Paw Edema In Wistar Rats Research Articles

In vivo and in silico anti-inflammatory activity of Artemisia vulgaris and β-caryophyllene oxide in carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats

This study is aimed to evaluate the impact of methanolic extract of Artemisia vulgaris and isolated plant compound, β-Caryophyllene oxide against carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat model and its therapeutic potential compared with reference drug, Indometacin. Methanolic extract of A. vulgaris was characterized using FTIR, LC-MS, NMR spectral studies. Paw edema was induced by sub-plantar injection of 100 µl of 1% carrageenan. Oxidative enzymes, such as super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), lipid peroxidation and C-reactive protein levels were measured in paw tissue. In silico evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of plant compounds was evaluated against the molecular targets of inflammation. C-reactive protein and lipid-peroxidation levels were significantly increased whereas the activity levels of oxidative enzymes were significantly decreased in inflammation-induced rats. The recovery of oxidative enzyme levels was seen in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. C-reactive protein and lipid-peroxidation levels were significantly decreased in treated groups, indicating the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract and the plant compound. Computational analysis rationalizes the inhibitory ability of plant derived compound possibly by altering the inflammatory signaling pathway.

Thermoresponsive gel containing bilirubin nanoparticles exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and augmenting interleukin-10 levels in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema.

Topical corticosteroids treat cutaneous inflammation but have side effects. In earlier studies, bilirubin exhibited anti-inflammatory effect, but its hydrophobicity and poor absorption limit its potential. Synthesis of bilirubin nanoparticles (BNP) and bilirubin nanoparticles gels (BNP gel) to study the anti-inflammatory effect of topical BNP gel against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema in Wistar rats. BNP were synthesized, and BNP gels were prepared by mixing BNP of different concentrations with pluronic F-127 (PF-127). A different group for each formulation was assigned with five rats in each group. After 1 h of carrageenan (1% [w/v]) injection in each group, different gels were applied topically to their respective groups. Paw edema size, percent inflammation, percent edema inhibition, and inhibition time50 were evaluated. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels and neutrophil infiltration in rat paw tissue were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hematoxylin and eosin, respectively. Synthesized spherical-shaped BNP had negative zeta potential. BNP gels markedly reduced paw edema size and % inflammation as compared to carrageenan and bulk bilirubin gel (Bulk B gel) treated group and significantly increased IL-10 levels and inhibited neutrophil infiltration. BNP gels exhibited a better anti-inflammatory effect than bulk B gel and comparable anti-inflammatory potential with clobetasol.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SIDDHA HERBOMINERAL FORMULATION RATHINAGARA RASA MEZHUGU IN ANIMAL MODEL

The usage of Nonsteroidal and steroidal drugs in the treatment of Musculoskeletal disorders often results in adverse effects such as renal damage, gastric irritation, etc. Alternative therapies with less or no side effects are the need of the hour. Siddha system offers a lot of Anti-inammatory drugs that are polyherbal or Herbo-mineral in nature and devoid of the above-mentioned adverse effects. This research work deals with the Anti-inammatory screening of a Siddha Herbo-mineral Formulation Rathinagara rasa mezhugu (RNM) documented in classic Siddha literature Anuboga vaidhaya naveneetham Part 5 indicated for inammatory disease conditions. Anti-inammatory activity was evaluated by Carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, orally) was used as standard. The formulation in doses of 20mg/kg, 45mg/kg, and 90 mg/kg showed 56%, 61.53%, and 90.47% inhibition of paw edema, respectively at the end of 5 h. The result of the study showed that RNM at all dose levels signicantly(p<0.5) reduced the inammation in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the control. RNM at 90mg/kg was found to be signicant (**p<0.01) and effective in the reduction of paw edema after 5hrs.From the results, it can be concluded that Rathinagara rasa mezhugu (RNM) was found to exhibit high anti-inammatory potential which conrmed the traditional use of the drug.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of hexane and ethanolic extracts of polyherbal formulation of Nigella sativa L. (seeds), Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (leaves), and Piper longum L. (fruits) on carrageenan-induced paw edema in wistar rats

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of hexane and ethanolic extracts of polyherbal formulation of Nigella sativa L. (seeds), Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (leaves), and Piper longum L. (fruits) on carrageenan-induced paw edema in wistar rats

Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)

Abstract The peel of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck is a source of essential oils, particularly limonene, which is this plant’s characteristic molecule. The main goal of this study was to test the potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of limonene-rich essential oils derived from the peel of C. sinensis L. (orange) in vivo, as well as their antioxidant activity in vitro. Carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats and the formalin test in Swiss albino mice were used to examine anti-inflammatory activity. The analgesic activity was assessed using hot plate and acetic acid writhing tests, while the antioxidant activity was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power methods. The essential oil (EO) safety was determined using an acute toxicity experiment on mice. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the existence of limonene as the primary molecule (88.94%), and in vivo experiments revealed that the EO had a significant pain and inflammation-relieving effect, especially at the dose of 50 mg/kg, when compared to the used control drugs. The acute toxicity evaluation reported this EO’s safety. This study contributes to the pharmacological valorization of the peel of C. sinensis L., confirming that, in addition to its numerous cosmetic and industrial uses, it may be effective in the treatment of inflammatory and pain-related illnesses.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activities of Ayapoonaga Chenduram, Seenthil Choornam and their Combination in Wistar Rats

Ayapoonaga chendooram (APNC) and Seenthilchoornam (SC) are two polyherbal Siddha formulations that traditionally have been used as a folklore medicine to treat rheumatism, orchitis, bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis (TB), and cough. In the present study, an attempt has been made to demonstrate the antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of individual APNC and SC and also in their combination (APNC+SC). The acute anti-inflammatory effect of APNC, SC and their combination was evaluated in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in wistar rats. Diclofenac sodium was used as reference drug for comparison. The immunomodulatory activity was evaluated in rats by studying the hemagglutination antibody (HA) titer, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions and the Ig E levels. The cyclophosphamide is used as an immunosuppressant.Diclofenac Sodium (50mg/kg) significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema, indicating its strong anti-inflammatory activity. APNC (65 mg/kg b.w.p.o) at 2nd hour and APNC+SC (13+200 mg/kg b.w.) at 3rd hour had shown moderate inhibition of paw edema, indicating their mild-moderate anti-inflammatory activity but statistically, no significant difference was observed (p>0.05). Oral administration of APNC, SC, and APNC + SC for 21 days increases the left paw volume at 1st hour and 2nd hour resulting in hypersensitivity reaction in rats. The agglutination (dilution factor 1:200) was visually observed in APNC 130mg/kg b.w. (moderate agglutination) and in APNC + SC (high agglutination) results in humoral immunity. Mild increased levels of Ig E were observed in APNC (30 mg/kg b.w.), SC (200 mg/kg b.w.) and in APNC + SC (65+1000 mg/kg b.w.). Under the conditions of the present study, single oral administration of APNC, SC and their combination has shown mild anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced paw edema in experimental rats. The immunity has been stimulated by APNC (13mg/kg b.w.) and SC (2000mg/kg b.w.).

Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Macaranga barterion selected haematological and biochemical indices of carrageenan -induced paw edema in Wistar albino rats

This research was designed to determine the anti- inflammatory and quantitative characterization of phenolic compounds in aqueous leaf extract of Macaranga barteri on carrageenan induced paw edema in wistar rats. Phenolic compound was characterize using GC-MS. Twenty wistar rats of both sexes weighing between 120-140g were grouped into 5 with four (4) rats per group. Group 1 served as the normal control which received distilled water, group 2 (negative control) rats received 1% carrageenan only, groups 3 and 4 were treated with aqueous leaf extract of M. barteri, group 5 was treated with diclofenac, 30 minutes after receiving 1% carrageenan, the changes in paw sizes were observed hourly for 3 hours. Rats were sacrificed and blood samples collected for haematological and biochemical analyses. Phenolic compounds detected were 2-nitro phenol (3.29 ppm) and 4-chloro-3-methyl-phenol (5.09ppm). Significant reduction in rat paws oedema was observed when rats in group 4 were compared with group 2 at 3hours with percentage oedema inhibition of 46.91. Mean ESR of rats in groups 2, 3 and 5 significantly increased and group 4 none significantly reduced when compared to control. Non-significant differences in mean WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, significant reduction of mean eosinophil counts in groups 2 and 3 and non-significant increase in group 4 when compared to control. Significant increase in mean CRP concentration was observed when group 2 was compared to control group and a significant reduction in group 4 treated with 500mg/kgb.wt. When compared to group 2. Mean concentrations of Il-6 and prostaglandin significantly increased in all the groups when compared to control. Aqueous leaf extract of M. barteri demonstrated near average percentage paw oedema inhibition and mild anti-inflammatory potential at 500mg/kg b.wt.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Herbal Tablet of Phyllanthus emblica on Carrageenan-induced Paw Edema in Wistar Rats

