Payment Failure Research Articles

Postavení České republiky v Mezinárodním měnovém fondu

Předložená stať se nejprve zabývá prvním členstvím Československa v Mezinárodním měnovém fondu v letech 1945 - 1954 a popisuje okolnosti našeho vyloučení z této instituce. Československo patřilo mezi zakládající země bretton-woodských institucí a naše postavení v MMF bylo zpočátku velmi dobré. Změna politické i ekonomické orientace po únoru 1948 vedla k postupnému zhoršení našich vztahů s MMF, které nakonec vedly k našemu vyloučení z obou institucí. Další část statě je věnována postavení České republiky v MMF od obnovení jejího členství v roce v roce 1990. Od té doby se naše pozice v této instituci změnila. Z příjemce finanční a technické pomoci jsme se stali věřiteli MMF a podílíme se i na poskytování technické pomoci. Naše devizová expozice vůči MMF roste a tím se zvyšuje i možné riziko nesplacení takto investovaných prostředků.

Avoiding Performance Failure Payment Deductions in PFI/PPP Projects: Model of Critical Success Factors

AbstractThe overall aim of this paper is to identify critical success factors that would help Private Finance Initiative/facility management (PFI/FM) contractors to avoid performance failure payment deductions in Public Private Partnership/PFI (PPP/PFI) projects (constructed facilities). Using focus groups discussions, 36 possible factors that could influence performance failure payment deductions were identified and put together in a questionnaire survey. Analysis included reliability analysis that enabled identification of 29 reliable factors from the initial 36 factors. Using linear multiple regression, the best seven predictors that could help PFI/FM contractors to avoid performance payment failure deduction were identified from the 29 reliable factors. With the aid of another set of data and Spearman's rank correlation analysis, the seven predictors referred to as critical success factors were validated to confirm their dependability and wider applicability. The seven critical success factors include...

Solving the Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem to Minimize the Financial Failure Risk

In practice, a project usually involves cash in- and out- flows associated with each activity. This paper aims to minimize the payment failure risk during the project execution for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP). In such models, the money-time value, which is the product of the net cash in-flow and the time length from the completion time of each activity to the project deadline, provides a financial evaluation of project cash availability. The cash availability of a project schedule is defined as the sum of these money-time values associated with all activities, which is mathematically equivalent to the minimization objective of total weighted completion time. This paper presents four memetic algorithms (MAs) which differ in the construction of initial population and restart strategy, and a double variable neighborhood search algorithm for solving the RCPSP problem. An experiment is conducted to evaluate the performance of these algorithms based on the same number of solutions calculated using ProGen generated benchmark instances. The results indicate that the MAs with regret biased sampling rule to generate initial and restart populations outperforms the other algorithms in terms of solution quality. payment failure risk during the project execution. To achieve this goal, the money-time value, which is the product of the cash in-flow and the length from the time the cash received to the project makespan, can provide a financial evaluation of project cash availability. The cash availability of a project schedule is defined as the total money-time values associated with all activities. This financial metric does not consider discount rate, and it will provide a conservative estimate of cash in-flows during the project execution, since cash on hand will grow in value over time. In the proposed model, the cash in-flows are assumed to occur at the completion time of each activity, and the cash amounts can be used during the rest of project execution time. Hereafter, we shall refer to this model as the project cash availability maximization problem (PCAMP) for the resource constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP). The PCAMP is mathematically equivalent to the RCPSP with the objective of minimizing total weighted completion time (also known as total weighted flow time). This problem is strongly NP-hard since its sub-problem, single machine scheduling with total flow time minimization objective subject

Surrogate Internet Shopping Malls: The Effects of Consumers' Perceived Risk and Product Evaluations on Country-of-Buying-Origin Image

Abstract Internet has grown fast and become one of the most important retail channels now. Various types of Internet retailers, hereafter etailers, have been introduced so far and as one type of Internet shopping mall, ‘surrogate Internet shopping mall’ has been prosperous and attracting consumers in the domestic market. Surrogate Internet shopping mall is a unique type of etailer that globally purchases well-known brand goods that are not imported in the market, completes delivery in the favor of individual buyers, and collects fees for these specific services. The consumers, who are usually interested in purchasing high-end and unique but not eligible brands, have difficulties to purchase these items overseas directly from the retailers or brands in other countries due to worries of payment failure and no address available for their usually domestic only delivery. In Korea, both numbers of surrogate Internet shopping malls and the magnitude of sales have been growing rapidly up to more than 430 active m...