫЙ ИНСТРУМЕНТ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ОТНОШЕНИЙ ПО ПОВОДУ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ

Cause and Effect of Conditional Payments Provision to Subcontractors

Subcontract practices are commonly applied in construction projects when the activities are enormous and require certain subcontractors who specialize in their fields. Subcontractors work for a main contractor under separated contracts from the main contract. However, subcontractors are often affected by problems between the main contractor and project owner. Problem of late payment by the owner to the main contractor is the problem that directly impacts the subcontractor. The disadvantage is due to the clause in subcontracting known as conditional payment that arranges a subcontractor’s payment after the main contractor is paid by the owner. This problem is often experienced by subcontractors in the Indonesian construction industry. This study is conducted in order to understand the cause and effect of conditional payment practices in Indonesia. Following a literature review, 22 cause factors and four effects are established and developed into a questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to subcontractors in some cities in Indonesia. Data is analyzed using frequency index. The result of the analysis indicates that the most frequent factor causing conditional payment is the subcontractor’s inclination to avoid dispute. Subcontractors try to maintain long-term working relationships in order to sustain their company, which becomes the main reason for entering into a conditional payment agreement. The analysis also shows that the effects of conditional payment are subcontractors’ cash flow and performance. Interestingly, cash flow difficulties experienced by subcontractors are instigated from the owner’s financial problems, which affects contractor’s cash flow. Consequently, contractors compensate subcontractor’s work with installments. This research provides potential underlying reasons for the practices of conditional payments in Indonesia’s construction industry.

RE3 A PROPOSED, SCALABLE APPROACH TO IMPLEMENTING INNOVATIVE PAYMENT AGREEMENTS

Interest in Innovative Payment Agreements (IPAs) that link product value or risk sharing to real-world practice e.g. by indication or Duration of Therapy (DoT) is increasing. Despite this and the existence of many real-world data (RWD) sources, no standard methodology for designing and implementing IPAs using RWD currently exists. The European Oncology Data Network (ODN), established by the Collaboration for Oncology Data in Europe (CODE), led by IQVIA, is a collaborative near-real time RWD sharing platform designed to provide information on anti-cancer therapy usage and support the negotiation and implementation of IPAs. In parallel to ODN development and in anticipation of its use supporting IPAs, this study aimed to describe a scalable approach to the design and implementation of IPAs using RWD. A simulated RWD set was prepared based on the ODN dataset, cleaned, and used to model two agreements: DoT and Indication Based Payments (IBP). Working with CODE members, nine steps were identified to design, measure, forecast and reconcile agreements. National and sub-national surveillance cohorts (50%, 25%, 12% of total population) tested the variation in agreements’ outcomes. Complexities of using existing RWD sources not designed to support IPAs were revealed, including analytical choices (e.g. preparing and cleaning the data), evolving interpretation of the data (e.g. variations in DoT or indication over time) and requirements for measuring contextual variables (e.g. volume, new patients or indications) throughout the agreement. Variations based on surveillance cohort size, were quantified in the context of the risk associated with RWD measurement vs reliability of forecasting the future performance of the agreement. This study highlighted the challenges inherent in using RWD for IPAs and proposed an approach to address them. It reinforced the need and benefit of using a ‘tailormade’ infrastructure with highly structured, near-real time data to develop and monitor IPAs.

Implementation of UTAUT and D&M Models for Success Assessment of Cashless System

This study discusses the success of applying the Cashless System using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technology (UTAUT) model and the DeLone & McLean (D & M) model to assess human factors and technological factors in behavioral intention and influence them on individual performance. This study was designed to discuss the application of technology after the Cashless System was implemented for two years. The Cashless system is a special non-cash payment system for premium payment and insurance claims systems that used agents as payment agreements. Cashless systems are implemented based on the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and Bank of Indonesia Regulations (PBI) regulations concerning payment system services and consumer protection payment system services. The research location was chosen at AJB Bumiputera 1912 in Bali Province which was the first insurance company and invited in Indonesia. The research sample used purposive sampling with the criteria of all active users using the Cashless System, which is as many as 45 people. Data collection used a questionnaire distributed to 15 offices of AJB Bumiputera 1912 in Bali Province. Data analysis used Partial Least Square (PLS) with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The test results used the UTAUT model show that the performance of expectations, social influences apply positively to behavioral intentions of using the Cashless System. Expectations of effort were not applied to behavioral intentions of using the Cashless System. The test results used the D & M model that shows the information quality, the information systems quality, service quality that had positive effect on behavioral intention of using Cashless System. The intention of behavior of using the Cashless System has positive effect on individual performance. Keywords: UTAUT, Delone & McLean, Cashless System DOI : 10.7176/RJFA/10-12-16 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

