Saturation Patterns Research Articles

Global patterns of nitrogen saturation in forests

Global patterns of nitrogen saturation in forests

Dietary patterns derived by reduced rank regression, macronutrients as response variables, and variation by economic status: NHANES 1999-2018.

Macronutrient intakes vary across people and economic status, leading to a disparity in diet-related metabolic diseases. This study aimed to provide insight into this by: (1) identifying dietary patterns in adults using reduced rank regression (RRR), with macronutrients as response variables, and (2) investigating the associations between economic status and macronutrient based dietary patterns, and between dietary patterns with central obesity (waist circumference) and systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]). 41,849 US participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2018 were included. The percentages of energy from protein, carbohydrates, saturated fats, and unsaturated fats were used as response variables in RRR. Multivariable generalized linear models with Gaussian distribution were employed to investigate the associations. Four dietary patterns were identified. Economic status was positively associated with both the high fat, low carbohydrate [βHighVsLow = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.28] and high protein patterns [βHighVsLow = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.11], and negatively associated with both the high saturated fat [βHighVsLow = -0.06; 95% CI: -0.08, -0.03] and the low alcohol patterns [βHighVsLow = -0.08; 95% CI; -0.10, -0.06]. The high saturated fat pattern was positively associated with waist circumference [βQ5VsQ1 = 1.71; 95% CI: 0.97, 2.44] and CRP [βQ5VsQ1 = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.47]. Macronutrient dietary patterns, which varied by economic status and were associated with metabolic health markers, may explain associations between economic status and health.

Changes in adequacy of splanchnic oxygen delivery and splanchnic artery doppler after bolus feedings in infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundCurrent practice regarding timing of feed initiation and feed tolerance largely relies on anecdotal practice and protocols. This study aims to provide an objective measure to guide clinical practice by analyzing changes in splanchnic regional oxygen saturation and Doppler patterns with feeds. MethodsA systematic review was performed. Inclusion criteria were: 1) patients under 1 year of age; 2) splanchnic regional oxygen saturation with near infrared spectroscopy before and after feeds or mesenteric Doppler findings before and after feeds; and 3) clinical parameters must have been presented as either mean and standard deviation or median and range. Endpoints of interest included splanchnic regional oxygen saturation, splanchnic systolic velocity, and splanchnic diastolic velocity. Meta-analyses were conducted using an inverse-variance model. The pooled effects are reported as mean difference and 95% confidence interval. Meta-regression was conducted for each endpoint with the following independent variables entered into the model: study year, gestational age, birth weight, time to measurement, and age at time of study. ResultsThis study included 8 studies with a total of 240 patients. Splanchnic regional oxygen saturation did not significantly differ after feeds (mean difference +1.0, 95% CI -2.9 to 4.9, p-value 0.62). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that gestational age under 28 weeks was associated with a significant decrease in splanchnic regional oxygen saturation and GA over 30 weeks was not. Splanchnic artery systolic velocity was significantly higher after feeds (mean difference +34.0 cm/s, 95% CI 11.1 to 57.0 cm/s, p-value < 0.01). Sensitivity analyses for gestational age and birth weight did not find any significant difference in pooled effect. ConclusionSplanchnic regional oxygen saturation was significantly decreased after feeds in those patients under 28 weeks of gestation compared to those over 30 weeks. Systolic and diastolic Doppler velocities were significantly higher after feeds without differences in gestational age.

How do different runoff generation mechanisms drive stream network dynamics? Insights from physics‐based modelling

