Paw Edema Formation Research Articles

Methanol extract of Artemisia apiaceae Herba attenuates acute inflammation via NF‐κB pathway (LB552)

Artemisia apiaceae Herba is one of the most widely used herb for the treatment of malaria, jaundice and dyspeptic complaint in oriental medicine. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of methanol extracts of A. apiaceae Herba (MEAH) on the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and pro‐inflammatory mediators by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Raw264.7 macrophage cells, and also evaluated the in vivo effects of MEAH on carrageenan‐induced paw edema in rats.MEAH treatment in Raw264.7 cells significantly decreased LPS‐inducible nitric oxide production and the expression of iNOS in a concentration dependent manner, while MEAH treatment (up to 100 μg/ml) showed no cytotoxic activity.Results from immunoblot analyses and ELISA revealed that MEAH significantly inhibited the expressions of cyclooxygenase‐2, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukine‐1β, interleukine‐6 and prostagrandin E2 in LPS‐stimulated cells. As a plausible molecular mechanism, increased degradation and phosphorylation of inhibitory‐κBα, and nuclear nuclear factor‐κB accumulation by LPS were partly blocked by MEAH treatment. Finally, MEAH treatment decreased the formation of paw edema and infiltration of inflammatory cell induced by carrageenan in rats. These results demonstrate that MEAH has an anti‐inflammatory therapeutic potential, which may result from inhibition of nuclear factor‐κB activation, thereby decreasing the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes.Grant Funding Source: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korea government [MEST] (No.2012‐0009400).

Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Antioxidant Activities of <i>Allophylus Cobbe</i> Leaves

Allophylus cobbe L. Raeuschel (Family-Sapindaceae) is a medicinal plant used traditionally for the treatment of various health risks like pain, inflammation, ulcers and wounds in Bangladesh. This study determined the polyphenolic compounds and evaluated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the ethanol extract of Allophylus cobbe leaves. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to determine the polyphenolic compounds present in the extract. The analgesic activity was evaluated by hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing in mice at two different doses of 250 and 500 mg kg-1 body weight. The extract was also investigated for the anti-inflammatory effect on rats at above mentioned doses using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. The antioxidant potential of the extract was determined in terms of radical scavenging ability of the stable 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides in the extract. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis also confirmed the presence of polyphenolic compounds such as (+)-catechin hydrate, (–)-epicatechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and quercetin. The extract increased the licking time of hind paw when placed on a hot plate by 35.31% at 250 mg kg-1 dose which is comparable to the increase shown by diclofenac sodium (42.73%) at the 3rd h of study in hot plate test. Moreover, the extract also showed good analgesic effect in acetic acid induced writhing test. The percent inhibition of writhing response by the extract was 85.96 and 78.07% at 250 and 500 mg kg-1 doses respectively while that of the standard drug was 66.67%. Furthermore, the extract also reduced carrageenan induced paw edema formation; the most prominent inhibition was found to be 58.88% (250 mg kg-1) at the 3rd h of study. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract increased markedly with increasing concentrations. At a concentration of 200 µg mL-1, the scavenging activity of the ethanol extract (91.53% inhibition) was comparable to that of the standard ascorbic acid (99.3% inhibition). Our results suggest that Allophylus cobbe extract possesses significant antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities which may justify the folkloric use of the plant in several communities for conditions such as colic, fever, inflammatory rheumatic pains and other oxidative stress associated disorders.

A systematic review for anti-inflammatory property of clusiaceae family: a preclinical approach.

