Payment Terms Research Articles

Implementation of Android-Based Parking Management Applications

Parking problems are one of the problems faced in every city, especially in big cities. The availability of limited parking spaces and the unavailability of a parking system that can support the ease of parking management are essential things that must be found as the best solution. The parking application developed can provide information easily. In addition, parking users also get convenience in placing orders, extending time, or canceling. The parking system can provide comfort for parking management to manage parking areas with an efficient system, not only in terms of information but also in terms of payment, by utilizing digital payment methods. The parking application developed based on Android is an alternative that provides user-friendly solutions and parking management. The application has worked well based on trials with various scenarios, both normal scenarios (without cancellation or without extension) and testing with abnormal conditions. From the usability test of 40 respondents with ten questions from the SUS method, an average score of 76 was obtained.

FACTORS OF THE GENDER WAGE GAP AT UKRAINIAN ENERGY ENTERPRISES

Abstract. Using the results of the sample survey, conducted among the energy companies during the fourth quartal of 2020 within the grant, provided by ESP USAID we have obtained new empirical evidence of size and factors of the gender wage gap in Ukrainian energetics and about spreading of that phenomenon among different professions groups. As the main factors, determining the size of wage were considered the educational level (four groups were identified), length of service in the company (five groups were identified), and respondent’s position / workplace in the company’s qualification hierarchy (eight groups were identified). The results obtained evidences, that leading factor in the gender pay gap in Ukrainian energetics is the unequal access of women and men to gaining the characteristics necessary for increasing wages. In particular, the disparity in the distribution of the total number of female and male respondents between the qualification levels (the average qualification level of women is 4.8 vs. 5.4 for men). Gender gap formation through unequal remuneration of labour of women and men who have similar characteristics of experience, qualifications and complexity of the work is localized in the lower qualification levels (from the 2nd to the 4th), and through inequality of access to high-paying work is manifested in the absence of women at the highest (8th) qualification level, a clear predominance of men at the 7th qualification level and a noticeable predominance at the third qualification level, which in terms of payment outscores both the 5th and 6th qualification levels. Accordingly, the leading factor in the gender pay gap is the predominance of men at the three highest paid qualification levels. Localization of differences in remuneration of similar characteristics of qualifications, experience and complexity of work at lower levels of the qualification hierarchy, as well as the weakening of such inequality as the experience of employees increases, indicates that the problem of gender inequality is more inherent in the segment of «peripheral» employment. As the skills and experience grow (respectively, the value of employees to employers), the problem of gender pay inequality becomes less noticeable. However, the number of women who reach a level in their career growth where gender pay inequality is almost not observed is less than the number of men. Keywords: gender wage gap, unexplained part of gender wage gap, professions groups, inequality of access to high-paying work, energetics. JEL Classification J26, J16 Formulas: 0; fig.: 3; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 15.

Penilaian Kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara Secara Elektronik (E-Sikap) Pada Dinas Pekerjaan Umum, Penataan Ruang, Perumahan, Kawasan Permukiman Dan Pertanahan (PUPRPKPP) Provinsi Riau

Employee performance appraisal is an important thing that must be done as a means to obtain accurate data including the results of employee performance achievements. The data obtained from a performance appraisal system will greatly assist the leadership in determining further steps related to careers and employee development in the future. The purpose of this study was to find out how the performance appraisal was carried out, and wanted to see whether the apparatus performance appraisal system based on the electronic SKP (e-SIKAP) application that was applied was reliable, and could be used as a basis for evaluating employee performance, especially at the Public Works, Spatial Planning Service. , Housing, Settlement and Land Areas (PUPRPKPP) Riau Province.The method used in this study is a qualitative approach, where the research carried out describes the actual phenomenon of events in the field. Data collection techniques are direct observation, interviews, and documentation related to research. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that: ASN performance assessment at the Riau Province PUPRPKPP Service using the e-SIKAP electronic application, which aims to improve ASN performance and organizational performance, as well as payment terms for Additional Employee Allowances. The assessment carried out includes an assessment of employee work targets (SKP) for a period of one year, and an assessment of the achievement of monthly work targets which are assessed every month for a period of one year

