Patterns Of Various Sizes Research Articles

Symmetric optical multipass matrix systems and the general rapid design methodology

We proposed an original type of multipass cell named symmetric optical multipass matrix system (SMMS), in which the same matrix patterns of various sizes can be formed on both sides. According to its special symmetric configurations, the SMMS design problem is modeled as a variant of the classical traveling salesman problem, which can be rapidly solved by evolutionary optimization algorithms. Two sets of 3-mirror SMMSs are designed, analyzed and built, which show superior characteristics of high stability, desirable beam quality and adjustable optical path lengths. Additionally, they can support simultaneous detection of multiple species with multi-laser channels. The proposed method is further extended to design a 4-mirror SMMS, which verifies the universality and robustness of the design methodology. The experimental observations are in consistent with the theoretical calculations. The newly proposed SMMSs have a broad application prospect in trace gas measurement.

Study on influence of parameters of buckling behavior in soft mechanical metamaterials

Mechanical metamaterials are valued for their diverse properties and potential applications. Due to the instability and large deformability of soft mechanical metamaterials (SMMs), geometric reorganization will occur and lead to some unusual properties. It is possible to change the properties of materials by varying the parameters. Conventional SMMs contain a periodic distribution of holes with the same size and shape, which can be changed to a lesser extent. Periodic dispersion of regular through-hole patterns of various sizes or shapes into elastomers, resulting in metamaterials with more mechanical functionality and deformation scenarios. In this paper, we investigated the influence of parameters on the buckling mechanical behavior of SMMs and the buckling mechanical behavior of structures with multiple sizes and geometric shapes. The parameters studied include geometric parameters (pore shape, porosity and area ratio) and physical parameters (Poisson’s ratio and compression mode). Simulation of the buckling behavior of SMMs uses the finite element method. The finite element software ABAQUS is used, taking into account the almost incompressible characteristics of materials, the triangular quadratic plane strain hybrid element is selected (CPE6H). Numerical calculation gives the following results: Area ratio, pore shape and compression mode have obvious effects on buckling behavior, but Poisson’s ratio has little effect; the influence of parameters on the buckling critical strains varied for SMMs with various pore shapes; very different buckling behaviors will result from swapping out the pattern of holes with the same size or shape for holes with two different sizes or shapes; the expression of buckling behavior is also varied when the mix of hole shapes is modified. These findings demonstrate that the design parameters may be used to achieve the desired buckling behaviors. This is a new method that can be used to control the deformation of structures; modify the properties of the SMMs without changing stiffness; simplify the structures without significantly changing the material properties. The design path of mechanical metamaterials is increased.

A Multispectral Single‐Layer Frequency Selective Surface Absorber for Infrared and Millimeter Wave Selective Bi‐Stealth

AbstractThe multispectral electromagnetic (EM) absorber based on the frequency selective surface (FSS) has been applied with interest in the field of stealth technology due to its ability to avoid detectors or guided weapons at multiple wavelengths simultaneously. The multispectral absorption performance is generally accomplished by stacking different types of FSS absorbers in multiple layers. Herein, a thin and flexible multispectral single‐layer FSS (MSLF) absorber is presented using a micro‐holed, macroscale FSS combined with an infrared (IR) absorbing ground. The FSSs are simplified to MSLF by changing the absorbing layered microstructure to a transmitting microstructure. Dual‐band millimeter waves (MMWs) are absorbed by the macroscale resonance cavity, while the target IR waves are absorbed by the IR absorbing ground after penetrating the micro‐hole array pattern. Thermal emission is reduced significantly due to its low emissivity at IR bands other than the target IR. It is confirmed analytically and experimentally that patterns of various sizes do not exhibit functional crosstalk. The demonstrated multispectral absorption and low thermal emission make this a very promising material for IR−MMW selective bi‐stealth. Furthermore, the proposed structure can be applied to existing macroscale patterns in order to increase their applicability by providing additional selectivity without any functional interference.

Contrast Sensitivity Measurement Tests and Methods

Contrast is a measure of the amount of lightness or darkness an object has in relationship to its background. Usually, it is described as Contrast Sensitivity (CS), which actually is the inverse of the contrast threshold. More often than not, stimulus set includes grating patterns of various sizes that are presented in a stationary manner or are dynamically presented by reversing the contrast at different rates.
 A variety of tests were developed, in order to asses and evaluate contrast sensitivity, in many different ways. A classical method, to check for contrast sensitivity, is the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart.
 The Bailey-Lovie contrast sensitivity chart is another letter chart that deals with differences in the number of letters read on the high and low contrast charts, with a main drawback, the necessity to follow the size of the letters.
 The Functional Acuity Contrast Test is designed to identify vision loss from a variety of disorders, many of which are not detected by high or low contrast Snellen Acuity tests. The MARS Letter Contrast Sensitivity Test shows good agreement with the Pelli-Robson test and possibly it may be the alternative to the Pelli-Robson chart, in clinical practice and research.