Background. Clusiaceae family (sensu lato) is extensively used in ethnomedicine for treating a number of disease conditions which include cancer, inflammation, and infection. The aim of this review is to report the pharmacological potential of plants of Clusiaceae family with the anti-inflammatory activity in animal experiments. Methods. A systematic review about experiments investigating anti-inflammatory activity of Clusiaceae family was carried out by searching bibliographic databases such as Medline, Scopus and Embase. In this update, the search terms were “anti-inflammatory agents,” “Clusiaceae,” and “animals, laboratory.” Results. A total of 255 publications with plants this family were identified. From the initial 255 studies, a total of 21 studies were selected for the final analysis. Studies with genera Allanblackia, Clusia, Garcinia or Rheedia, and Hypericum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. The findings include a decrease of total leukocytes, a number of neutrophils, total protein concentration, granuloma formation, and paw or ear edema formation. Other interesting findings included decreased of the MPO activity, and inflammatory mediators such as NF-κB and iNOS expression, PGE2 and Il-1β levels and a decrease in chronic inflammation. Conclusion. The data reported suggests the anti-inflammatory effect potential of Clusiaceae family in animal experiments.

Evaluation ofArtemisia amygdalinaD. for Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Potential

Artemisia amygdalina D. is a critically endangered endemic medicinal plant of Kashmir Himalayas. In the current study anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of the plant was carried out. Carrageenan paw edema model was used to study the potential of the drug in inflammation in Wistar rats. SRBC-specific haemagglutination titre and DTH assays were carried out in Balb/C mice for observing the effect of test drugs on immune system. The plant extracts used as test drugs showed to have anti-inflammatory potential. The methanolic fraction was observed to have the maximum effect on the inhibition of paw edema formation with the inhibitory potential of 42.26%, while in the immunomodulation studies the test drugs were found to have the immunosuppressant activity with methanolic fraction again showing the maximum potential for the suppression of both humoral (55.89% and 47.91%) and cell-mediated immunity (62.27% and 57.21%). The plant in total seems to have the anti-inflammatory potential. The suppression of immune system suggests some mechanistic way by which the inhibition of inflammation takes place. Since, in chronic inflammation like arthritis, there is the involvement of immune system, the plant in that way may serve as an alternative for the treatment of such autoimmune diseases.

야관문(夜關門)의 항염증효과(抗炎症效果)

Objectives : Lespedeza Cuneata has been used to treat leukorrhea, asthma, stomach pain, diarrhea, acute mastitis, in Korean traditional medicine. According to recent studies, Lespedeza Cuneata has antioxidation, hypoglycemia, cell protective, insulin secretion, whitening, corpora cavernosa smooth muscle relaxation and antimicrobial activities, but it has been rarely conducted to evaluate the immuno-biological activity. The present study was examined to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Lespedeza Cuneata MeOH extract (LCE) in vivo and in vitro. Methods : In vitro, inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, nitric oxide and prostaglandin <TEX>$E_2$</TEX> were detected after the addition of LPS with or without LCE in Raw 264.7 macrophage cell line. In vivo, anti-edema effect of LCE was determined in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Results : In vitro assay, LCE decreased release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin <TEX>$E_2$</TEX> (<TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX>) via suppression of iNOS and COX-2 expression. LCE inhibited the phosphorylation of <TEX>$I{\kappa}B$</TEX> indicating the suppression of NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> pathway. In vivo assay, LCE significantly inhibited the formation of paw edema induced by carrageenan injection in rats. LCE effectively inhibited increases of hind paw skin thickness and inflammatory cell infilterations. Conclusion : These findings demonstrate that LCE has inhibitory effect on inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells and on paw edema in carrageenan-stimulated rats, showing the possibility of anti-inflammatory use of Lespedeza Cuneata.

The anti-inflammatory action of Bothrops jararaca snake antithrombin on acute inflammation induced by carrageenan in mice

Antithrombin is known as the most important natural coagulation inhibitor and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Bothrops jararaca antithrombin on acute inflammation induced by carrageenan in mice. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of antithrombin on models of paw edema formation, cell migration and leukocyte-endothelium interaction in mice (Swiss; n = 5). Acute inflammation was induced by the administration of carrageenan (15 mg kg⁻¹). Treatment with B. jararaca antithrombin (1 mg kg⁻¹) 1 h before or after carrageenan administration significantly inhibited paw edema formation, reduced cell influx to the peritoneal cavity due to reduction in the migration of polymorphonuclear cells, and attenuated leukocyte rolling in the microcirculation of the cremaster muscle.The effects of antithrombin on vascular and cellular events of inflammation were completely abolished by treatment with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (4 mg kg⁻¹), suggesting the involvement of prostacyclin in the mechanism of inflammation inhibition by B. jararaca antithrombin. This work showed for the first time the anti-inflammatory properties of B. jararaca antithrombin on vascular and cellular events of inflammation. These findings suggest that antithrombin is effective in preventing paw edema formation, cell migration and leukocyte rolling induced by carrageenan in mice.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions of Tamarindus indica seeds

