Residential Mobility Patterns Research Articles

Factors Associated With Residential Mobility in Children With Leukemia: Implications For Assigning Exposures

In epidemiologic studies, neighborhood characteristics are often assigned to individuals based on a single residence despite the fact that people frequently move and, for most cancer outcomes, the relevant time-window of exposure is not known. The authors evaluated residential mobility patterns for a population-based series of childhood leukemia cases enrolled in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study. Complete residential history from 1 year before birth to date of diagnosis was obtained for 380 cases diagnosed between 1995 and 2002. All residences were assigned U.S. Census block group designations using a geographic information system. Overall, two-thirds (65.8%) of children had moved between birth and diagnosis, and one-third (34.5%) moved during the first year of life. Approximately 25% of the mothers had moved during the year before the child's birth. Multivariable analysis indicated greater residential mobility to be associated with older age of the child at diagnosis, younger age of the mother at child's birth, and lower household income. Among those who had moved, residential urban/rural status for birth and diagnosis residences changed for about 20% of subjects, and neighborhood socioeconomic status for 35%. These results suggest that neighborhood attribute estimates in health studies should account for patterns of residential mobility. Estimates based on a single residential location at a single point in time may lead to different inferences.

From spatial interaction data to spatial interaction information? Geovisualisation and spatial structures of migration from the 2001 UK census

In modern GIS applications, flow mapping and geodynamics are not particularly well represented. This is somewhat surprising given the potential of such approaches to shed light on the spatial characteristics associated with the movement of people and goods. Despite the attention of a select number of researchers whose contributions have been significant, however, the subject matter remains underdeveloped and the full potential of spatial interaction data remains largely unrealised. Therefore, this paper represents an attempt to popularise the use of flow mapping within a contemporary GIS, with a view to aiding and enhancing decision support at a range of different spatial scales. It discusses advances in flow mapping, proposes an approach to mapping a large migration matrix from the United Kingdom’s 2001 census, and considers the ways in which this can add value to the understanding of geographical patterns of residential mobility. Subsequently, it considers possible dissemination methods via new developments in web-based geospatial technologies before offering some general principles and identifying future challenges. The findings indicate that it is now entirely feasible to map large spatial interaction datasets with common GIS software, that this has the benefit of producing instant, query-led information, and that the knowledge derived from this could be used to inform all kinds of local, regional and national policy formulation and evaluation.

‘moving around’: the social and spatial mobility of youth in lusaka

Claims have recently been made for a ‘mobilities paradigm’ which is challenging the relative ‘a‐mobile’ focus of much of the social sciences. The agenda drawn up for this mobilities paradigm is clearly based on Northern trends with little consideration of the South. African populations have always been mobile but little is known about the mobility of urban populations and in particular of the youth, who constitute a large proportion of the population. This paper explores the daily and residential mobility of young people in Lusaka building upon interviews held with low‐ and middle‐income youth. The aim is to contribute to discussions of: how mobility varies by gender and class; the links between spatial mobility and social and economic mobility; the nature of the relationship between patterns of mobility and residential structure; and how examining mobility can illuminate many other aspects of young people's lives. Overall the picture emerging from Lusaka is rather bleak. In a context of spiralling economic decline and rising HIV/AIDS rates, the social mobility of youth is predominantly downwards which is reflected in the residential and daily mobility patterns of the young people. There is a strong link between young people's mobility and their livelihoods, an aspect of mobility that is widespread in the South but largely overlooked by the emerging mobilities paradigm.

Towards a geography of displacement. Moving out of Brussels’ gentrifying neighbourhoods

This paper takes up recent calls for re-invigorating research activity on the socio-spatial effects of gentrification, and on gentrification-induced displacement in par- ticular. It does so by analysing the socio-economic profiles and destination municipalities of individuals who moved out of Brussels' gentrifying neighbourhoods in the early 2000s. Findings clearly indicate that highly contrasted residential mobility patterns are conflated in this set of migrants. Surely, the majority of these out-migrants do not match the idea of low-status residents forced out of their neighbourhoods as gentrification develops. Yet, results also highlight a specific residential mobility pattern associated with low-status individuals moving out of gentrifying neighbourhoods. I argue that these findings outline a believable picture of the geography of displacement, that is, they show where former inhabitants displaced by gentrification are most likely to relocate. These movements are mostly over short distances, and directed towards impoverished working-class neigh- bourhoods within the city. Nevertheless, others leave the city as a whole. These findings echo earlier comments on the growing social-spatial polarisation of the Brussels' urban landscape, and validate to some extent appraisals by local community organisations that stress that part of the urban poor are being "exported" from gentrifying inner neighbour- hoods in Brussels towards generally depressed, old industrial regions in the rest of the country.