Optimasi Minimum Pola Baju Khas Kain Tenun Sarung Samarinda Menggunakan Algoritma Greedy

Nowadays, the typical clothes of the Samarinda sarong woven cloth have become a secondary requirement in the daily activities of the people in Samarinda City. In making the typical woven cloth, the sarong of Samarinda requires a sufficient area of the woven cloth to attach it to the pattern of clothes of various sizes. This research requires an appropriate method in measuring the area of woven fabric required for the installation of clothing patterns of various sizes, namely by using the greedy algorithm. Greedy algorithm is the right method to solve optimization problems, including the size of the fabric. With the method used, it is indicated that it can make it easier for producers or makers of typical clothes patterns for the Samarinda sarong woven cloth to find out the size of the woven cloth they need. Therefore, in this study several stages were carried out, including the first stage analyzing the medium-sized clothing pattern, the second stage measuring the area of each pattern on the shirt section, and the third stage installing a medium-sized pattern on the woven cloth typical of Samarinda sarong by optimizing the width of the cloth. there is. The application of the typical cloth woven sarong pattern of Samarinda by using the greedy algorithm on the medium size can be concluded to be able to optimize the use of these fabrics. This systematic stage can make it easier for producers or makers of typical Samarinda sarong woven cloth to utilize the woven fabric to the minimum so that there is no waste of the Samarinda sarong woven fabric. Keywords: Shirt, Typical fabric woven sarong Samarinda, Patterns, Greedy Algorithm

Complex Distributions Emerging in Filtering and Compression

In filtering, each output is produced by a certain number of different inputs. We explore the statistics of this degeneracy in an explicitly treatable filtering problem in which filtering performs the maximal compression of relevant information contained in inputs (arrays of zeroes and ones). This problem serves as a reference model for the statistics of filtering and related sampling problems. The filter patterns in this problem conveniently allow a microscopic, combinatorial consideration. This allows us to find the statistics of outputs, namely the exact distribution of output degeneracies, for arbitrary input sizes. We observe that the resulting degeneracy distribution of outputs decays as $e^{-c\log^\alpha \!d}$ with degeneracy $d$, where $c$ is a constant and exponent $\alpha>1$, i.e. faster than a power law. Importantly, its form essentially depends on the size of the input data set, appearing to be closer to a power-law dependence for small data set sizes than for large ones. We demonstrate that for sufficiently small input data set sizes typical for empirical studies, this distribution could be easily perceived as a power law. We extend our results to filter patterns of various sizes and demonstrate that the shortest filter pattern provides the maximum informative representations of the inputs.

Morphology filter bank for extracting nodular and linear patterns in medical images.

Using image processing to extract nodular or linear shadows is a key technique of computer-aided diagnosis schemes. This study proposes a new method for extracting nodular and linear patterns of various sizes in medical images. We have developed a morphology filter bank that creates multiresolution representations of an image. Analysis bank of this filter bank produces nodular and linear patterns at each resolution level. Synthesis bank can then be used to perfectly reconstruct the original image from these decomposed patterns. Our proposed method shows better performance based on a quantitative evaluation using a synthesized image compared with a conventional method based on a Hessian matrix, often used to enhance nodular and linear patterns. In addition, experiments show that our method can be applied to the followings: (1) microcalcifications of various sizes in mammograms can be extracted, (2) blood vessels of various sizes in retinal fundus images can be extracted, and (3) thoracic CT images can be reconstructed while removing normal vessels. Our proposed method is useful for extracting nodular and linear shadows or removing normal structures in medical images.

Electronic Nose Based on Multipatterns of ZnO Nanorods on a Quartz Resonator with Remote Electrodes

An electrodeless monolithic multichannel quartz crystal microbalance (MQCM) sensor was developed via the direct growth of ZnO nanorod patterns of various sizes onto an electrodeless quartz crystal plate. The patterned ZnO nanorods acted as independent resonators with different frequencies upon exposure to an electric field. The added mass of ZnO nanostructures was found to significantly enhance the quality factor (QF) of the resonator in electrodeless QCM configuration. The QF increased with the length of the ZnO nanorods; ZnO nanorods 5 μm in length yielded a 7-fold higher QF compared to the QF of a quartz plate without ZnO nanorods. In addition, the ZnO nanorods offered enhanced sensitivity due to the enlarged sensing area. The developed sensor was used as an electronic nose for detection of vapor mixtures with impurities.