Aim: In the current investigation, tablet dosage form of hydroalcohol extract of leaves of P. emblica was developed and evaluated foranti-inflammatory activities.
 Methodology: Hydroalcohol extract of leaves of P. Emblica (HPE) was prepared and formulated tablet dosage form. The mechanical properties e.g. hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution of tablet were evaluated. Anti-inflammatory activities of HPE (150 mg/kg) and HPE (650 mg) tablets were performed in carrageenan induced hind paw edema in wistar rats.
 Results: The anti-inflammatory activity was found to be significant in carrageenan inducedpaw edema. HPE (150 mg/kg) and HPE tablets (650 mg) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the carrageenan induced paw edemaby 66.41% and 69.43% respectively as compared to carragenan control. The % inhibition of standard drug (dichlorofenac sodium) was recorded to be 70.18% after 5 h.
 Conclusion: The study standardised the development of HPE tablet and its anti-inflammatory effect.

Anti-inflammatory activity of crude and detoxified leaves of Daphne oleoides Schreb. on carrageenan-induced paw edema in wistar rats

BackgroundMazaryun (Daphne oleoides Schreb.) is used as an anti-inflammatory drug in Unani medicine after detoxification, as it is defined under fourth-degree drugs. Objective(s)To evaluate and compare the anti-inflammatory activity of crude and detoxified Mazaryun in maximum and minimum doses. Materials and methodsAnti-inflammatory activity was carried out by carrageenan-induced paw edema test. Wistar rats of either sex, weighing 150–200 gm, were divided into seven groups (I, II, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, IVB, and V) of six animals in each. Group I - plain control, administered with 1 ml of 1% CarboxyMethyl Cellulose (CMC); Group II - standard control, given Diclofenac Sodium (6 mg/kg); Group III - crude Mazaryun and Group IV - detoxified Mazaryun, A and B are maximum and minimum doses of test drug, respectively; and V group - positive control was not treated with any other drugs. The data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA repeated for inter-group analysis and ANOVA one-way for intra-group analysis with post hoc Tukey Kramer multiple comparison test. The GC–MS analysis of crude and detoxified leaves of Mazaryun was also carried out in continuation of study to determine the phytochemical changes before and after detoxification. ResultsMaximum dose of detoxified Mazaryun and standard control groups showed significant anti–inflammatory activity at p < 0.001, and detoxified Mazaryun showed dose-dependent activity. The GC–MS fingerprints showed totally eight different chemical constituents in its crude and detoxified form. ConclusionThe study standardised the concept of detoxication in Unani medicine, as the detoxified Mazaryun showed significant anti-inflammatory activity and present of totally different chemicals constituents.

Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Enhydra fluctuans on male wistar rats

Enhydra fluctuations an edible semi-aquatic vegetable plant are widely used in the traditional system of medicine. Ethanolic extract of Enhydra fluctuans was screened for analgesic &amp; anti-inflammatory activity. Analgesic activity was evaluated by the hot plate method and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by formalin induce paw edema in Wistar rats (male). Ethanolic extract dose of 300 mg/kg reduce formalin induce paw inflammation and also increased the pain threshold in rats evidenced by hot plate method. The experimental results concluded that Enhydra fluctuans have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity may due to flavonoid and phenolic compound content.