Reduction Strategies and Geochemical Characterization of Lithic Assemblages: A Comparison of Three Case Studies from Western North America

Based on a simple model of lithic procurement, reduction, and use, we generate predictions for patterns in source diversity and average distance-to-source measurements for flaked stone assemblages left behind by small-scale and residentially mobile populations. We apply this model to geochemical data from obsidian artifacts from three regions in western North America. As predicted, results show markedly different patterns in the geochemical composition of small flakes, large flakes, and formal tools. While small flakes and tools tend to have greater source diversity and are on average farther from their original source, the large flake assemblage is composed of fewer and closer sources. These results suggest that a failure to include very late stage reduction (e.g., pressure flakes) and microdebitage in characterization studies may bias interpretations about the extent of residential mobility and/or trade patterns because more distant sources will be underrepresented.

Tethered mobility and riparian resource exploitation among Neolithic hunters and herders in the Galana River basin, Kenyan coastal lowlands

Human activity along the Galana River inside Tsavo National Park, Kenya extends from 6000 years BP until at least 1300 years BP. This time period in East Africa predates and includes the Pastoral Neolithic – geographically and temporally linked early cattle-herding cultures comprised of autonomous communities with loose cultural connections to one another. Data from some sites located in the Great Rift Valley, Lake Victoria Basin and Central Kenyan Highlands indicate that after 3000 years BP, residential mobility patterns increased and pastoralists adopted a strong dependence on maintaining and culling herds of domesticated animals. This pattern is not borne out in Tsavo, where artefact analyses indicate that people had restricted mobility and relied primarily on exploitation of an endoaquatic resource base. This study hypothesises that subdecadal periodicity in El Niño/Southern Oscillation index (ENSO) along with a general trend toward aridification of East African landscapes provided the environmental backdrop for a subsistence regime focused primarily within riparian environments of the Coastal Lowlands region.

Beeliners, Pinkies, and Kitties: Mobility and Marginalization in the South Atlantic Snapper Grouper Fishery

This paper describes and analyzes the results of anthropological fieldwork carried out to determine the degree and patterns of residential mobility of commercial fishermen based in a small, southeastern US community undergoing rapid transformations. While the study was conducted to directly aid in understanding the issue of mobility for the Census Bureau, the findings are also applicable to the job of improving federal fishery management by making it more responsive to the needs of fishing communities. Such communities, however defined, are currently experiencing great stress from the exogenous forces of tourism, land redevelopment, globalization of seafood markets, increasing property taxes, and environmental degradation. How different groupings in the community respond to or resist such stress is conditioned by the role and class each grouping occupies. In the case of this small grouping of snapper-grouper fishermen, their extremely marginalized position in the community did not afford them the ability ...

Expressions of Housing Consumer Preferences: Proposition for a Research Agenda

According to a “behavioural‐cultural” model of the housing market, lifestyle and images of the housing and location end‐product determine individual housing consumption behaviour and residential mobility patterns, and consequently have an effect on buyer/renter demand. On the other hand, in some market contexts a more traditional picture may be more valid. This explorative study reports qualitative evidence on residential location preferences, tastes and intentions of consumers in Randstad, Holland, using open interviews with experts who are real estate and planning professionals, and therefore familiar with the variety of consumer preferences. The results show that, for the majority of housing consumers, the functionality and spaciousness of the house itself matters more than location, and that tangible factors carry more weight than intangible ones when it comes to evaluating the physical surroundings. These findings are indicative when establishing a research agenda aimed at investigating socially inflected housing preferences.

Residential mobility patterns and exposure misclassification in epidemiologic studies of birth defects

Many studies of environmental exposures and birth defects use mothers' addresses at delivery as a proxy for the exposure. The validity of these studies is questionable because birth defects generally occur within 8 weeks of conception and the mother's address at delivery may differ from her address early in pregnancy. In order to assess the extent of this bias, we examined the pattern of maternal residential mobility over the span of 3 months prior to conception through delivery, and associated maternal socio-demographic characteristics. We linked Texas subjects from a national case-control study of birth defects with their corresponding records from the Texas Birth Defects Registry and the Texas live birth certificates. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess maternal socio-demographic factors related to mobility during pregnancy. Overall, 33% of case and 31% of control mothers changed residence between conception and delivery. The pattern of mobility was similar for both case and control mothers for each pregnancy period. Multivariate analyses indicated that for case mothers, older age (OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.21-0.70), higher household income (OR=0.35, 95% CI=0.18-0.68), Hispanic ethnicity (OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.44-0.92), and higher parity (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.38-0.94) were indicators of lower mobility during pregnancy. For control mothers, the same pattern of association was present, however, only older age was significantly associated with low rates of mobility. Studies of birth defects using maternal address at delivery as a proxy for maternal environmental exposures during pregnancy may be subject to considerable nondifferential exposure misclassification due to maternal mobility during pregnancy.