AbstractNon‐perennial river catchments are characterized by an ever‐changing spatial configuration of their flowing streams. A combination of empirical data and simplified analytical frameworks has been frequently used in the literature to analyse the co‐evolution of the total active stream length () and the catchment discharge at the outlet (). However, despite the increasing availability of field data, understanding how runoff generation processes drive the spatio‐temporal dynamics of non‐perennial river reaches remains challenging. In this paper we use CATHY, an integrated surface–subsurface hydrological model (ISSHM), to investigate the impact of saturation‐excess (Dunnian) and infiltration‐excess (Hortonian) runoff generation on the stream network dynamics of two virtual catchments with spatially homogeneous subsurface properties but different morphology. The numerical simulations show that when surface runoff is triggered by saturation‐excess mechanisms, the subsurface domain is slowly saturated, and the stream network gradually expands upstream from the outlet towards the catchment divides. In these conditions, the specific inflow per unit contributing area is relatively uniform along the network, thereby implying that and display a monotonically increasing one‐to‐one relationship. On the other hand, infiltration‐excess mechanisms lead to more heterogeneous saturation patterns in the subsurface domain. In particular, during the wetting phase, Hortonian processes originate highly transient conditions and a non‐uniform spatial distribution of the specific inflow along the stream network. This is reflected by a hysteretic relation and a marked asymmetry between the wetting and drying phases of the event. The application of an ISSHM proved to be a useful tool to elucidate the processes that drive stream network expansion and retraction in non‐perennial rivers.

Heart rate and oxygen saturation patterns in very low birth weight infants with early onset sepsis and histologic chorioamnionitis.

Chorioamnionitis and early onset sepsis (EOS) in very low birth weight (VLBW,< 1500 g) infants may cause a systemic inflammatory response reflected in patterns of heart rate (HR) and oxygenation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2). Identification of these patterns might inform decisions about duration of antibiotic therapy after birth. Compare early HR and SpO2 patterns in VLBW infants with or without early onset sepsis (EOS) or histologic chorioamnionitis (HC). Retrospective study of placental pathology and HR and SpO2 in the first 72 h from birth in relation to EOS status for inborn VLBW NICU patients 2012-2019. Among 362 VLBW infants with HR and SpO2 data available, clinical, or culture-positive EOS occurred in 91/362 (25%) and HC in 81/355 (22%). In univariate analysis, EOS was associated with higher mean HR, lower mean SpO2, and less negative skewness of HR in the first 3 days after birth. HC was associated with higher standard deviation and skewness of HR but no difference in SpO2. In multivariable modeling, significant risk factors for EOS were mean HR, gestational age, HC, mean SpO2, and skewness of SpO2. HR and SpO2 patterns differ shortly after birth in VLBW infants exposed to HC or with EOS, likely reflecting a systemic inflammatory response.

Three-dimensional shape measurement technique for hot and shiny forging

For hot and shiny forging, rapid optical three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement can find the defects in time, improve manufacturing efficiency and reduce manufacturing cost. Optical 3D measurement of hot and shiny forging faces following three challenges. (a) Influence of blackbody radiation on the red band of visible light leads to saturation of captured fringe pattern. (b) Infrared band of blackbody radiation causes the camera to heat up. (c) Specular reflection of shiny forging leads to local saturation of captured fringe pattern. To address the above issues, we propose an effective optical 3D measurement scheme for hot and shiny forging in this paper. Firstly, the experiments demonstrate that the influence of blackbody radiation on visible light is concentrated in red light band and has no crosstalk in the blue light band, so we adopt blue light projection and blue light band-pass filter (BBF) to capture clear fringe pattern. Secondly, since the BBF cannot block the near-infrared component, we use an infrared light cutoff filter (ICF) to reduce the thermal effect of blackbody radiation. Finally, we analyze the Fourier transform (FT) spectrum of saturated fringe pattern caused by specular reflection, and propose an efficient Butterworth low-pass filtering (BLPF) method that does not require additional hardware, algorithm processing, and image assistance. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Development of Athlete Health Monitoring and Early Warning System Based on Sensor Data