Preparing for Bundled Payments in Cervical Spine Surgery: Do We Understand the Influence of Patient, Hospital, and Procedural Factors on the Cost and Length of Stay?

Retrospective, observational study. To examine the influence of patient, hospital, and procedural characteristics on hospital costs and length hospital of stay (LOS). Successful bundled payment agreements require management of financial risk. Participating institutions must understand potential cost input before entering into these episodes-of-care payment contracts. Elective anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has become a popular target for early bundles given its frequency and predictability. A national discharge database was queried to identify adult patients undergoing elective ACDF. Using generalized linear models, the impact of each patient, hospital, and procedures characteristic on hospitalization costs and the LOS was estimated. In 2011, 134,088 patients underwent ACDF in the United States. Of these 31.6% had no comorbidities, whereas 18.7% had three or more. The most common conditions included hypertension (44.4%), renal disease (15.9%), and depression (14.7%). Mean hospital costs after ACDF was $18,622 and mean hospital LOS was 1.7 days. With incremental comorbidities, both hospital costs and LOS increased. Both marginal costs and LOS rose with inpatient death (+$17,181, +2.0 days), patients with recent weight loss (+$8351, +1.24 days), metastatic cancer (+$6129 +0.80 days), electrolyte disturbances (+$4175 +0.8 days), pulmonary-circulatory disorders (+$4065, +0.6 days), and coagulopathies (+$3467, +0.58 days). Costs and LOS were highest with the following procedures: addition of a posterior fusion/instrumentation ($+11,189, +0.9 days), revision anterior surgery (+$3465, +0.3 days), and fusion of more than three levels (+$3251, +0.2 days). Patients treated in the West had the highest costs (+$9300, +0.3 days). All P values were less than 0.05. Hospital costs and LOS after ACDF rise with increasing patient comorbidities. Stakeholders entering into bundled payments should be aware of that certain patient, hospital, and procedure characteristics will consume greater resources. 3.

Application of direct payment clause 30A.0 of the Asian International Arbitration Centre (AIAC) Standard Form of Contract (with quantities)

Conditional payment such as “pay when paid” or “pay if paid” can create negative chain effect on the parties in construction projects, resulting in delay on the completion of a project, adversarialism and may affect a contractor’s reputation. Asian International Arbitration Centre (AIAC) has launched a standard form of contract which is Construction Industry Payment Adjudication Act (CIPAA) compliance with the aim to reduce payment issues. The aim of the research is to identify whether the clause for “direct payment under CIPAA 2012” of the new AIAC standard form of contract can facilitate problems in direct payment. In achieving the aim of the research, five legal cases were analysed and thirty questionnaires forms were distributed. Legal cases analysis findings highlighted that the major reasons of the direct payment issue being referred to court is due to the validity of the direct payment agreement between the disputant’s parties. Based on the cases heard before CIPAA enactment, the findings show that out of the three cases, the disputants went to litigation because of the legality of direct payment agreements. Most of the agreements were made orally. For cases analysed after CIPAA was enacted, the findings show that the disputant parties do not opt for adjudication and that the main contractors try to mitigate their responsibilities to the employer. The results from the questionnaires distributed established that, the direct payment clause could be successfully adopted for future use of the industry. Eventhough the AIAC standard form of contract has been formally introduced to the industry, but it is not widely used. From the findings of the questionnaire, it shows that with encouragement and support from the industry, direct payment clause of AIAC standard form of contract have the potential in reducing payment issues in the future. With the remodeling of standard form of contracts that are available in construction industry to be CIPAA compliance , it is hoped that this move may scale down the prevalent payment issues in Malaysian construction industry.