The Role of the Discount Policy of Prepayment on Environmentally Friendly Inventory Management

Nowadays, more and more consumers consider environmentally friendly products in their purchasing decisions. Companies need to adapt to these changes while paying attention to standard business systems such as payment terms. The purpose of this study is to optimize the entire profit function of a retailer and to find the optimal selling price and replenishment cycle when the demand rate depends on the price and carbon emission reduction level. This study investigates an economic order quantity model that has a demand function with a positive impact of carbon emission reduction besides the selling price. In this model, the supplier requests payment in advance on the purchased cost while offering a discount according to the payment in the advanced decision. Three different types of payment-in-advance cases are applied: (1) payment in advance with equal numbers of instalments, (2) payment in advance with a single instalment, and (3) the absence of payment in advance. Numerical examples and sensitivity analysis illustrate the proposed model. Here, the total profit increases for all three cases with higher values of carbon emission reduction level. Further, the study finds that the profit becomes maximum for case 2, whereas the selling price and cycle length become minimum. This study considers the sustainable inventory model with payment-in-advance settings when the demand rate depends on the price and carbon emission reduction level. From the literature review, no researcher has undergone this kind of study in the authors’ knowledge.

A methodology of critical evaluation of the contract selection process used in the construction industry of Kuwait

This paper investigates and critically evaluate the contract selection process employed in the construction industry of Kuwait. It will fully take into account the insights and opinions of engineers working on major construction projects in Kuwait. The different methods used to select the contract form in the Kuwaiti construction industry will be identified. Questionnaires, surveys and interviews will be used as a means of acquiring relevant information with regard to the country’s major construction industries, This information will be analysed in order to discover the best means to improve the existing system used in Kuwaiti construction contracts for the selection of contract forms and terms of payment which could be benefit by including steps to ensure that types of project delivery system and term of payment in the future construction projects in Kuwait.

Peculiarities of establishing the customs value of goods containing intellectual property objects

Significant changes in the protection of goods containing intellectual property objects are considered in terms of payment of royalties in cross-border trade. The analysis of a transportation procedure of goods includes the peculiarities of their customs value establishing. The upward tendency for registered trademarks is observed both in Russia and in the world, independently of one another. Risks of violating intellectual property rights and risks related to the non-inclusion of royalties in the customs value of goods transported are analyzed. As a result, the inclusion of royalties in the customs value of goods is defined as the most significant requirement for a safe supply chain of goods under study. The study covers the important problems of establishing the customs value in the logistics flows of goods containing intellectual property objects, and the solutions to the stated problems. This article examines the peculiarities of including royalties in the customs value in the supply chains. Equivalent interpretation of the terms of payment inclusion in the world practice is established. The analysis results of judicial practice are grounds for proposals to update the existing regulatory documents that reveal the meaning and content of the license agreement as to goods imported into Russia within the EAEU and containing objects of intellectual property. Organizational proposals on the interaction between customs authorities and participants in global trade, on the interaction of federal executive bodies in terms of the correct interpretation of customs legislation, as well as in terms of the possible access to available information on license contracts are developed

Ակրեդիտիվով կատարվող հաշվարկների հիմնախնդիրները և դրանց լուծման ուղիները/Main Problems of Settlements by Letters of Credit and Ways of Their Solution

The development of economic relations and, at the same time, their complication, leads to the replacement of simple payment instruments with more complex and interesting instruments. It is noteworthy that this fact creates both opportunities and a number of problems. One of the most complex payment instruments is a letter of credit, settlements with which have both advantages and disadvantages. The paper reveals both economic and legal features of a letter of credit. Much attention is paid to the essence of the letter of credit, the legislative gaps related to the regulation of the letter of credit, which were identified as a result of comparing the relevant articles of the Civil Codes of the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation. As a result of studying foreign and domestic literature, the legal nature of a letter of credit, the terms of payment under a letter of credit, the types of obligations under a letter of credit, and their features were identified.