Recognition using Chain Code

The process of recognizing the processed patterns makes the pattern data useful for the computer. It plays a significant role in the field of pattern recognition and computer vision. So, the image capture is an inaccurate process in terms of the distance from the object. Therefore, the image capturing for object from the inside of a moved vehicle, for example, will lead to a change in the distance between the object and the vehicle for each captured image and finally a change in the size of the object image size inside the image. Viewing that the techniques of chain coding are considered the most used in presenting. Therefore, this study has recognized the patterns inside the image by using the chain coding .In the paper, the most important problems that the application of recognizing patterns by using the chain coding and the methods of solving them have been presented .The chain coding has been applied on the images of the regulated and the unregulated geometrical patterns .The problem of changing size has been solved by a suggested method and this method has proved to be of high efficiency in recognizing the patterns of various sizes .Also, the method has proved a higher efficiency compared with Rehman to process the size changing in which the chain coding is used.

A New Well-Pattern-Optimization Procedure for Large-Scale Field Development

Summary The optimization of large-scale multiwell field-development projects is challenging because the number of optimization variables and the size of the search space can become excessive. This difficulty can be circumvented by considering well patterns and then optimizing parameters associated with the pattern type and geometry. In this paper, we introduce a general framework for accomplishing this type of optimization. The overall procedure, which we refer to as well-pattern optimization (WPO), includes a new well-pattern description (WPD) incorporated into an underlying optimization method. The WPD encodes potential solutions in terms of pattern types (e.g., five-spot, nine-spot) and pattern operators. The operators define geometric transformations (e.g., stretching, rotating) quantified by appropriate sets of parameters. It is the parameters that specify the well patterns and the pattern operators, along with additional variables that define the sequence of operations, that are optimized. A technique for subsequent well-by-well perturbation (WWP), in which the locations of wells within each pattern are optimized, is also presented. This WWP represents an optional second phase of WPO. The overall optimization procedure could be used with a variety of underlying optimization methods. Here, we combine it with a particle-swarm-optimization (PSO) technique because PSO methods have been shown recently to provide robust and efficient optimizations for well-placement problems. Detailed optimization results are presented for several example cases. In one case, multiple reservoir models are considered to account for geological uncertainty. For all examples, significant improvement in the objective function is observed as the algorithm proceeds, particularly at early iterations. The use of well-by-well perturbation (following determination of the optimal pattern) is shown to provide additional improvement. Limited comparisons with results using standard well patterns of various sizes demonstrate that the net present values (NPVs) achieved by the new algorithm are considerably larger. Taken in total, the optimization results highlight the potential of the overall procedure for use in practical field development.

Sexual size dimorphism, growth, and maturity of the fluvial eight-barbel loach in the Kako River, Japan

The maturation and growth pattern of the fluvial eight-barbel loach Lefua sp. (Japanese name: nagare-hotoke-dojo), an endangered species, was investigated using an individual identification-recapture method from 1995 to 1998 in an upper reach of a headwater tributary of the Kako River, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Based on observations of the gonads through the abdominal skin, the loach was estimated to breed mostly from May to July. All the males matured by age 1+, and all the females matured by age 2+. Gamete release in all individuals of both males and females was predicted from recaptured loaches during each breeding season. The standard length of mature females was significantly larger than that of males, showing sexual size dimorphism (SSD). The maximum sizes recorded were 75.4 mm SL for females and 61.2 mm SL for males. Both males and females of immature specimens grew mainly from May to November, including the breeding season, with no significant differences in growth rates between them. After sexual maturity, both males and females grew mainly from July to October (or November), after the breeding season, and the females exhibited higher growth rates than males. Therefore, SSD of the species seems to be attributable to the different growth rates after maturity. The longevity of the loach was estimated to exceed ten years based on individual growth patterns of various sizes during the survey period. It is likely that the loach has an iteroparous life history, breeding every year, and moderate growth rates after maturity.

