Caesalpinia Echinata Research Articles

Modelos Volumétricos de Dupla Entrada para Aplicar em Povoamentos Florestais Brasileiros

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar alguns modelos volumétricos de dupla entrada desenvolvidos para quantificar o volume de madeira no Brasil. Como estudo de caso, dados de 180 árvores-amostra de Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus grandis com idade entre 5 a 7 anos foram utilizados. Para avaliar o desempenho dos modelos volumétricos foram adotados os critérios estatísticos: erro padrão residual, coeficiente de determinação ajustado, média dos erros absolutos, soma de quadrados dos erros relativos, média dos erros percentuais, desvio padrão dos erros, coeficiente de determinação, raiz quadrada do erro médio e análise da distribuição de resíduos. Selecionou-se um modelo volumétrico desenvolvido a partir da equação de fator de forma adaptado ao modelo biomatemático de Gompertz.

SITUAÇÕES-LIMITE NA FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES DE CIÊNCIAS NA PERSPECTIVA FREIREANA: DA PERCEPÇÃO DA REALIDADE À DIMENSÃO PEDAGÓGICA

Algumas pesquisas na área de educação em ciências têm discutido aspectos relacionados a situações-limite, que na perspectiva freireana são entendidas como situações de injustiça social vivenciadas por sujeitos que as compreendem de maneira acrítica e fatalista. Considerando a importância de analisar situações-limite de professores no contexto da abordagem de Temas Geradores, este estudo investiga a manifestação de situações-limite de professores de ciências do Ensino Fundamental II, do município de Pau Brasil/BA, durante um processo formativo, pautado em adaptações da Investigação Temática, para obter o Tema Gerador “O perigo do Rio Água Preta em Pau Brasil-BA” e planejar atividades didático-pedagógicas para a disciplina de ciências. As situações-limite dos professores foram analisadas via Análise Textual Discursiva e organizadas em categorias analíticas estabelecidas à priori, quais sejam: situações-limite acerca da percepção da realidade, por meio da qual buscou-se a compreensão dos professores sobre problemas sociais locais, e situações-limite numa dimensão pedagógica, na qual utilizou-se os obstáculos gnosiológicos, estruturados por Alves e Silva (2015), para analisar as situações-limite que professores apresentaram sobre aspectos que perpassam o processo educativo. Dentre os resultados, sinaliza-se que o processo de Investigação Temática possibilitou a problematização das compreensões dos professores acerca da realidade e da própria prática pedagógica, o que contribuiu para a superação de algumas situações-limite desses profissionais. Nessa perspectiva, considera-se que é possível estreitar a relação universidade-escola, na promoção de processos formativos delineados especificamente para potencializar a superação das situações-limite apresentadas por professores.

Responses of tropical legumes from the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest to simulated acid rain.

We investigated the morphological and anatomical effects of simulated acid rain on leaves of two species native to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest: Paubrasilia echinata and Libidibia ferrea var. leiostachya. Saplings were subjected to acid rain in a simulation chamber during 10days for 15min daily, using H2SO4 solution pH 3.0 and, in the control, deionized water. At the end of the experiment, fragments from young and expanding leaves were anatomically analyzed. Although L. ferrea var. leiostachya leaves are more hydrophobic, rain droplets remained in contact with them for a longer time, as in the hydrophilic P. echinata leaves, droplets coalesce and rapidly run off. Visual symptomatology consisted in interveinal and marginal necrotic dots. Microscopic damage found included epicuticular wax flaking, turgor loss and epidermal cell shape alteration, hypertrophy of parenchymatous cells, and epidermal and mesophyll cell collapse. Formation of a wound tissue was observed in P. echinata, and it isolated the necrosis to the adaxial leaf surface. Acid rain increased thickness of all leaf tissues except spongy parenchyma in young leaves of L. ferrea var. leiostachya, and such thickness was maintained throughout leaf expansion. To our knowledge, this is the first report of acidity causing increase in leaf tissue thickness. This could represent the beginning of cell hypertrophy, which was seen in visually affected leaf regions. Paubrasilia echinata was more sensitive, showing earlier symptoms, but the anatomical damage in L. ferrea var. leiostachya was more severe, probably due to the higher time of contact with acid solution in this species.

Three novel ascomycetous yeast species of the Kazachstania clade, Kazachstania saulgeensis sp. nov., Kazachstaniaserrabonitensis sp. nov. and Kazachstania australis sp. nov. Reassignment of Candida humilis to Kazachstania humilis f.a. comb. nov. and Candida pseudohumilis to Kazachstania pseudohumilis f.a. comb. nov.