Crucial conditions of domestic subcontract in Malaysian construction industry

In construction industry, almost every construction project has to deal with construction contract, due to the project complexity and high financial risk. The contracts are developed and published by various associations and professional bodies and are widely used in the construction industry. Contract conditions are intended to specify the duties and rights of the contractual parties and must be properly drafted. Contractual parties under a particular contract must be aware of the details of the contract conditions. In Malaysian construction industry, there are several standard forms of main contracts and nominated subcontracts. However, for domestic subcontract, main contractors prefer to use bespoke contract, which the parties modify the standard contracts by omitting several clauses or adding new clauses; thus, potentially compromise the completeness and accuracy of the contract. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the crucial conditions in the domestic subcontract commonly approached by main contractor in construction projects. A quantitative research method is adopted and the data have been collected by survey questionnaires. There are a total of 100 valid responses received from the construction industry practitioners in Malaysia. The survey objective is to rank the conditions in domestic subcontract from the most to the less important. As the result, the top 5 of relatively important domestic subcontract conditions, out of 27 conditions, are the terms of payment and final account, extension of time, variation, contractor’s and subcontractor’s obligations, and performance bond. The results of these surveys will enhance the contractual knowledge of main contractor and domestic subcontractor and improve awareness of crucial conditions that are prerequisite for the development of domestic subcontract.

Value added tax: issues of the organization and methods of accounting calculations

The rapid process of reforming and improving the tax system contributes to the emergence of new objects for scientific research. The introduction of the electronic register of tax invoices, the electronic administration system of VAT led to the need for changes in the implementation of accounting procedures, the accrual and payment of tax, drawing up and registration of tax invoices, settlements with the budget. The abovementioned requires a study to determine specific features of VAT accounting, systematization of individual stages of its implementation. The position of the taxpayer as a permanent user of the electronic administration system at the time of financial accounting is reflected. The process of documentation depending on the essence of economic operations and the position of business entities, the features of primary accounting for the tax on value added and subsequent generalization in such a type of calculation is investigated. The process of forming VAT-accounting, which is used in Ukraine with the introduction of technological support is presented schematically. An approach to accounting for a tax credit and a tax liability for VAT is given, depending on the terms of payment and taking into account the needs of the organization of analytical accounting, which is associated with the possibility of registering a tax invoice with a date different from the date of its preparation. The features of accounting for the object of research are considered. Displayed detailing on the maintenance of VAT calculation when preparing the formation of tax reporting. The conditions for calculating the repayment of the tax liability and the value-added tax credit after the filing of the tax return were tracked. As a result of the work carried out, the stages of the process of accounting, reporting on VAT and its payment were systematized, as well as the expression of an opinion from an accounting point of view regarding the effectiveness of automation of tax accounting for taxes and its impact on the tax system, financial accounting at enterprises, as well as the formation of unresolved issues before legislation to ensure a high level of functioning of this system.

Legalization of income in the informal economy of Russia: critical analysis and countermeasures

The study examines the functioning of the shadow economy of Russia in terms of the legalization of income obtained by illegal means. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that the scaling of shadow processes and the informal part of economic systems negatively affect the efficiency of the functioning of the national economy, which causes an objective need for critical analysis and the development of countermeasures. The object of the study is the national economy and national income. The subject of the study is the informal economy and part of the national income obtained illegally. The purpose of the study is to identify objects of economic and illegal activities in the national system of economic management and to develop measures to counteract the scaling of the legalization of illegally obtained income. Research objectives: 1. Theoretical analysis of the research results of domestic and foreign scientists; 2. Analysis and processing of statistically significant data; 3. Graphical analysis of data; 4. Development of measures to counter money laundering; 5. Formulation of conclusions. The research methodology is adopted as an economic and statistical approach, conditioned by heuristic methods of scientific cognition. Research results: 1. It was revealed that the main source of legalization of informal income according to the results of the study is digital currencies in terms of payment and exchange, individual entrepreneurs in terms of the legal form of the organization, construction in terms of the type of economic activity. 2. The risk groups of legalization of informal income are presented; 3. The typology of preventive measures for the legalization of informal income is presented.