The effect of petroleum ether fraction (50 and 100 mg/kg) and ethyl acetate fraction (50 and 100 mg/kg) of Tamarindus indica Linn. (Leguminosae) seeds was investigated in various experimental models of pain and inflammation. Anti-inflammatory activity of petroleum ether fraction and ethyl acetate fraction was studied using carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models in rats. Analgesic activity was studied in mice using tail immersion and hot plate models. Both petroleum ether fraction and ethyl acetate fraction significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited carrageenan induced paw edema and granuloma formation in cotton pellet induced granuloma model. Petroleum ether fraction and ethyl acetate fraction significantly (P < 0.01) increased latency to flick tail in tail immersion method and elevated the mean basal reaction time in hot plate method. Phytochemical analysis of petroleum ether fraction showed presence of steroids and ethyl acetate fraction showed presence of flavonoids and tannins. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to be more effective than petroleum ether fraction. Thus the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of T. indica seeds may be due to presence of active constituents like flavonoids and tannins present in ethyl acetate fraction.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether fractions of Cassia auriculata Linn. leaves

The effect of petroleum ether fraction (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and ethyl acetate fraction (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) of Cassia auriculata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae) leaves was investigated in various experimental models of pain and inflammation. Anti-inflammatory activity of petroleum ether fraction and ethyl acetate fraction was studied using carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models in rats. Analgesic activity was studied in mice using tail immersion and hot plate models. Both petroleum ether fraction and ethyl acetate fraction significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited carrageenan induced paw edema and granuloma formation in cotton pellet induced granuloma model. Petroleum ether fraction and ethyl acetate fraction significantly (P < 0.01) increased latency to flick tail in tail immersion method and elevated the mean basal reaction time in hot plate method. Phytochemical analysis of petroleum ether fraction showed presence of steroids and ethyl acetate fraction showed presence of flavonoids and tannins. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to be more effective than petroleum ether fraction. Thus the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of C. auriculata leaves may be due to presence of active constituents like flavonoids and tannins present in petroleum ether fraction.

Roots ofErigeron annuusAttenuate Acute Inflammation as Mediated with the Inhibition of NF-κB-Associated Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandin E2production

Erigeron annuus is a naturalized plant belonging to Compositae (asteraceae) family, which is called the annual fleabane, and commonly found at meadows and roadside. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of E. annuus roots (EER), as assessed by the paw edema formation and histological analysis in rat, and the productions of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Raw264.7 murine macrophages. Carrageenan treatment promoted infiltration of inflammatory cells and caused swelling in the hind paw. Oral administrations of EER (0.3 g/kg and 1 g/kg) attenuated acute inflammation similar to the result using dexamethasone (1 mg/kg). Treatment of macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) simulated inflammatory condition: LPS significantly increased the productions of NO, PGE2, and proinflammatory cytokines. EER suppressed activation of macrophages, preventing the induction of iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions. LPS treatment induced phosphorylation of I-κBα and increased the level of nuclear NF-κB protein, both of which were suppressed by concomitant treatment of EER. In conclusion, EER ameliorated acute inflammation in rats, and the induction of NO, PGE2, and proinflammatory cytokines in Raw264.7 cells. EER's effects may be associated with its inhibition of NF-κB activation, suggesting its effect on inflammatory diseases.