An athlete health monitoring and early warning system based on sensor data utilizes wearable sensors to track various physiological parameters, such as heart rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation, and movement patterns. These sensors continuously collect real-time data during training sessions and competitions. Machine learning algorithms analyze the data to detect deviations from normal patterns and identify potential indicators of injury, fatigue, or overtraining. By monitoring athletes' health parameters over time and comparing them to established baseline values, the system can provide early warnings of potential health issues or performance declines. Coaches and medical staff can then intervene promptly with appropriate interventions, adjustments to training loads, or rest periods to prevent injuries and optimize athletes' performance and well-being. . The paper introduces the Reliable Fuzzy Sensor Optimized Automated Monitoring (RFSO-DL) system, a novel approach to athlete health monitoring leveraging fuzzy logic and sensor data optimization techniques. RFSO-DL offers a comprehensive solution for real-time assessment of athlete well-being by analyzing physiological measurements and activity levels. Through a series of experiments, the system demonstrates high accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score in classifying athlete health status. Results indicate RFSO-DL's effectiveness in capturing subtle variations in health status and providing timely interventions. Through experiments, the system achieves impressive results, with accuracy ranging from 90.5% to 94.1%, precision from 85.8% to 91.2%, recall from 91.7% to 95.6%, and F1 score from 88.6% to 93.3%. These findings underscore RFSO-DL's potential to revolutionize athlete health monitoring by accurately classifying health status based on physiological measurements and activity levels.

Diffuse photon remission associated with the center-illuminated-area-detection geometry. III.Perspectives on the patterns of saturation.

Understanding scattering insensitiveness in diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) will be useful to enhancing the spectral specificity to absorption. In DRS based on center-illuminated-area-detection (CIAD), the scattering response can saturate as the relative strength of scattering with respect to the collection size, represented by a dimensionless reduced scattering, increases over a threshold. However, the formation of saturation versus the same range of dimensionless reduced scattering may differ between a fixed reduced scattering over an increasing collection size (case 1) and an increasing reduced scattering over a fixed collection size (case 2), due to the absorption. Part III demonstrates the differences of the scattering saturation as well as the effect of absorption on it in the CIAD geometry between the two cases while assessed over the same range of the dimensionless reduced scattering. A model allows predicting the absorption-dependent levels of saturation and the corner parameters of saturation transition. When assessed for the absorption coefficient to vary over [0.001,0.01,0.1,1]m m -1, the model-predicted levels of saturation agree with MC results with ≤2.2% error in both cases. In comparison, the model-predicted corner parameters of saturation show much different agreement with MC results in the two cases, suggesting that the saturation pattern is much better formed in one than in the other. Experiments conforming to the CIAD geometry support the discrepancy of the saturating patterns between the two cases.

Silver molybdate: an excellent optical limiting material under nanoregime for photonic device application

There is a mounting demand for nonlinear optical materials with superior optical limiting performance which has a noticeable impact on protecting the delicate optical components from laser-induced damage. Transition metal molybdates have garnered attention in the nonlinear optics field due to their outstanding optical and luminescent properties, which give rise to widespread applications in next-generation optoelectronics devices. The structural confirmation of the as prepared silver molybdate nanoparticles were made by XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The linear optical properties and the band gap of the synthesized material were studied using UV–Visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy. SEM analysis revealed the pebble like morphology of the silver molybdate nanostructures. The nonlinear responses of the samples were studied using open aperture z-scan approach with Nd:YAG pulsed laser (532 nm, 9 ns, 10 Hz). The sample exhibits reverse saturable absorption pattern attributed to the two photon absorption (2PA) mechanism. The obtained OL threshold value is in the order of 1012 which is suitable for fabricating optical limiters in nano second pulsed laser regime.

First Characterization of Tissue Oxygen Saturation Recovery Patterns in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Patients Undergoing Remote Ischemic Preconditioning and the Association With Clinical Outcomes

This study aimed to delineate the recovery patterns of regional oxygen saturation (SrO2) in pediatric cardiac surgery patients subjected to remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), utilizing near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for quantification. It also sought to establish the correlation between these perfusion patterns and postoperative clinical outcomes. A prospective longitudinal observational study. The study was conducted at Fundación Valle Del Lili, a high-complexity service provider institution in Fundación Valle Del Lili. Pediatric patients (younger than 18 years of age) scheduled for elective cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass between August 2022 and July 2023. RIPC was performed after anesthetic induction, involving cycles of ischemia and reperfusion on a lower limb. Monitoring included SrO2 using NIRS. The study identified 4 distinct patterns of SrO2 during RIPC. Findings demonstrated a significant association between the negative SrO2 pattern and increased postoperative adverse events, including extended hospital stays and higher mortality, while a positive pattern was associated with better outcomes. Specific patterns of SrO2 response to RIPC may serve as important indicators for risk stratification in congenital heart surgery. This study illustrated the potential of NIRS in detecting hypoxic states and predicting postoperative outcomes, emphasizing the need for standardized clinical interpretation of RIPC patterns.