Good credit management's Impact: How does it contribute to material effectiveness and possibility in business

Credit management is considered to be the most important action for any business which cannot be ignored by any financial enterprise. Credit management states the process of granting credit to the customers with the payment term which enables the conditions to pay the due on time with full payment. It is a material action plan of the company to safeguard against late payments problems or defaults from their customers. Good credit management encourages the business's financial stability with continuity of profitability in the business. With good credit management, receivables risks are minimized, and growth opportunities are increased for the business. A good credit management plan formulates continuous and proactive processes of identifying risks by evaluating the possibility for loss and deliberately safeguarding it against risks of extending credit. A good credit management plan helps in protecting the business’s cash flow by optimizing the performance and reducing the possibility of default will affect the business. Over more than half of the bankruptcies are attributed due to poor credit management. Even the profitable business turns into losses if their receivables are not managed properly. With improper or less working capital than required to settle the creditors and other expenses, businesses can quickly spiral into debts. In this article, we have discussed credit management and its importance for the business. With that, we have also discussed the importance of a good credit management process and its impact on the success of the business. We have also examined the effects of poor credit management process in the successful business which turns into debt in a short period. I have recommended certain material methods or plan to maintain the good credit management process in the business and avoid the situation downturn in the business.

Differentiated Excise Taxation in the Beer Market

This paper studies excise tax policy that applies different tax rates to differentiated products. We propose a general method, from the revealed preferences perspective, that allows the identification of the policy maker’s unobserved preferences when setting excise tax rates. We use it to evaluate excise beer tax policy in the Canadian province of Ontario, which differentially taxes local craft beer and large manufacturers’ beer. We identify the government’s preferences over the total surplus and net externalities associated with the production and consumption of different types of beer products. The results show that the government believes the positive externality associated with the production of local craft beer, outweighs the negative externality associated with its consumption, whereas it goes the other way around for large manufacturers’ beer. This means that the government’s subjective per-litre cost of reducing the equilibrium consumption through local craft beer is significantly higher than through the large manufacturers’ beer. The observed gap in excise taxes is aligned with the discrepancy in the percentage decreases in equilibrium quantities of two types of beer with respect to a dollar increase in own excise tax, respectively, given different beer market sizes. We also identify the increasing share of local craft beer consumption with respect to household income as a unique source of the regressiveness of the differentiated excise taxes. The regressiveness does not seem large in terms of the extra tax payment imposed on lower-income households even though the regressiveness of the effective tax rate itself is not insignificant.

АНАЛІЗ ДЕБІТОРСЬКОЇ ЗАБОРГОВАНОСТІ, ЇЇ ВПЛИВ НА ФІНАНСОВИЙ СТАН ТА ДІЛОВУ АКТИВНІСТЬ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