Five ascosporogenous yeast strains related to the genus Kazachstania were isolated. Two strains (CLIB 1764T and CLIB 1780) were isolated from French sourdoughs; three others (UFMG-CM-Y273T, UFMG-CM-Y451 and UFMG-CM-Y452) were from rotting wood in Brazil. The sequences of the French and Brazilian strains differed by one and three substitutions, respectively, in the D1/D2 large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The D1/D2 LSU rRNA sequence of these strains differed by 0.5 and 0.7 % from Kazachstania exigua, but their ITS sequences diverged by 8.1 and 8.3 %, respectively, from that of the closest described species Kazachstania barnettii. Analysis of protein coding sequences of RPB1, RPB2 and EF-1α distinguished the French from the Brazilian strains, with respectively 3.3, 6 and 11.7 % substitutions. Two novel species are described to accommodate these newly isolated strains: Kazachstania saulgeensis sp. nov. (type strain CLIB 1764T=CBS 14374T) and Kazachstania serrabonitensis sp. nov. (type strain UFMG-CM-Y273T=CLIB 1783T=CBS 14236T). Further analysis of culture collections revealed a strain previously assigned to the K. exigua species, but having 3.8 % difference (22 substitutions and 2 indels) in its ITS with respect to K. exigua. Hence, we describe a new taxon, Kazachstania australis sp. nov. (type strain CLIB 162T=CBS 2141T), to accommodate this strain. Finally, Candida humilis and Candida pseudohumilis are reassigned to the genus Kazachstania as new combinations. On the basis of sequence analysis, we also propose that Candida milleri and Kazachstania humilis comb. nov. are conspecific.

Comparison of the surface properties of reused brazilwood (Caesalpinia echinata) and imbuia (Ocotea porosa) to peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) plantation-wood

ABSTRACTThis work deals with characterization of the wear behavior of woods obtained from agribusiness waste and from post-consume items. The main goal on this research is to generate data that could contribute to highlight the engineering performance of endangered wood species, and enhance reintroduction of these species to natural environment. Post-consume samples from Brazilwood (Caesalpinia echinata) and imbuia (Ocotea porosa), and also from the pseudo-stem of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) were tested and their abrasion behavior was characterized both mechanically and morphologically. The results obtained showed that the wear rate of the tested materials was dependent of their density, and that the pseudo-wood obtained from peach palm has a performance similar to that of several commonly used woods.

Historic “HAUFF” Timber Roofs in Poços de Caldas in Brazil

This research presents the assessment of historic structural systems timber roofs type Hauff of constructions existing in Pocos de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The large timber structures originated with the engineering company Hauff, whose production of timber structures contributed in great measure to the technological advance of the industry of construction engineering with wood in Brazil. Based on photographic by techniques of visual inspection (NDT) and descriptive documentation, this paper offers examples of timber roof structures that constitute most of type Hauff roof structural systems, such as, lamellar roof structure, sawn lumber nailed arch, plywood arch, shed truss roof, that were built between the years 40 and 60 in the city at Pocos de Caldas in Minas Gerais. The timber structures with Hauff were built in various regions of Brazil at that time.

Dictyoaquaphila appendiculata gen. & sp. nov. from submerged wood from Brazil

Dictyoaquaphila appendiculata, collected from submerged wood in Brazil, is described and illustrated as a new genus and species. It is distinguished by distinct, erect, septate, subhyaline to very pale brown conidiophores, mono- and polyblastic conidiogenous cells, and fusiform, elliptical to shortly clavate, brown separating cells. The conidia are dictyoseptate, broad ellipsoidal-fusiform to prolate subglobose, dark brown, usually with 1–3 divergent, narrow cylindrical, hyaline appendages at the apical cell, and sometimes with 1–2(–3), narrow cylindrical, hyaline appendages arising from the basal cell.