The shifting lipidomic landscape of blood monocytes and neutrophils during pneumonia.

The lipidome of immune cells during infection has remained unexplored, although evidence of the importance of lipids in the context of immunity is mounting. In this study, we performed untargeted lipidomic analysis of blood monocytes and neutrophils from patients hospitalized for pneumonia and age- and sex-matched noninfectious control volunteers. We annotated 521 and 706 lipids in monocytes and neutrophils, respectively, which were normalized to an extensive set of internal standards per lipid class. The cellular lipidomes were profoundly altered in patients, with both common and distinct changes between the cell types. Changes involved every level of the cellular lipidome: differential lipid species, class-wide shifts, and altered saturation patterns. Overall, differential lipids were mainly less abundant in monocytes and more abundant in neutrophils from patients. One month after hospital admission, lipidomic changes were fully resolved in monocytes and partially in neutrophils. Integration of lipidomic and concurrently collected transcriptomic data highlighted altered sphingolipid metabolism in both cell types. Inhibition of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate synthesis in healthy monocytes and neutrophils resulted in blunted cytokine responses upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. These data reveal major lipidomic remodeling in immune cells during infection, and link the cellular lipidome to immune functionality.

Tracer-based lipidomics enables the discovery of disease-specific candidate biomarkers in mitochondrial β-oxidation disorders.

Carnitine derivatives of disease-specific acyl-CoAs are the diagnostic hallmark for long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation disorders (lcFAOD), including carnitine shuttle deficiencies, very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD), long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD) and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (MPTD). The exact consequence of accumulating lcFAO-intermediates and their influence on cellular lipid homeostasis is, however, still unknown. To investigate the fate and cellular effects of the accumulating lcFAO-intermediates and to explore the presence of disease-specific markers, we used tracer-based lipidomics with deuterium-labeled oleic acid (D9-C18:1) in lcFAOD patient-derived fibroblasts. In line with previous studies, we observed a trend towards neutral lipid accumulation in lcFAOD. In addition, we detected a direct connection between the chain length and patterns of (un)saturation of accumulating acylcarnitines and the various enzyme deficiencies. Our results also identified two disease-specific candidate biomarkers. Lysophosphatidylcholine(14:1) (LPC(14:1)) was specifically increased in severe VLCADD compared to mild VLCADD and control samples. This was confirmed in plasma samples showing an inverse correlation with enzyme activity, which was better than the classic diagnostic marker C14:1-carnitine. The second candidate biomarker was an unknown lipid class, which we identified as S-(3-hydroxyacyl)cysteamines. We hypothesized that these were degradation products of the CoA moiety of accumulating 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. S-(3-hydroxyacyl)cysteamines were significantly increased in LCHADD compared to controls and other lcFAOD, including MTPD. Our findings suggest extensive alternative lipid metabolism in lcFAOD and confirm that lcFAOD accumulate neutral lipid species. In addition, we present two disease-specific candidate biomarkers for VLCADD and LCHADD, that may have significant relevance for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring.