It is investigated that the business activity of the enterprise is a key element of management and is aimed at improving the efficiency of resource use. The methodical provisions of the procedure for estimating receivables as a component of the analysis of the financial condition and business activity of the enterprise are substantiated. Recommendations for improving analytical tools to improve the economic security of the enterprise in the information environment have been developed. In the context of business management, the task of analysis of receivables and factors influencing its composition, structure, volume are highlighted. The indicators of assessment of business activity in the part of receivables are generalized, the expediency of their practical use is substantiated. It is proved that in the process of receivables management should analyze the liquidity of the enterprise, which includes a study of balance sheet liquidity and ratio analysis. It is substantiated that the category of liquidity plays an important role in the formation of a balanced financial policy of the enterprise at any stage of its development, especially during the economic crisis. Insufficient liquidity means that the entity cannot take advantage of new profitable commercial opportunities, it does not have the freedom to choose, and this significantly limits the actions of management. To improve the economic stability of the enterprise, the parameters of balancing credit policy are identified and its constituent elements are detailed. The parameters of the credit policy are: 1) the list of buyers with whom I enter into sales agreements on the terms of subsequent payment; 2) conditions and scope of commercial credit; 3) sanctions for late payment of debts; 4) the procedure for debt collection. When building a credit policy should take into account: strategic goals of the enterprise; the existing market situation; competitive position in the market; distribution channels of goods and services. For effective management of receivables, it is recommended: 1) to control the status of settlements with customers; 2) expand the range of potential solvent buyers; 3) balance the ratio of receivables and payables; 4) develop a clear credit policy for existing and potential buyers.

ДЕПОЗИТНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА КРЕДИТНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ: РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТ

The essential approaches to the content of the deposit policy of credit institutions and the analysis of common features and differences in the definitions made it possible to understand the deposit policy as a system of measures for the formation and management of the deposit resources of a credit institution, as well as the definition and formation of the optimal structure of its deposit base to achieve the established goals of a banking institution. The features of the formation of the deposit policy by credit institutions registered in the Republic of Crimea are revealed. The main source of resources in the formation of the liabilities of the banking network of the Crimean region are customer funds, among which deposits of the population prevail. Three credit institutions registered in the Republic of Crimea (Bank ChRDB JSC, GENBANK JSC and RNKB Bank (PJSC)) operate on the peninsula without fierce competition from large Russian credit institutions, which also affects their deposit policy. The undoubted leader of the Crimean deposit market is RNKB Bank (PJSC), which makes it possible for individuals to open deposits, mainly in national currency, although for certain types of deposits and in foreign currencies, using conditions and interest accrual schemes convenient for depositors, which are established differentially, depending on the type of deposit currency, term of the deposit agreement, terms of accrual and payment of interest. It is concluded that the formation and implementation of the deposit policy needs to solve a number of subjective and objective problems inherent in the Crimean credit institutions: the absence of fierce competition from large banks leads to a certain relaxation of the banking management; the imposed financial sanctions of Western countries restrict the possibilities of the Crimean credit organizations to work in the financial markets; direct and indirect leverage of the state and regional authorities, interested parties in the activities of the bank; general state of economic and social development of the region. The bank’s deposit policy at the present stage should include: the bank’s activity strategy in the field of attracting deposit resources, which should be based on a thorough study of the market, namely the external environment, the deposit market, the place and role of banks in this market, as well as predict the development of the bank’s activities when subject to the preservation of the influence of existing factors; formation of the bank’s tactics for the development and promotion of new banking products for clients.

A STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF AVAILABILITY PAYMENT SCHEME FOR URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDONESIA

The Government of Indonesia encourages the implementation of central and regional infrastructure through Public Private Patnership (PPP) which is regulated by Presidential Regulation no. 30/2015. One of the financing schemes in PPPs is the availability payment (AP), namely periodic payments by the Regional Head to the Implementing Business Entity for the availability of infrastructure services in accordance with the quality and/or criteria as determined by the PPP Agreement (Minister of Finance Regulation No. 260/PMK.08/2016). The AP scheme can be an alternative for PPP projects that are not feasible in terms of user payments because they do not depend on demand. AP is considered still difficult to implement in Indonesian PPPs because it is constrained by various things that need to be evaluated. Through a descriptive narrative approach based on literature review and case surveys, this research analyzes the keys to success, constraints, and recommendations for implementing AP in urban infrastructure in Indonesia. Case studies were conducted on several regional PPP projects in 8 districts/cities in Indonesia that use the AP and user payment schemes, where projects will be compared and evaluated based on the keys to the success of the AP to map constraints and their mitigation. The identification results obtained 13 AP success criteria which are grouped into regulation, institution, and business process aspects. The failure of AP compared to user payments in regional PPP projects is caused by the absence of regional PPP implementation and technical guidelines, the absence of approval from the DPRD and weak coordination with the regional government, the immature experience and preparation of the regional government, and the unpreparedness of regional PPP institutions. The recommendations proposed are the implementation of socialization of PPPs in the regions by the central government, increased coordination between the Regional Government and the DPRD, mature and complete preparation of regional PPP projects, and the implementation of regional PPP capacity building in improving the experience of regional governments.