Methanol Extract ofArtemisia apiaceaHance Attenuates the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators via NF-κB Inactivation

Artemisia apiacea Hance is one of the most widely used herbs for the treatment of malaria, jaundice, and dyspeptic complaint in oriental medicine. This study investigated the effects of methanol extracts of A. apiacea Hance (MEAH) on the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and proinflammatory mediators by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Raw264.7 macrophage cells and also evaluated the in vivo effect of MEAH on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. MEAH treatment in Raw264.7 cells significantly decreased LPS-inducible nitric oxide production and the expression of iNOS in a concentration-dependent manner, while MEAH (up to 100 μg/mL) had no cytotoxic activity. Results from immunoblot analyses and ELISA revealed that MEAH significantly inhibited the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 in LPS-activated cells. As a plausible molecular mechanism, increased degradation and phosphorylation of inhibitory-κBα and nuclear factor-κB accumulation in the nucleus by LPS were partly blocked by MEAH treatment. Finally, MEAH treatment decreased the carrageenan-induced formation of paw edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells in rats. These results demonstrate that MEAH has an anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential that may result from the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activation, subsequently decreasing the expression of proinflammatory mediators.

Inhibition of Acute Phase Inflammation byLaminaria japonicathrough Regulation of iNOS-NF-κB Pathway

Laminaria japonica has been frequently used as food supplements in many of the Asian countries and as a drug in traditional oriental medicine. This research investigated the effects of Laminaria japonica extract (LJE) on acute phase inflammation in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model, as assessed by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. The effect of LJE was also evaluated in Raw264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the aspect of the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and proinflammatory cytokines production. NO, PGE2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 contents were assayed by ELISA, and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expressions were determined by western blot analyses. In rats, LJE treatment inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema formation and infiltration of inflammatory cells in H&E staining. LJE treatment prevented the ability of LPS to increase the levels of iNOS and COX-2 protein in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistently, LJE suppressed the production of TNF-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. Treatment of the cells with LJE caused inhibition of inhibitor of κBα phosphorylation induced by LPS, suggesting LJE repression of nuclear factor-κB activity by LPS. In conclusion, this study shown here may be of help to understand the action mechanism of LJE and the anti-inflammatory use of L. japonica.

Anti‐inflammatory effects of Laminaria japonica in association with the inhibition of nitric oxide and pro‐inflammatory cytokines production

Laminaria japonica has been frequently used as a drug in traditional oriental medicine, and as food supplements in many of the Asian countries. This research investigated the effects of Laminaria japonica extract (LJE) on the paw edema formation in rats and on the induction of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and proinflammatory cytokines by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Raw264.7 cells. The effect of LJE on acute phase inflammation was evaluated in a carrageenan‐induced paw edema model, as assessed by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. NO, PGE2, TNF‐α, interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐6 contents were assayed by ELISA. iNOS and COX‐2 expressions were determined by western blot analyses. In rats, LJE treatment inhibited carrageenan‐induced paw edema formation, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in H&amp;E staining. LJE treatment prevented the ability of LPS to increase the levels of iNOS and COX‐2 protein in a concentration‐dependent manner. Consistently, LJE suppressed the production of TNF‐α, interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐6. Treatment of the cells with LJE caused inhibition of I‐κBα phosphorylation induced by LPS suggesting LJE repression of NF‐κB activity by LPS. In conclusion, this study showing here may be of help to understand the pharmacology and action mechanism of LJE, and the anti‐inflammatory use of Laminaria japonica.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANALGESIC AND ULCEROGENIC ACTIVITY OF VIGNA MUNGO LINN. LEAVES

The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and ulcerogenic activity of extract of leaves of Vigna Mungo linn. (Leguminosae) were investigated as well as the mechanisms of action. The extract significantly (P 0.05) inhibited the formation of paw edema induced by

Anti-Inflammatory Activity Is a Possible Mechanism by Which the Polyherbal Formulation Comprised ofNigella sativa(Seeds),Hemidesmus indicus(Root), andSmilax glabra(Rhizome) Mediates Its Antihepatocarcinogenic Effects