Infecção sistêmica por Spencermartinsiella sp. em um crocodilo do Nilo (Crocodylus niloticus)

A male adult crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) was diagnosed with systemic yeast infection. Histologically, there were extensive areas of necrosis in the lung, which were associated with a diffuse severe lympho-plasmo-histiocytic inflammatory infiltrate, with numerous multinucleated giant cells, and myriads of intralesional pseudo-hyphae and yeast like organisms within distended foveolae. Necrotic foci were also observed in the mucosa of the digestive tract, trachea, tunica intima of arteries, liver, and heart, with a marked inflammatory lympho-histiocytic infiltrate, with large numbers of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells, and intralesional and intravascular pseudo-hyphae and yeast-like organisms. Oval yeast structures with 4 to 6 m in diameter and 5 to 8 m thick paralleled-wall pseudo-hyphae were observed in PAS or GMS stained sections. PCR with DNA template extracted from paraffin embedded tissues amplified the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene, which was sequenced and found to be identical to sequences of a new species, isolated from rotting wood in Brazil, of the genus Spencermartinsiella, which its closest relative is Spencermartinsiella cellulosicola.

Protease Inhibitors Extracted from Caesalpinia echinata Lam. Affect Kinin Release during Lung Inflammation.

Inflammation is an essential process in many pulmonary diseases in which kinins are generated by protease action on kininogen, a phenomenon that is blocked by protease inhibitors. We evaluated kinin release in an in vivo lung inflammation model in rats, in the presence or absence of CeKI (C. echinata kallikrein inhibitor), a plasma kallikrein, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3 inhibitor, and rCeEI (recombinant C. echinata elastase inhibitor), which inhibits these proteases and also neutrophil elastase. Wistar rats were intravenously treated with buffer (negative control) or inhibitors and, subsequently, lipopolysaccharide was injected into their lungs. Blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue were collected. In plasma, kinin release was higher in the LPS-treated animals in comparison to CeKI or rCeEI groups. rCeEI-treated animals presented less kinin than CeKI-treated group. Our data suggest that kinins play a pivotal role in lung inflammation and may be generated by different enzymes; however, neutrophil elastase seems to be the most important in the lung tissue context. These results open perspectives for a better understanding of biological process where neutrophil enzymes participate and indicate these plant inhibitors and their recombinant correlates for therapeutic trials involving pulmonary diseases.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DE FRUTOS, SEMENTES, PLÂNTULAS E MUDAS DE PAU-BRASIL (Caesalpinia echinataLAMARCK)1

RESUMOEstudos relacionados à morfologia vegetal com espécies florestais nativas têm sido ampliados nos últimos anos, em face da sua importância sob os aspectos taxonômicos ou por serem de grande utilidade na identificação de frutos, sementes, plântulas e mudas, em laboratórios de análises de sementes, em viveiros de produção de mudas ou em estudos que avaliem a regeneração natural em ecossistemas florestais. Porém, diante da grande diversidade de espécies, ainda não é possível encontrar informações suficientes para subsidiar tais estudos e nem coleções em herbários para um grande número de espécies nativas. Assim, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de caracterizar morfologicamente frutos, sementes, plântulas e mudas de pau-brasil (Caesalpinia echinata Lam.) – Fabaceae, Subfamília Caesalpinioideae. Foram realizadas, inicialmente, avaliações das características morfométricas e morfológicas externas e internas dos frutos e sementes. Em seguida, foram realizadas descrições do desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas e mudas. Considerando-se as análises descritivas da espécie, as informações de frutos, sementes, plântulas e mudas podem ser empregadas com segurança em trabalhos de identificação das espécies, tanto em trabalhos de laboratórios e viveiros quanto em estudos de campo sobre a ecologia dessa espécie. Especial atenção pode ser dada ao fruto legume seco, ao embrião, à germinação epígea fanerocotiledonar e à presença de acúleos nas fases jovens (plântulas e mudas), que são importantes para a identificação da espécie. Os caracteres que são comuns a outras espécies de Fabaceae, da Subfamília Caesalpinioideae, corroboram o caráter taxonômico dos aspectos morfológicos.

Cyberlindnera xylosilytica sp. nov., a xylitol-producing yeast species isolated from lignocellulosic materials.

Independent surveys of yeasts associated with lignocellulosic-related materials led to the discovery of a novel yeast species belonging to the Cyberlindnera clade (Saccharomycotina, Ascomycota). Analysis of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene showed that this species is related to C. japonica, C. maesa and C. easanensis. Six isolates were obtained from different sources, including rotting wood, tree bark and sugar cane filter cake in Brazil, frass from white oak in the USA and decayed leaf in Taiwan. A novel species is suggested to accommodate these isolates, for which the name C. xylosilytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of C. xylosilytica sp. nov. is NRRL YB-2097(T) ( = CBS 13984(T) = UFMG-CM-Y347(T)) and the allotype is UFMG-CM-Y409 ( = CBS 14083). The novel species is heterothallic and complementary mating types are represented by the type and allotype strains. The MycoBank number is MB 811428.