PECULIARITIES OF ACCОUNCTING OF HOLIDAY PAY IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND DIRECTIONS OF ITS IMPROVEMENT

In a market economy, a salary are an important element of the labor market, formed due to the interaction of labor demand and supply and expresses the market value of the use of hired labor. Various aspects of social and labor relations affect salaries and incomes. Salaries of teachers, compared to other sectors of the publish institutions, have certain features: regulated by many special regulations, is a guaranteed amount of income, paid mainly for mental work, depending on the level of their qualifications. Holidays are payments to employees for the unworked time while maintaining a job and average earnings, ensuring the fundamental constitutional right to rest. All relations between employers and employees on issues of remuneration and leave are regulated by labor legislation: regulations, general, sectoral, and regional agreements, collective agreements. This study is devoted to the theoretical and methodological issues and problems of the organization of holiday accounting, determining areas for improvement. This article analyzes the features of the calculation, accounting and payments of salaries and holidays in general secondary education. According to the current legislation, the characteristics of different types of vacations are given. The main issues of granting and paying annual leave to teachers and determining their size, unused holiday pay cases, and payment of monetary compensation are considered. In accounting for such calculations, various transactions occur, made out by primary documents recorded in reporting forms. Failure to comply with the non-compliance with current legislation on the granting and calculating leave threatens sanctions and fines imposed on both responsible persons and the institution itself. The main elements that need to be disclosed in the Order on Accounting Policy in terms of payments to employees of educational institutions are listed. An algorithm for calculating the average daily wage with the inclusion of individual payments to the employee's total income in the calculation period by type of leave has been developed and proposed for use.

Практика прокурорского надзора за соблюдением прав участников контрактного процесса на своевременную оплату заказчиками обязательств по исполненным публичным контрактам

Prosecutor's supervision over the observance of the rights of the parties in the contractual process to the timely payment by customers of obligations under fulfilled public contracts is one of the priorities in prosecutor's activities. The most typical violations of legislation prosecutor's supervision reveals in this area are: conclusion of state (municipal) contracts in the absence of the adjusted budget obligation limits; non-compliance with the terms of payment for the goods supplied, work performed, services rendered, which entails additional budget costs; evasion of acceptance of actually delivered goods, work performed, services rendered for state and municipal needs; and others. In order to further increase the effectiveness of prosecutor's supervision in this area, it seems necessary: (1) to strengthen supervision over the activities of Russia's Federal Bailiffs Service, Federal Treasury, regional commissioners for the protection of the rights of entrepreneurs and heads of self-regulatory organizations; (2) for the specialized subdivisions of the relevant prosecutor's offices to regularly analyze the relevant judicial practice; (3) to continue work on a systematic analysis of the causes of arising arrears under state (municipal) contracts; (4) to recognize the positive practice of filing recourse claims against persons responsible for the violations of the rights of entrepreneurs to the timely payment for goods (works, services) delivered/performed under contracts in order to minimize the negative consequences of additional costs (legal costs and penalties) and the non-fulfillment by customers of other financial obligations, including the possible non-payment of wages, taxes, and other mandatory payments. At the normative legal level, it is essential to streamline the control over public procurement activities. In this regard, the author believes that the proposals made in science to amend the Law on the Contract System in terms of creating a transparent structure of control bodies with clear competence and complete elimination of duplicate powers in this area are justified. It is also essential to make the activities of the subjects of control over public procurement activities an object of prosecutor's supervision within the framework of the prosecutor's office general supervision.