Analysis of competition and interference mechanisms of multiple hydraulic fractures in deep-sea hydrate reservoirs in the South China Sea

Improving the fundamental theory of hydraulic fracturing in deep-sea hydrate reservoirs is of great significance in enhancing the efficiency of gas hydrate mining. In this paper, a multi-cluster fracturing model for a horizontal well was established with a three-dimensional extended finite element method and the measured geo-mechanical data from hydrate reservoirs in the South China Sea. The performance, fracture initiation, and expansion mechanisms of multi-hydraulic fractures are investigated under different fracturing sequences, hydrate saturation and cluster deployment patterns. Some interesting results have been discovered: In the case of three-cluster, the fractures produced by sequential fracturing are notably more affected by pre-existing fractures. Furthermore, the effect of fracture interference between simultaneous and sequential fracturing is reflected in the middle fracture is compressed by the fractures on its left and right sides. The increase in hydrate saturation enhances the cementing ability of the sediments and results in an increased difficulty of fracture initiation for the five-cluster simultaneous fracturing. It also results in a decrease in the geo-stress field, where the interaction between fractures plays a dominant role in the process of fracture expansion, leading to non-uniform expansion.

Investigation of factors influencing the process of cement formation and its contacts with casing pipes on the example of Mangystau region fields

This work is devoted to the study of factors affecting the formation of cement stone and its contacts with casing pipes, the development of recommendations and technological methods to improve the quality of well cementing. The main task of cementing wells is hermetic separation of rocks with different saturation patterns. The solution to this problem is quite difficult, because it depends on many factors.&#x0D; Based on the analysis of the results of acoustic cement bond logging and field studies of wells, it was found that the quality coefficient of cementing with a slight error can characterize the annulus integrity. In this regard, when conducting skilled or experimental work, the quality coefficient of cementing was used by us as the main parameter for evaluating the effectiveness of various technological operations carried out during well cementing.

Equine blood oxygenation as a coefficient of performance

In horse breeding, it is important to introduce affordable methods for assessing the potential of the horse’s body to perform work of varying severity and in different terrain conditions (altitude, landscape features, type of work). The applicability of the method of dosing the load of working horses in highland conditions has been established on the basis of the value of the horse’s body weight calculated using the “heart girth” measurement, but the work should already be classified as heavy at a load weight of 15% of the horse’s body weight. The arterial molecular oxygen saturation of the blood and the pulse rate are sufficient to assess the state of respiratory function and the nature of the involvement of associated systems. The studies carried out on 14 mature working horses and also on 5 young horses used for work in lowland and highland conditions have made it possible to recommend the widespread use of the pulse oximeter for rapid analysis of blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate in order to dose the workload of these animals appropriately. Veterinary examination of horses with abnormal oxygen saturation and pulse pattern detected by the pulse oximeter confirmed the presence of clinical signs and laboratory markers of disorders in the body of a stallion and a repair mare, excluding the use of these animals as working animals. Early detection of inadequate respiratory function in young animals can allow a balanced decision to be made to refuse special training and prevent economic losses.

The Quizizz Application for Improving Mentally Retarded Students' Vocabulary

This study was to research students’ vocabulary for using the Quizizz application in a special need school for mentally retarded students and how Quizizz applications used by teachers. To determine if the Quizizz app has an effect on mentally retarded students' vocabulary ability. These studies employed a quantitative research methodology with an experimental design that utilized a single organization for the pretest and posttest. The twenty test takers were all students and made up the population. Due to the fact that this pattern checks all college students, a total of 20 persons, it is a saturated pattern. Descriptive facts, prerequisite check assessment, and speculation testing make up the information series approach. Following the use of the Quizizz program, a code value reflecting pre- and post-test data on students' vocabulary proficiency was produced from the test results. 0.253 &gt; 0.05. Similarly, at a critical threshold &amp; it; (0.000 0.05), H0 and H1 are also rejected. These results imply that the ninth-grade Quizizz program has an impact on how pupils communicate.

Studies of the hydrodynamic properties of the formation of an oil and gas condensate field

This paper presents the experience of well testing conducted by several geological associations. The studies were conducted to assess the characteristics of productive formations, such as hydroconductivity, productivity, saturation pattern and operating mode. Various methods and equipment were used, including various types of drilling rigs and drills. Some disadvantages of the tests are also described, such as the erroneous choice of perforation intervals or poor-quality gas condensate studies. The data on the tools and techniques used, as well as the results of studies on stationary and unsteady filtration modes are presented. The findings of the study will help to improve understanding of the geological characteristics of the formations and improve production efficiency.