The effect of extractives on acoustical properties of persian silk wood (Albizia julibrissin)

It was previously reported that extractives from Pernambuco wood (a species from Leguminosae family, native to South America) are positive for acoustical performance of wood. Thus the present study set to investigate the effect of extraction in hot water and ethanol/acetone mixture on acoustical properties of Persian silk wood (Albizia julibrissin, a species from Leguminosae family, native to Iran). Contactless forced flexural vibration on both freeends of beams was performed on thin small specimens before and after extraction. Results showed that the extractive components soluble in hot water were positively useful to acoustical properties because removing these extractives reduced the acoustic property of the wood. Raw wood from Persian silk tree based on a combination of studied acoustical characteristics has theoretically the potential to be applied in violin backs and ribs.

<I>Anacraspedodidymum,</I> a new genus from submerged wood in Brazil

<I>Anacraspedodidymum,</I> a new genus from submerged wood in Brazil

<I>Helicodochium</I>, a new microfungus from submerged wood in Brazil

<I>Helicodochium</I>, a new microfungus from submerged wood in Brazil

Identification and characterisation of xylanolytic yeasts isolated from decaying wood and sugarcane bagasse in Brazil.

In this study, yeasts associated with lignocellulosic materials in Brazil, including decaying wood and sugarcane bagasse, were isolated, and their ability to produce xylanolytic enzymes was investigated. A total of 358 yeast isolates were obtained, with 198 strains isolated from decaying wood and 160 strains isolated from decaying sugarcane bagasse samples. Seventy-five isolates possessed xylanase activity in solid medium and were identified as belonging to nine species: Candida intermedia, C. tropicalis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Scheffersomyces shehatae, Sugiyamaella smithiae, Cryptococcus diffluens, Cr. heveanensis, Cr. laurentii and Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans. Twenty-one isolates were further screened for total xylanase activity in liquid medium with xylan, and five xylanolytic yeasts were selected for further characterization, which included quantitative analysis of growth in xylan and xylose and xylanase and β-D-xylosidase activities. The yeasts showing the highest growth rate and cell density in xylan, Cr. laurentii UFMG-HB-48, Su. smithiae UFMG-HM-80.1 and Sc. shehatae UFMG-HM-9.1a, were, simultaneously, those exhibiting higher xylanase activity. Xylan induced the highest level of (extracellular) xylanase activity in Cr. laurentii UFMG-HB-48 and the highest level of (intracellular, extracellular and membrane-associated) β-D-xylosidase activity in Su. smithiae UFMG-HM-80.1. Also, significant β-D-xylosidase levels were detected in xylan-induced cultures of Cr. laurentii UFMG-HB-48 and Sc. shehatae UFMG-HM-9.1a, mainly in extracellular and intracellular spaces, respectively. Under xylose induction, Cr. laurentii UFMG-HB-48 showed the highest intracellular β-D-xylosidase activity among all the yeast tested. C. tropicalis UFMG-HB 93a showed its higher (intracellular) β-D-xylosidase activity under xylose induction and higher at 30°C than at 50°C. This study revealed different xylanolytic abilities and strategies in yeasts to metabolise xylan and/or its hydrolysis products (xylo-oligosaccharides and xylose). Xylanolytic yeasts are able to secrete xylanolytic enzymes mainly when induced by xylan and present different strategies (intra- and/or extracellular hydrolysis) for the metabolism of xylo-oligosaccharides. Some of the unique xylanolytic traits identified here should be further explored for their applicability in specific biotechnological processes.

New eriophyoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) from cultivated plants from northeastern Brazil, including the second taxon in the Prothricinae

Two new genera and three new species of eriophyoid mites are described from cultivated plants from northeastern Brazil, including native or introduced ornamental species widely used in urban landscapes. A new genus and a new species are described in the family Phytoptidae, Neoprothrix hibiscus gen. nov., sp. nov. from the flowering shrub Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. This taxon represents the second genus and the second species to be described in the subfamily Prothricinae. A new genus and two new species are described in the family Eriophyidae both from Brazilian ornamental trees, Auriculatus clitoria gen. nov., sp. nov. from Clitoria fairchildiana and Thamnacus paubrasil sp nov. from Caesalpinia echinata. In addition, the Eriophyidae Tegolophus indica Chakrabarti and Mondal from the fruit tree Artocarpus heterophyllus, is redescribed including a description of the male.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:881522D7-5288-49B4-9C34-B3E316ABEE20