The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of a polyherbal decoction comprised of Nigella sativa, Hemidesmus indicus, and Smilax glabra in order to justify its claimed antihepatocarcinogenic activity. Activation of hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), IκB kinase (IKK α/β) proteins, and TNFα and IL-6 expression was investigated in diethylnitrosamine- (DEN-) induced C3H mice-bearing early hepatocarcinogenic changes. Acute phase inflammatory response was evaluated by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema formation. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms were also assessed by determining effect on (a) membrane stabilization, (b) nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity, and (c) inhibition of leukocyte migration. A significant inhibition of the paw edema formation was observed in healthy rats as well as in rats bearing early hepatocarcinogenic changes with oral administration of the decoction. As with the positive control, indomethacin (10 mg/kg b.w.) the inhibitory effect was pronounced at 3rd and 4th h after carrageenan injection. A notable IKK α/β mediated hepatic NF-κB inactivation was associated with a significant hepatic TNFα downregulation among mice-bearing hepatocarcinogenic changes subjected to decoction treatment. Inhibition of NO production, leukocyte migration, and membrane stabilization are possible mechanisms by which anti-inflammatory effect is mediated by the decoction. Overall findings imply that anti-inflammatory activity could be one of the mechanisms by which the decoction mediates its antihepatocarcinogenic effects.

Bojesodok-eum, a Herbal Prescription, Ameliorates Acute Inflammation in Association with the Inhibition of NF-κB-Mediated Nitric Oxide and ProInflammatory Cytokine Production.

Bojesodok-eum (BSE) is a herbal prescription consisting of Coptidis Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix as main components. This paper investigated the effects of BSE on the induction of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and proinflammatory cytokines that are caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine macrophage cell line and on the paw edema formation in animals. Administration of BSE (0.3 g/kg and 1 g/kg) in rats significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema formation, as did dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory positive control drug. In cell model, treatment of BSE decreased the production of NO and PGE2 in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. BSE also inhibited the expression of iNOS and COX-2 protein as well as COX activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistently, BSE suppressed the ability of LPS to produce TNF-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. LPS treatment induced nuclear NF-κB level and I-κBα phosphorylation, which were inhibited subsequent treatment of BSE, suggesting its repression of LPS-inducible NF-κB activation. BSE abrogated the induction of NO, PGE2, and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as iNOS and COX-2 protein expression in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS as mediated with NF-κB inhibition.

Antinociceptive and anti-oedematogenic properties of astilbin, taxifolin and some related compounds.

Astilbin (3-0-alpha-1-rhamnosyl-(2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin), the major constituent isolated from Hymeneae martiana and some derivatives obtained by structural modification, such as taxifolin and two related compounds, were evaluated as analgesics by using both writhing test and formalin test in mice. Their anti-oedematogenic actions were also analysed against paw oedema caused by carrageenan, dextran and bradykinin in rat. The results indicated that some compounds, such as taxifolin (2) and its tetramethylated derivative (4) exhibited potent and dose-dependent antinociceptive action against acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction when administered intraperitoneally or orally. They were more potent than acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol (acetaminophen), two standard drugs used for comparison. Compounds 2 and 4 were also more potent than these drugs in attenuating to the second phase of the formalin-induced licking. Moreover, both compounds showed significant anti-oedematogenic effect, inhibiting the paw oedema formation induced by dextran. In contrast pentaacetylated taxifolin (3) was capable of inhibiting the paw oedema induced by bradykinin.

Anti-inflammatory properties of Albuca setosa and its possible mechanism of action

Albuca setosa is used for the treatment of wounds, articulation problems and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study we characterized the anti-inflammatory response of A. setosa on inflammation induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine, serotonin, arachidonic acid and xylene. The extract was administered orally at a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg. The extract of A. setosa at both doses significantly inhibited (P< 0.01) the formation of the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema in the first, second and the third hour of inflammation (peak of inflammation) by 52, 55, 43% and 68, 84, 85% for 150 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Concerning inflammation induced by dextran and inflammatory mediators such as histamine, serotonin and arachidonic acid, the effect of A. setosa was significant (P<0.01) mostly during the first and the second hours of inflammation by a maximum of inhibition of 61, 83, 50 and 47%, respectively. Results also showed that water leaf extract of A. setosa significantly inhibited (P< 0.05) topical edema in the mouse ear induced by xylene for 150 mg/kg by 44% but was not dose dependent. The results obtained suggest that the water leaf extract of A. setosa is endowed with effective anti-inflammatory activity mediated via either inhibition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity or cyclooxygenase cascade and by blocking the release of vasoactive substances like histamine, serotonin and kinins.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Phyllanthus simplex