NUMERICAL AND LABORATORY SIMULATION OF TRANSFORMER SATURATION DEPENDING ON THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE CURRENT

In case of short circuits in electric power systems, emergency modes are possible, accompanied by saturation of transformers. With them, significant distortion of current signals occurs in the secondary winding of the transformer with the appearance of an aperiodic component and harmonics, the level of which is comparable to the signal at the main industrial frequency. The requirements for relay protection and automation devices imply the need to determine the time from the onset of the transient process to the onset of distortion of the current signal in the secondary winding.&#x0D; &#x0D; The purpose of the study is to analyze the saturation of the transformer depending on the initial phase of the transition process.&#x0D; &#x0D; Materials and methods. The PSCAD platform was used to model the power system section. The model makes it possible to qualitatively describe the saturation of a step-down transformer in the event of a short circuit on the low side, taking into account hysteresis phenomena in the magnetic system. Experimental verification was carried out in laboratory conditions using a measuring (intermediate) current transformer.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results. It is shown that, depending on the phase of the current at the moment of the beginning of the transient process, the pattern of saturation and, accordingly, the distortion of the current changes significantly. The distortion of the time waveform of the current signal in the secondary winding of the transformer can begin both after fractions of the period of the power frequency signal, and after several periods.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusions. The assessment of transformer saturation modes should be carried out taking into account the fact that the initial conditions for transient processes during short circuits are random. In the analysis of such processes, it is necessary to take into account the phase shift between current and voltage.

Examining the relationship between regional economic resilience and epidemiologic spread of COVID-19: evidence from Greece

AbstractThe experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has become a challenge worldwide for reconsidering the complex relationship between epidemiological vulnerability (EV) and regional economic resilience (RER). Building on statistical and empirical analysis, this paper detects that epidemiological vulnerability is positively related to geographical size, urbanization, economic size, and production capacity. The analysis distinguishes between the importance of the contribution of non-land transportation to epidemiological spread at the early stage of the pandemic, and of land transportation at later stages of the pandemic. It detects distinct spatiotemporal patterns in the distribution of epidemiological waves in Greek regions, illustrating a saturated temporal pattern and a “major” geographical configuration following the S-type dynamics of spatial development in Greece. Further, this paper highlights the importance of economies of scale and transportation connectivity in the configuration of the RER-EV nexus, emphasizing the significance of land transport connectivity for the control of neighborhood-scale socioeconomic activities once the pandemic is imported into a region. Finally, the analysis distinguishes land transport connectivity and urbanization degree as determinants related the most to long-term effects in the configuration of the RER-EV nexus and provides insights into the effectiveness of stringent policy measures implemented at the early stage of the pandemic. Overall, beyond its empirical case study, this paper provides a methodological framework to shed more light on a research field growing on the intersection of regional economics and public health and motivate more evidence-based policymaking enhancing the resilience of places in the face of future health crises.

High dynamic range 3D measurement based on the Butterworth low-pass filter and Hilbert transform

Due to the limited dynamic range of the camera, a measured object with non-Lambert reflection saturates the fringe pattern, which will lead to three-dimensional (3D) measurement error. In this paper, we propose a novel, to our knowledge, high dynamic range 3D measurement technique based on the Butterworth low-pass filter (BLPF) and Hilbert transform (HT), which is called BLPFHT for short. First, we analyze the Fourier transform (FT) spectrum of saturated fringe pattern. Then, we use the Butterworth low-pass filter to filter out the higher harmonic components introduced by fringe intensity saturation. BLPF leads to a non-sinusoidal fringe pattern in the saturated region, which introduces periodic phase error. Therefore, we establish a phase error model and use HT to correct the phase error. Experimental comparison confirms that the proposed BLPFHT can efficiently and accurately reconstruct the 3D shape of non-Lambert reflective surfaces without additional image or hardware assistance.