Voluntary carbon market and its contributions to sustainable development: analysis of the Monte Pascoal-Pau Brazil ecological corridor

This paper aims to analyse the co-benefits of reforestation projects developed in the voluntary carbon market based on the analysis of a single case study: the Ecological Corridor Project Monte Pascoal–Pau Brazil, the first forest restoration project in Latin America to receive the seal climate community and biodiversity (CCB). To achieve this purpose, the research combined: i) primary sources, obtained from visits and interviews with key actors and script for semi-structured, with; ii) secondary sources, including reports of institutions on this theme and references. The results presented showed that forestry projects have positive co-benefits beyond those achieved in reducing deforestation and carbon sequestration, whether in environmental and social benefits. The case study had interesting picture of forest governance, growing in transparent structures of popular participation, but has exposed deficiencies in the sector, as the absence of a strong institutional framework – which leads to legal uncertainty and policy.

Examination of Wood Properties of Plantation-Grown Pernambuco (Caesalpinia Echinata)

Caesalpinia echinata (pernambuco or pau-brasil), is recognized as the premier wood for manufacturing stringed instrument bows. Owing to limited supplies and concerns regarding species survival, interest exists in establishing pernambuco plantations to provide future bow-quality wood. For native forest- and plantationgrown woods we examined several wood properties considered important in determining bow quality including basic density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) measured using static bending samples, air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness using SilviScan. Color, extractives content and loss tangent (tan δ) were measured for a subsample of the static bending samples. Finally, the samples were also ranked based on their potential for manufacturing high-quality bows (0 = poor, 1 = good and 2 = excellent) by an experienced bow maker. No evidence of differences between means for density, MOE and MOR for native, and 25- and 30-year-old plantation-grown pernambuco was observed; however, when sorted based on quality, the excellent group had higher density, MOE and MOR. MFA and tan δ were low, especially for native forest samples. Extractive contents were low for plantation samples; 5.7% and 12.7% respectively for the 25- and 30-year-old samples, compared to the native forest samples (set 1 = 23%, set 2 = 22.5 %) and few samples had heartwood. Overall, plantation-grown samples provided promising results in terms of their quality.

Durabilidade Natural de Espécies Florestais Madeireiras ao Ataque de Cupim de Madeira Seca

In this research, weaimed to evaluate the natural resistance of ten forest wood species used in joinery to the attack of dry-wood termite Cryptotermes brevis in laboratory test. The wood species studied were amoreira (Chlorophora tinctoria), angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum), Anadenanthera columbrina var. cebil (angico-vermelho), Anadenanthera peregrina (angico-verdadeiro), Dalbergia nigra (jacaranda-da-bahia), Manilkara longifolia (paraju), Peltogine nitens (roxinho), Caesalpinia echinata (pau-brasil), Eucalyptus cloeziana and Eucalyptus torelliana. The woods studied were susceptible to C. brevisattack, except for A. columbrina and M. longifolia woods. H. petraeum, D. nigra and C. echinata woods showed lowermortality compared to other species.The highest levels of wood waste were observed in D. nigra, H. petraeum, C. echinata and E. cloeziana woods. C. tinctoria, P. nitens and E. torelliana woods presented superficial waste. Higher values oftermite mortality were observed in woods of greater density, and higher levels of extractives and ash. However, there is not one sole characteristic that could beused to relate the attackof termites to the woods studied.

Morphological and physiological adjustments of Brazilwood (Caesalpinia echinata Lam.) to direct solar radiation

This study aimed to characterize the alarm and resistance phases of stress of Caesalpinia echinata under intense irradiance in order to better define its position on forest succession. The alarm phase was identified by rapid reduction in the maximum quantum yield of PSII primary photochemical reactions (ΦP0 = FV/FM) and Performance Index (PIABS) followed by total leaf abscission in the first week of exposure to direct sunlight. The new leaves grown showed recovery of chlorophyll a parameters, increase in blade thickness, elongation of the palisade and spongy parenchymas, higher water content, and reduction of specific leaf area. These changes were associated with the osmoprotector of sucrose and antioxidative of raffinose effects, which indicate an efficient adjustment system to intense irradiance in the resistance phase of stress. However, the continuous decrease in photosynthetic pigments in the resistance phase combined with the photodamage in the fluorescence of Chl a and total abscission of leaves in the alarm phase are strong indications that C. echinata is a shade and late or climax species in forest succession.