Управління оборотними активами підприємства в особливих умовах

The article discusses the role of current assets in ensuring the normal (efficient) operation of enterprise. The objectives of the article are: studying the theoretical foundations of the assessment of current assets and searching for relevant ways to improve the efficiency of the use of current assets as factors influencing the state of the enterprise, as well as the creation for managers of numerous economic entities of an information platform for making managerial decisions on the formation and use of current assets of enterprises during the wartime. The article generalizes the likely variants for the formation of the initial value of current assets (stocks) upon receipt. Methods for assessing current assets upon disposal are considered. Indicators for assessing the efficiency of the use of current assets are systematized, including: the ratio of current assets turnover; coefficient of consolidation of current assets; the duration of one turnover of current assets; return on current assets. In special conditions (conditions of wartime), business entities are recommended to use ways to increase the efficiency of the use of current assets in the following stages: formation of current assets and their use (according to the stages of the cycle). At the stage of procurement of current assets – by improving the organization of the supply of assets; at the stage of production of current assets – applying the reuse of production waste, improving product quality, reducing the duration of the technological (production) process, reducing the cost of fuels and lubricants (FLM) and other stocks; at the stage of product sales – the introduction of sanctions or deprivation of privileges for rejection / violation of agreements / contractual conditions for the supply and payment of inventory (inventories), the formation of sources of financing of current assets (own and attracted), a rational choice of payment terms for current assets. The main instrument for managing the efficiency of current assets of modern business entities is proposed to be considered marketplaces that solve the problem of accelerating the asset turnover. The article considers the types of marketplaces, the main parameters of marketplaces: the structure of marketplaces and their functionality.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ВИТРАТАМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ПІД ЧАС ЗДІЙСНЕННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

A study is made of the theoretical and methodological characteristics of cost management when carrying out the foreign economic activity of the enterprise, and the features of this process are determined. The authors give their reasons for the necessity to analyze the costs of foreign economic activity and determine the peculiarities of foreign economic activity affecting the costs of the enterprise. The classification of costs of foreign economic activity has been considered, and specific costs spent in the process of foreign economic activity are distinguished, among them, there are costs for: the process of carrying out foreign economic operations; customs clearance of export and import transactions; prevention of foreign economic activity risks; export activity; transport provision of foreign economic agreements; insuring the parties against foreign currency risks during the execution of monetary, financial and payment terms of foreign economic contracts. It is noted that the process of managing costs of foreign economic activity is a system process that is based on general management functions and should include two aspects – target and cost-oriented. Due to the functioning of such a system, it is possible to plan, optimize and control costs from the long-term perspective and achieve the company's goals in the field of foreign economic activity. The tasks faced by the enterprise when managing the costs of foreign economic activity are defined. The research considers the cost management methods that are expedient to use at the enterprise during the management of foreign economic costs. The article substantiates the need to create a unified cost management system for both domestic market enterprises and operations conducting economic activity on international markets. It highlights the role of the state as a legal institution, which directs its activities to unite the interests of society and satisfy the consumer needs, as well as everyone due to the realization of power obtained during the creation of a unified system of cost management. Methods of management and state regulation of enterprise costs are determined.

The effect of reverse factoring financial changes on supply chain

The consequences of reverse factoring in a supply chain are examined in this article. Reverse factoring occurs when a buying firm offers a reduced short-term borrowing rate to a supplier company in exchange for longer payment terms. From the standpoint of a supplier, this paper investigates the impact of rating changes, interest rate fluctuations, and business cycle position on the cost-benefit trade-off in the SMEs and manufacturing companies. However, the data was collected using a questionnaire. The main result is that changes in critical financial variables like ratings, news alerts and interest rates will shift former win–win circumstances for the supplier dependent on the business cycle into win–lose situations for the supplier. Overall, the reverse factoring results reveal sophisticated trade-offs, necessitating careful consideration in managerial decisions.