Effects on anti-inflammatory, DNA binding and molecular docking properties of 2-chloroquinolin-3-yl-methylene-pyridine/pyrazole derivatives and their palladium(II) complexes

Two new sets of Schiff bases 2-chloroquinolin-3-yl-methylene-pyridin-2-amine (CMPA) and 2-chloroquinolin-3-yl-methylene-pyrazole-5-amine-3-thole (CMPT) and their respective palladium (II) complexes have been synthesised and characterized with the aid of elemental analysis, IR, 1H &13C NMR, UV–Vis., and electrochemical studies. The surface morphology of palladium complexes were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopic image. The binding affinities of complexes with CT-DNA were carried out by absorption spectra and cyclic voltammetric studies. The observed hypochromic (~20%) and bathochromic (~30%) shifts indicates that the complexes bind with Guanine base pair of CT-DNA via intercalation. The increasing cathodic peak potential from +0.968 eV to +1.104 eV in complexes confirm the presence of intercalation. Anti-inflammatory activities of both ligands and complexes have been studied using carrageenan induced hind paw edema in Wistar rats. The change in paw volume revealed that the maximum percentage of inhibition was observed in metal complex at 5th hour with a dose of 200 mg/kg. In order to evaluate the binding affinity of ligand and metal complex, molecular interaction analysis were performed by maestro implemented in Schrodinger.

Anti-Inflammatulatory Activity of Hydro-Ethanolic Bark Extracts of Piliostigma reticulatum Hochst (Caesalpiniaceae) and Analysis by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS of its Methanol Fraction

Use of plants as remedies dates back to the time of the oldest civilizations. Among these active ingredients, polyphenols play an important role. Piliostigma reticulatum, a plant whose barks are rich in condensed tannin is often used as an anti-inflammatory. The purpose of this work was to correlate the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts with their chemical composition through chromatography fractionation analyses (HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS). The barks were extracted by moderate hydroethanol decoction followed by silica gel splitting with successively ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the method of carrageenan induced hind paw edema in Wistar rats. The chemical study was carried out by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS after isolation of the compounds by fractionation on Sephadex LH-20 gel. The bark hydroethanolic extract had shown ability to inhibit significantly the inflammation induced by carraghenan. Among the hydroethanolic bark extract fractions that methanol fraction had the best activity at 10 mg/kg with inhibition percentages similar to those of acetylsalicylic acid with 48.51% ± 2.26; 54.71% ± 5.13; 64.19% ± 6.70 vs. 54.69% ± 7.23; 57.83% ± 9; 65.13% ± 8.44 respectively. The HPLC-DAD analysis showed that the SF5 sub-fraction presented the best chromatogram with several peaks, three of which were high intensity. The latter would correspond to monomer, dimer and trimer of catechin according to the weights [M-H] + m / z: 291.07; 579.18; 867.27 obtained by HPLC-MS. The compounds responsible for anti-inflammatory activity would be condensed tannins. The latter would consist mainly of catechin oligomers.&#x0D; Keys words: Piliostigma reticulatum, bark, anti-inflammatory activity, HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS

Evaluation of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity of Carissa carandas L. Fruits at Three Different Stages of Maturation.

Inflammation plays an important role in various diseases with high prevalence within populations such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcer, atherosclerosis and asthma. Many drugs are available in the market for inflammatory diseases but they exhibit several unwanted side effects. Therefore, alternative treatments with safer compounds are needed. The plant Carissa carandas L. plant is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases. Hence to validate its traditional use, the present study has envisaged screening different solvents extract of Carissa carandas fruit for their phytochemical and pharmacological activity especially the anti-inflammatory activity of the fruits at 3 different stages of maturation. The n-hexane and chloroform extracts of immature, mature and ripe fruits showed positive tests for steroids and triterpenoids, whereas acetone extract showed positive tests for steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, sugar, saponins except for triterpenoids in immature fruits. The hydroalcoholic extract showed presence of alkaloids, tannins, sugars, saponin and flavonoids. The highest concentration of phenol, flavonoids and ascorbic acid were found to be more in acetone extract of mature fruits and of carbohydrates in ripe fruits. The hydroalcoholic extract also exhibited similar pattern. The anti-inflammatory property was evaluated by using different models like carrageenan induced paw edema in Wistar rats and cotton pellets induced granuloma. There was a consistent increase in % inhibition of inflammation at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg up to 3 h. The highest activity was at 3 h with 200 mg/kg dose. Thus the present work has clearly proved that the acetone extract of mature fruits have considerable anti-inflammatory activity.

Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Inflammatory Studies of Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich) Teigh. Leaves Three Extracts

Background: Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich) Teigh. (Loranthaceae) is an excellent medicinal plant in terms of efficacy and also traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases including inflammations, cancer, diabetes and strokes. This study was designed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts of T. globiferus in wistar rats and identify phytochemical constituents of the extracts responsible for the observed activity. Methods: Tapinanthus globiferus leaves was extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis, toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in wistar rats. Piroxicam (20 mg/kg) was used as reference standard. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with significant level set at p≤0.05. Results: The percentage yield from the gradient extraction of T. globiferus leaves showed methanol to be the highest and the chromatographic analysis visualized with specific reagents confirmed the presence of steroids/triterpenes, phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the leaf of T. globiferus. LD50 was above 2,000 mg/kg and no death was recorded. The hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts of T. globiferus at 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg produced a significant decrease in paw oedema (p≤0.05) with percentage inhibition at the first and third hour for hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract respectively. The methanol extracts recorded the highest inflammatory inhibition percentage. Conclusion: These finding revealed that the leaf of T. globiferus has anti-inflammatory activity and this justified its traditional use in the treatment of inflammation.

Antiinflammatory Activity of Wheat Grass Fortified with Cow Urine Distillate

Cow urine distillate appear to possess bioenhancement capacity that increases effectiveness of medicinal products. So, the current research was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of wheat grass powder fortified with cow urine distillate. Antiinflammatory activity was studied using carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of wheat grass powder fortified with cow urine distillate and the antioxidant capacity was studied using the ferric thiocyanate method. Wheat grass powder fortified with cow urine distillate showed significant reduction (61.09 %) in peroxide production in the ferric thiocyanate method. All the three doses tested produced significant inhibition of rat paw edema in the carrageenan assay but the 400 mg/kg dose produced maximum inhibition of rat paw edema (40.06 %) at the 5 h time point compared to the control. It is possible to conclude from the results of the study concludes that fortification of wheat grass powder with cow urine distillate enhanced the antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities and further research is necessary to understand the mechanism and phytochemicals responsible for the fortification of the activity of wheat grass.

Cytotoxic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Syzygium calophyllifolium bark

The present study explores the effect of Syzygium calophyllifolium bark methanol (SCBM) extract on pain and inflammation as cancer associated symptoms. The anti-proliferative and cell death-inducing ability of the extract was analysed using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. ATP and LDH levels, along with the cell morphology were noted. The anti-proliferative ability of the extract was examined in relation to pain and inflammation. Analgesic activity was determined using a hot plate, acetic acid and formalin-induced pain models in mice. Acute anti-inflammatory activity was observed in carrageenan and egg albumin induced paw oedema in Wistar rats. Chronic inflammation was induced by placing a cotton pellet under the skin at the axial region of rats. Reduced ATP and increased LDH content indicated the cytotoxic effect of the extract. SCBM at 200 mg/kg dose depicted good activity in acetic acid (77.69%) and formalin (80.81%) induced pain models compared to the standard drug indomethacin. However, only a moderate activity was observed in the hot plate method (53.85%). The higher dose of SCBM was equally effective in anti-inflammatory models. The dose (200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the paw oedema in carrageenan (96.71%) and egg albumin models (54.24%) compared to the control. The chronic inflammation was also inhibited upto 70.46% by SCBM. These activities can be attributed to the phenolic compounds detected in HPLC. The outcome of the study states that the extract can reduce both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions and kill the cancer cells, proposing the dual role of SCBM in treating inflammatory pains in cancer. The result of these studies indicated that wild plants like Syzygium calophyllifolium could be taken forward for a detailed study to accomplish the demand for a better treatment against diseases.

In vitro and In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activities of Mesua ferrea Linn

Objective: Mesuaferrea L is a medicinal plant belongs to the family Clusiace, it is extensively used in folk medicine for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.The present study was aimed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of M. ferrea L. Methods: The in vitro anti-inflammatory activities such as nitric oxide, PGE2, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) were studied in RAW 264.7 cells and in vivo studies were carried out on carrageenan -induced inflammation in Wistar rats. The sequentially extracted M. ferreaL bark extracts (MFBHE, MFBEE, and MFBME) exhibited inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, tumour necrosis factorαandinterleukin-1βproduction in concentration dependent manner in LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells andCarrageenan induced paw oedema in Wistar rats. Conclusion: The result of the present study indicated that M. ferrea L ethyl acetate bark extract exhibited significant in vitroand in vivoanti-inflammatory activity.