Ethnopharmacological relevancePhyllanthus simplex (Family: Euphorbiacae) is widely used in traditional medicines for treatment of various diseases including inflammation. Materials and methodsPetroleum ether extract (PSPE) and ethanol extract (PSEE) of the whole plant of Phyllanthus simplex were characterized for their total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids content. These extracts were standardized by HPTLC using phyllanthin and gallic acid respectively as markers. Antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated by the DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging assay. The total antioxidant capacity of extracts was determined. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by their effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in isolated rat peritoneal macrophages; carragennan-induced paw edema and formation of cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. ResultsAbundance of phenolics was found in PSEE. Phyllanthin and gallic acid content in PSPE and PSEE were found to be 14.5 and 0.65% (w/w) respectively. PSEE showed concentration dependent significant scavenging of DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals with IC50 values 102.219, 171.485 and 24.73μg/ml respectively. PSEE significantly inhibited NO production in isolated rat peritoneum macrophages. Moreover, it also exhibited significant inhibition of carragennan-induced paw edema (58.48±0.028%, p<0.001, at 6h, 200mg/kg oral dose) and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation (45.671±0.712%, p<0.001, at 200mg/kg oral dose). Anti-inflammatory activity of PSEE was found to be comparable to diclofenac sodium. ConclusionsSignificant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were found in PSEE which may be attributed to its high phenolic content.

Anti–anaphylactic and anti–inflammatory activities of a bioactive alkaloid from the root bark of Plumeria acutifolia Poir

Objective To investigate the anti–anaphylactic, anti–inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of plumerianine (compound 1) isolated from the root bark of Plumeria acutifolia Poir. Methods The anti–anaphylactic activity of compound 1 (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg) was studied by using models such as passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, passive paw anaphylaxis and its anti–inflammatory activity against carrageenin induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma in albino rats was also investigated using ketotifen and indomethacin as reference drugs. Results A dose-dependent beneficial effect was observed on leakage of evans blue dye in skin challenged with antigen and on paw anaphylaxis induced by antiserum. The compound 1 also exhibited significant ( P<0.01) inhibition of rat paw edema and granuloma tissue formation, including significant protection of RBC against the haemolytic effect of hypotonic solution, an indication of membrane-stabilizing activity. Conclusions Anti–anaphylactic activity of compound 1 may be possibly due to inhibition of the release of various inflammatory mediators. Anti–inflammatory activity of compound may be related to the inhibition of the early phase and late phase of inflammatory events.

Methanolic extract of leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum Linn modulates oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators

The leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum (JG) are in clinical use in Ayurveda for wound management. Since, oxidative stress and inflammation are the primary causes in delayed wound healing, so here its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have been investigated using in vitro as well as in vivo models. The solvent-free methanolic extract of dried leaves of JG were tested for its trapping capacity toward pre-generated ABTS•+ radicals, instantly generated superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, along with metal chelation property, reducing power and total phenolic content. Further, it was tested on LPS-induced nitric oxide and cell viability, on primary culture of rat peritoneal macrophages. Its anti-inflammatory property was also tested on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. This extract significantly inhibited iron-induced lipid peroxidation and trapped ABTS•+, superoxide and OH radicals. It significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) release, without affecting the cell viability at 800 μg/ml concentration and reduced the formation of paw edema in rats. Thus, it could be suggested that the aforesaid anti-inflammatory properties of JG leaves are associated to its high phenolic content (2.25±0.105 mg/l of gallic acid equivalent), reducing power and its free radical-scavenging property.