Basic garment pattern generation using geometric modeling method

PurposeThe generation of individually fit basic garment pattern is one of the most important steps in the garment‐manufacturing process. This paper seeks to present a new methodology to generate basic patterns of various sizes and styles using three‐dimensional geometric modeling method.Design/methodology/approachThe geometry of a garment is divided into fit zone and fashion zone. The geometry of fit zone is prepared from 3D body scan data and can be resized parametrically. The fashion zone is modeled using various parameters characterizing the aesthetic appearance of garments. Finally, the 3D garment model is projected into corresponding flat panels considering the physical properties of the base material as well as the producibility of the garment.FindingsThe main findings were geometric modeling and flat pattern generation method for various garments.Originality/valueParametrically deformable garment models enable the design of garments with various size and silhouette so that designers can obtain flat patterns of complex garments before actually making them. Also the number and direction of darts can be determined automatically considering the physical property of fabric.

A method of binding kinetics of a ligand to micropatterned proteins on a microfluidic chip

A combination of microfluidic protein patterning and quantitative microfluidic handling has been used to analyze the binding kinetics of protein-ligand interactions on the nanoliter scale. The microfluidic handling method employing hydrophobic valving and pneumatic control allowed us to control nanoliter volumes of ligand or protein on a microfluidic chip. A hydrophobic and inert fluorocarbon thin film was patterned on a silicon nitride substrate to prevent non-specific binding on the background. Selectively patterned protein patterns of various sizes were used for quantitative analysis of the kinetic parameters of immobilized proteins on the circular patterns. As a model system, a streptavidin-patterned array of the same-sized pattern, i.e. 150 microm diameter, was used to capture FITC-BSA-biotin present in solution. The fluorescence intensity was well matched with the Langmuir isotherm model results, showing a dissociation constant of 2.43x10(-8)M. Similar streptavidin arrays with different-sized spots, ranging from 50 to 200 microm, showed a consistent dissociation constant of FITC-BSA-biotin with streptavidin pattern. Therefore, the reduction of pattern size of an immobilized protein did not change the dissociation rate of the ligand.

Development of new filter bank for detection of nodular patterns and linear patterns in medical images

Abnormal shadows in medical images are described as isolated nodular structures or linear structures. However, the size and shape of the shadows usually vary from case to case. Consequently, in order to detect abnormal shadows with high accuracy, we need to use a filter that can deal with various sizes and shapes, rather than a fixed filter assuming a typical shadow shape. The purpose of this study is to detect abnormal shadows with high accuracy, and a new perfect reconstruction filter bank is developed, introducing multiresolution based on wavelet analysis. The filter bank is designed so that the subimages generated the elements of a Hessian matrix at each resolution level. By calculating the small and large eigenvalues, a new filter bank has the following three properties. (1) Nodular patterns of various sizes can be enhanced. (2) Both nodular and linear patterns of various sizes can be enhanced. (3) The original image can be reconstructed with these patterns removed. The filter bank is applied to enhance microcalcifications in mammograms and to enhance/remove bone tissue in chest radiographs. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(13): 81–91, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20171

Development of advanced Nb process for SFQ circuits

We have been developing a 10-kA/cm 2 advanced Nb process in order to fabricate larger scale and higher speed SFQ circuits with over 100k junctions. We have proposed a planarized multi-layer structure, which consists of a Nb/AlO x /Nb junction layer, 4 Nb wiring layers, a Nb layer for DC power, a Nb ground plane, SiO 2 insulator layers, and a Mo resistor layer. Process technologies for fabricating 1.0-μm 2 junctions with high J C of 10 kA/cm 2 and 1 σ of 1.4% and Mo resistors with R □ of 2.4 Ω have been developed. A new planarization technology called caldera, which is applicable to patterns of various sizes, has been developed. This process consists of reactive ion etching (RIE) with a reverse mask, bias sputtering, and mechanical polishing planarization (MPP). We have now successfully developed all the component technologies required for the advanced Nb process. We have implemented these technologies for the through process and fabricated a structure with six planarized Nb layers, including Nb/AlO x /Nb junctions, Mo resistors, and contacts. In this structure, we obtained excellent current–voltage characteristics for the junctions, sufficient superconducting characteristics for the contacts, and good insulation characteristics between the wiring layers.