Pharmacological activities of the organic extracts and fatty acid composition of the petroleum ether extract from Haplophyllum tuberculatum leaves

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHaplophyllum tuberculatum is used in traditional medicine to treat many disorders including inflammation and pain. The aim of this study is to investigate the organic extracts from H. tuberculatum leaves against inflammation, gastric ulcer and pain. Materials and methods: Acute toxicity was studied in vivo to determine the toxic doses of the organic extracts. Anti-inflammatory activity was also evaluated in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats. Gastroprotective activity was tested using the HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer test in rats. Peripheral and central analgesic activities were assessed using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the hot-plate method, respectively. The chemical composition of the fatty acids in the petroleum ether (PE) extract was determined with GC-MS. ResultsAt 25, 50 and 100mg/kg PE extract was the most active against inflammation. Percentages inhibition 5h after carrageenan-injection were 51.12; 86.71% and 96.92%, respectively. The same extract at 100mg/kg showed good analgesic activities using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the hot-plate method. The chloroform, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanolic (n-BuOH) extracts exhibited strong anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and analgesic activities at 100mg/kg. The GC-FID analysis revealed that the PE extract was rich in γ-linolenic acid (45.50%) followed by palmitic acid (18.48%), linoleic acid (10.73%), erucic acid (4.72), stearic acid (3.96%) and oleic acid (2.57%). ConclusionThe results of the present study support the traditional use of the leaves of H. tuberculatum and may possibly serve as prospective material for further development of safe new phytochemical anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and/or analgesic agents.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methanoilc and Ethanolic Extracts of &lt;i&gt;Citrus sinensis&lt;/i&gt; peel (L) Osbeck on Carrageenan induced Paw Oedema in Wistar rats

Aqueous ethanoic and methanolic extracts of Citrus Sinensis Peel were investigated for antiinflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw oedema in wistar rats, and compared to a positive control drug, Indomethacin. These extracts were given(IP) in a concentration of 20, and 70mg/kg with extract with a concentration whichshowed maximum(95%) inhibition on carrageenan induced rat paw oedema. The effect was significantly higher than that of the standard drug indomethacin (93%).Methanol extract with a concentration of 40mg/kg produced 95% inhibition, which was also high as compared to the standard drug. Ethanolic extracts with doses of 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg produce less percentage of inhibition as compared to the standard drug Indomethacin. Key words : Citrus Sinensis , Anti-inflammation, Carrageenan, Peels, anti-inflammatory, ethanolic extract.

In vitro immunomodulatory activity and in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential with gastroprotective effect of the Mediterranean red alga Laurencia obtusa

Context: Red algae have been recognized as a rich natural source of compounds possessing interesting biological and pharmacological activities.Objective: This work investigates anti-inflammatory, analgesic and gastroprotective activities of MeOH/CH2Cl2 crude extract and its fractions F1 (50% MeOH) and F2 (80% MeOH) from the whole alga plant Laurencia obtusa Hudson (Rhodomelaceae).Materials and methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vitro using cytometric bead array (CBA) technology to follow up the secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide activated THP-1 monocytic cells at doses of 10–250 μg/mL and in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in Wistar rats at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Crude extract and fractions were tested at the doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for peripheral and central analgesic activity by acetic acid-induced writhing test and hot-plate method, respectively, in Swiss albino mice. Gastroprotective activity was evaluated using HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer test in rats at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg.Results: Crude extract, F1 and F2 showed an interesting inhibition of TNF-α secretion with IC50 values of 25, 52 and 24 μg/mL, respectively, and a significant anti-inflammatory activity in vivo (p < 0.01), 3 h after carrageenan injection, the oedema inhibition was 55.37%, 52.18% and 62.86%, respectively, at the dose of 100 mg/kg. Furthermore, they showed a significant peripheral analgesic activity with 53.79%, 55.92% and 57.37% (p < 0.01) of writhing inhibition, respectively. However, no significant activity was found in the hot-plate test. An interesting gastroprotective effect was observed with crude extract and its fractions F1 and F2 with a gastric ulcer inhibition of 65.48%, 77.42% and 81.29%, respectively, at the dose of 50 mg/kg.Discussion and conclusion: These results suggest that L. obtusa might be used as a potential source of natural anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents with gastroprotective effect.