Trade and Commercial Relations Between Poland and the Military Governments of the US/UK and French Zones of Occupation in Germany 1946–1949 – Trade Agreement, List of Products, Payments Agreement

Trade and Commercial Relations Between Poland and the Military Governments of the US/UK and French Zones of Occupation in Germany 1946–1949 – Trade Agreement, List of Products, Payments Agreement

Interpretation and Enlightenment of the Anti-monopoly Judicial Experience on Reverse Payment in the Pharmaceutical Industry in the United States: Focusing on the Judicial Rules

The reverse payment agreement in the pharmaceutical field embodies the game between the innovative protection of drug R&D and the free competition in the pharmaceutical market. The anti-monopoly review carried out on this type of agreement reflects the application competition between drug patent laws and anti-monopoly laws. In American antitrust legal practice of reverse payment in the field of pharmaceuticals, in order to clarify whether the reverse payment agreement has a long-term effect that is unfavorable to competition, in the process of reviewing the illegality of reverse payment, we find that per se illegal rule, rule of reason, quick look rule and Scope of the Patent test have constituted the main rules for the antitrust review of the reverse payment agreement nowadays. However, no unanimous conclusion has been reached on this issue. On the one hand, this is due to the issue of the competing application of patent laws and anti-monopoly laws in reverse payment behaviors, which makes the value selection not easy. On the other hand, this is also based on the fact that different courts of the court, especially different federal circuit courts, enjoy greater autonomy in the choice of rules. The review of the judicial experience in the United States, in addition to providing relevant information, is more to provide useful lessons for the next step in the healthy and orderly development of China’s pharmaceutical market, especially the generic market. The selection of the judicial experience in the United States is based on the following factors. First, the selection of the U.S. experience as the object of investigation is determined by its world leading position in the application of antitrust laws, the development and application of the pharmaceutical industry, and its patent specifications. Second, the selection of the U.S. experience is related to the differences in the focus of antitrust enforcement mechanisms in the United States, and the European Union and its major countries. Third, the anti-monopoly review focused on reverse payment in the pharmaceutical field shows a competition and a value selection between the application of anti-monopoly laws and the application of patent laws of medicines essentially. It is difficult to draw on a fair and efficient judgment to rely on administrative agency alone. Strengthening a judicial supervision and review, or establishing a third-party review mechanism, may be a realistic and effective move. At present, the implementation of anti-monopoly laws in China is basically normal, and it is on the way to achieving specialization and refinement. The innovation protection and the competitive incentives in the pharmaceutical industry are an important part of the entire market competition law and its implementation system. The relevant institutional mechanisms need to be improved and the practice process must be promoted in an orderly manner. Taking the anti-monopoly review of reverse payment as a breakthrough point, combining the extraterritorial experience with our country’s reality, and ensuring and satisfying people’s drug demands as the fundamental starting point, we should pay full attention to the balance between drug innovation protection and free competition. As the basic rule of anti-monopoly review of reverse payment, the rule of rebuttable illegality presumption provides both parties with full defense opportunities and encourages innovative development and free competition in the pharmaceutical sector with a sound system. Finally, it is worth emphasizing that China and the United States have different legal environments. It is hard to say that a specific experience and practice of the United States can directly apply to China. However, while investigating the U.S. experience, it is worthwhile to take seriously the cultivation and training of ideas and methods for thinking about similar issues. Specific to the anti-monopoly review of reverse payment, the problem of the value selection between drug patent innovation protection and market free competition, it is a good idea to use third-party evaluation platforms and operational mechanisms similar to the court and its judicial review mechanisms. This is not only conducive to the substantive solution to the problem, but also conforms to the design advocacy for the establishment and development of the third-party public service platforms from the top political level, and can effectively implement the landing.