A Sealing Technique for Stacking MEMS on LSI Using Spin-Coating Film Transfer and Hot Pressing

This paper describes a novel sealing technique that uses spin-coating film transfer and hot pressing (STP). STP is a key technique in integrating microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) on large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs). It enables us to form a film over cavities and concavities easily by hot-pressing a dielectric in vacuum. Based on an analytical model, the effect of critical parameters for sealing was clarified. In the experiments, concave line-patterns 100 µm wide were sealed with a 20-µm-thick dielectric. The sealing characteristics were also examined experimentally with regard to film thickness and width of cavities, which quantitatively shows that the technique has the possibility of sealing patterns of various sizes. We applied this technique to the fabrication of a MEMS fingerprint sensor, whose MEMS structures with cavities must be stacked on an LSI. Using the fabricated sensor, we succeeded in capturing a fingerprint image, which indicates that the sealing technique does not cause damage and is compatible with the underlying LSI. This sealing technique will be a driving force in extending seamless integration technology to produce high-functionality MEMS devices on LSIs.

Novel Proximity Effect Including Pattern-Dependent Resist Development in Electron Beam Nanolithography

A novel proximity effect, which includes the effect due to secondary electron scattering to a range of less than a micron and the pattern dependence of resist development, has been found and investigated to develop a precise dose control method in electron beam nanolithography. Experiments and simulations including secondary electron scattering were performed for precise evaluation of the proximity effect. This result revealed that the proximity effect caused by secondary electron scattering to the range between 30 nm and a micron is not negligible for nano-patterns. In addition, from experimental estimation of the rate of development of patterns of various sizes, a significant decrease of the rate was found for patterns less than 30-nm wide. The difference of the rate is also modified by the background deposited energy due to surrounding patterns. Therefore, we have to be very careful about how we determine the proper dose for a given nano-pattern.

A method for fast database search for all k-nucleotide repeats.

A significant portion of DNA consists of repeating patterns of various sizes, from very small (one, two and three nucleotides) to very large (over 300 nucleotides). Although the functions of these repeating regions are not well understood, they appear important for understanding the expression, regulation and evolution of DNA. For example, increases in the number of trinucleotide repeats have been associated with human genetic disease, including Fragile-X mental retardation and Huntington's disease. Repeats are also useful as a tool in mapping and identifying DNA; the number of copies of a particular pattern at a site is often variable among individuals (polymorphic) and is therefore helpful in locating genes via linkage studies and also in providing DNA fingerprints of individuals. The number of repeating regions is unknown as is the distribution of pattern sizes. It would be useful to search for such regions in the DNA database in order that they may be studied more fully. The DNA database currently consists of approximately 150 million basepairs and is growing exponentially. Therefore, any program to look for repeats must be efficient and fast. In this paper, we present some new techniques that are useful in recognizing repeating patterns and describe a new program for rapidly detecting repeat regions in the DNA database where the basic unit of the repeat has size up to 32 nucleotides. It is our hope that the examples in this paper will illustrate the unrealized diversity of repeats in DNA and that the program we have developed will be a useful tool for locating new and interesting repeats.

Fine Pattern Etching of W-Ti Absorber for X-Ray Mask with Electron Cyclotron Resonance Discharge Plasmas

The process of etching an amorphous W-Ti absorber using a Cr mask and electron cycrotron resonance discharge plasmas was investigated to fabricate an X-ray mask with a resolution below 0.1 µm. Highly selective and anisotropic etching has been achieved using a mixture of SF6, CHF3 and He gases, by cooling the stage to about -50°C and with the control of the plasma conditions to increase ion assist reactions. It was also found that high selectivity (50-150) of W-Ti to Cr or ITO and a small microloading effect were advantageous to uniformly etch patterns of various sizes. Moreover, the microfabrication of a smooth W-Ti absorber has been demonstrated for lines and spaces patterns below 0.1 µm and 1-Gbit-class dynamic random access memory patterns.

The filled-duration illusion: the function of temporal and nontemporal set.

Studies of the perception of time have demonstrated that large visual stimuli presented for the same duration as small stimuli will appear to have been presented longer. Two theoretical approaches have been offered to explain this effect. Both have emphasized the absolute amount of information in the stimulus. Thus, both would predict the effect when size is varied between sessions. The present study found no effect of size when size was held constant within sessions, but a substantial effect resulted when size was varied within sessions. Also examined was the range of stimulus durations used within a session. In one condition, patterns of various sizes were presented at 15, 30, or 45 msec, while in a second condition, the same patterns were presented to a different group of subjects at 15, 85, or 155 msec. The size effect was significantly reduced when longer time intervals were presented. A third group of subjects was shown patterns at even longer times but with a reduced range (155, 170, and 185 msec). Here the size effect was of equal magnitude to that of the 15-msec interval condition. The implications of these results are that current theoretical explanations of the filled-duration illusion rely on incorrect assumptions.