Business Performance and Management of Insurance Industry in Tanzania: A Case of Zanzibar Insurance Corporation

The study was done at Zanzibar Insurance Corporation (ZIC). The general objective was to investigate the performance of ZIC in insurance industry. Specific objectives were: To identify techniques used by Tanzania insurance business organizations to win the available market, to determine issues that are encountered by business organizations to penetrate local market; and to assess the extent problems that encountered by business organizations to penetrate local market. Case study research design was used. Qualitative research approach was used although in few cases quantitative approach was used during table analysis and computation of percentages and a sample consisted 100 respondents and were purposively as well as randomly selected. Interview, observation and documentary analysis as well as interview questions, observation schedule and documentary review schedule were data collection methods and instruments used respectively. Analysis of data was done based on research objectives. Findings indicated that the technique used included: Ensuring easy access to information, communicating change to customers, rein braising employees, using technology, developing payment agreements with customers and advertisements. Having good performance in-terms of accruing profits and increase in number of customers. Challenges which influenced ZIC included lack of enough money to keep the lights on, technology challenge, investment and economic uncertainty. Recommendations are: The ZIC should make deliberate efforts to design new techniques for ensuring effective business; the government should make improvement in the insurance policy to give much priority to local insurance companies: and other researchers to do similar researches in other organizations with the same characteristics but in different contextual environments.

The Role of Risk Aversion in Reverse Payment Agreements

Both the courts and the economists have identified risk aversion as a justification for reverse payment agreements, especially the risk aversion of brand-name companies. However, existing economic researches show whether risk aversion can be a rationale for reverse payment agreements depends on the type of reverse payment agreements reached. In “complete” settlement agreement where a brand-name drug manufacturer provides consideration to a generic drug company to completely settle the patent litigation, with agreed-upon entry dates for the generic, risk aversion does not provide a justification for reverse payment, but asymmetry in risk aversion can be a rationale for reverse payment. In “partial” settlement agreement where a branded drug manufacturer provides consideration to a generic drug company in exchange for the generic to agree not to enter the market while they continue the patent litigation, it is not the risk aversion of the brand company, but the risk aversion of the generic company that can facilitate the parties to reach a partial settlement agreement with reverse payment that serves the procompetitive purpose.

ANALISIS RASIO KEUANGAN SEBAGAI ALAT UNTUK MENGEVALUASI KINERJA KEUANGAN PADA PT. KALBE FARMA Tbk DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

ABSTRACTThe financial report is a very important tool to obtain information relating to the financial position and the results achieved by the company. So that the financial statements may mean for the parties concerned it is necessary to conduct the analysis of the relationship of financial statement items. Ratio analysis can be used to give a picture of the actual financial situation of the company and whether the company is doing a healthy business. Problems taken is how the company's financial performance at PT. Kalbe Farma Tbk in 2011-2014. This research uses descriptive method that uses quantitative data in the form of financial keuangan.Laporan reports obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange in Surabaya located at Jl. Manyar Pumpungan 30 Surabaya.Sedangkan an analytical tool used in this research is to use analysis ratios include the ratio of liquidity, solvency, activity and profitability. Results of the study analyzes the current ratio shows that PT. Kalbe Farma Tbk. able to pay off current debt with its current assets. Because every Rp.1 of current liabilities secured Rp 3.33 in current assets. Analysis of the quick ratio is able to meet its obligations due to any debt secured Rp 1 current liabilities secured Rp 2.18 in current assets. Research activity ratio, the ratio used no 4. First, the average age of the company's receivables exceeding the due payment agreement. While the average age of receivables generated approximately 2 months of payments. Inventory, supply turnaround occurs every 120 days in a year. Inventory turnover going pretty well. Fixed asset turnover calculation results PT. Kalbe Farm Tbk. capable of producing penjulan amounted to 4.40. Total asset turnover is high enough to generate sales for the year 2011-2014 in the amount of 1.40 of its assets. The solvency ratio, debt to equity ratio is increasing every year it can be concluded that the company is able to meet its obligations to the capital owned. Debt to asset ratio shows the ability of the asset whose value is higher than the value of the debt. Means the asset is able to meet the obligations of the company. Profitability ratios, results of calculation of the profit margin PT. Kalbe Farma Tbk in 2011 the value of the calculation of the resulting 14.1%, but in the year 2012 to 2014 has decreased. Results of calculation return on assets shows the assets owned by the company is able to generate a profit of 18% from 2011-2014. The calculation result shows the company's return on equity is high enough to generate profits from the capital of the company by 23% from 2011-2014. Keywords: Financial Statements, Financial Ratios, and Financial Performance

Where Next for Long‐Term Care?

Where Next for Long‐Term Care?