The rise of the small household: demographic change and household structure in Paris

AbstractThis paper examines the changing numbers and structure of households in the City of Paris during the 1980s and 1990s. It sets the findings in the context of the Paris agglomeration and considers the results in the light of broader demographic trends associated with the second demographic transition. Although part of a longer‐term historical process of declining household size, the growth of one‐person households was rapid in this period, accounting for most of the growth in numbers of households. Over 50% of all households were one‐person in 1999 in the City of Paris, and four‐fifths consisted of just one or two people. The greatest increase was in the pre‐retirement age groups. The paper examines the demographic structure of these households and their geographical distribution, raising questions about the relationship between household changes, occupational structure, housing markets and patterns of residential mobility. Whilst the analysis confirms the well‐established concentration of one‐person households in the central city, it indicates considerable dispersion of new household forms to the rest of the agglomeration. Moreover, although young adults continue to play an important role in the City of Paris, the effects of previous demographic change on the size of generations points to a sharp increase in older adults in their forties and fifties during the 1990s. As in other leading French cities, gender, occupational status and housing are found to be important ingredients in the explanation of one‐person households, with the increase in women in professional employment a particular feature. A case study of one quartier exemplifies these relationships. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The origin of the Juch'uypampa Cave mummies: strontium isotope analysis of archaeological human remains from Bolivia

Previous analyses of strontium isotopes from human bone and teeth have identified diverse patterns of residential mobility in the South Central Andes during the Middle Horizon (AD 500–1100). During this time, the large polity of Tiwanaku exerted great influence over what are now southern Peru, northern Chile, northwestern Argentina and Bolivia. Recently, five naturally-mummified individuals were discovered in the cave of Juch'uypampa in the Pulacayo region of southern Bolivia. Although these individuals were buried with a number of fine Tiwanaku-style grave goods as well as non-Tiwanaku items, the burial site is isolated and does not conform to the pattern of large Tiwanaku-affiliated cemeteries and residential sites outside of the Lake Titicaca Basin. Strontium isotope analysis was performed on enamel from two adult men and bone from a third adult male in order to test the hypotheses that one or more of the males was from either the Tiwanaku heartland in the Lake Titicaca Basin, the Chilean oasis of San Pedro de Atacama, which contains a series of cemeteries with Tiwanaku-style grave goods, or the local area in which they were buried. Results show that two individuals likely spent their childhood in the local area where they were interred, while the third man probably spent at least the last twenty years of his life in that region before being buried there. This raises interesting questions regarding the nature of Tiwanaku influence in southern Bolivia and the relationship between the Juch'uypampa mummies and the Tiwanaku polity.

Karstic Wetland Dwellers of Middle Palaeolithic Epirus, Greece

The coastal zone of western Greece from the Ambracian Gulf to the Albanian border is the, foreland of the great Pindos range. It is a complicated, actively rising landscape of limestone mountains and closed intra-montane basins. Archaeologically, this karst landscape is distinguished by numerous Middle Palaeolithic open-air sites embedded in the red sediments of the basins. In contrast,further inland, the river valleys of the western flank of the Pindos harbor only sparse cave and rockshelter sites of Upper Palaeolithic age. A land-use strategy in the Middle Palaeolithic focused on predictable and seasonally-dependable features of karstic origin. This long-term pattern of scheduled Neanderthal residential mobility took advantage of wetlands at fixed locations which provided essential resources such as flint, animals, and plants. As the climate deteriorated in the Upper Palaeolithic the exploitation of wetlands declined and humans turned to caves and rockshelters and the pursuit of game on the upland interfluves and in river gorges.

City Nomads

The article analyzes residential mobility patterns of the Amsterdam poor from the perspective of their coping strategies. In periods when cheap houses were available, casual and unskilled laborers tended to move very often from house to house. Generally, they remained in the immediate vicinity, thus preserving their social networks. After the First World War, the typical proletarian mobility was less conspicuous, due to the housing shortage and improvements in the welfare system.

Residential Trajectories

This article illustrates the challenges and potential advantages associated with using a sequence-based method to describe the structure of individual residential mobility histories. The authors examine the existence and prevalence of distinctive patterns of residential mobility across a rural-suburban-urban place-type continuum. They identify a finite set of empirically common residential trajectories that describe patterns of movement across the geographic landscape. This approach reveals (1) a great deal of stability in patterns of residential attachment; (2) that residential movement is frequently organized in terms of place-type, rather than in terms of specific locations; and (3) that certain place-types are rarely linked together in residential histories, which suggests that the universe of place-types contains social boundaries. Combining the empirically observed residential trajectories with basic demographic characteristics of individuals confirms general expectations from the life course perspective about the roles and positions individuals occupy over different stages of adulthood.

Life Cycle Theory and the Residential Mobility of Older Canadians

This paper outlines a debate in the economics literature about the role of housing wealth in post-retirement consumption choices and provides a description of the patterns of the residential mobility, tenure, and dwelling-type transitions of older Canadians, using the newly available Statistics Canada Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID). The paper also presents estimation results for a panel data model that accounts for individual heterogeneity. The patterns of residential mobility of older adults in Canada appear to be similar to those in the United States and some European countries and do not seem to be motivated by the desire to use housing wealth for general consumption.

Economic consequences of retiree concentrations: a review of North American studies.

The study of patterns of residential mobility among individuals around the age of retirement has led to the recognition that for many reasons-climate and cost of living being the most frequently cited-settlement patterns of comparatively affluent retirees will often differ from those of the working-age population. Increasingly, localities may often seek this type of relocation, on the theory that the newcomers will provide a boost to the local economy through expenditures and tax payments. In addition, there is often the perception that such a strategy will not cost the community much in the way of locally provided public services. The past several years have witnessed a substantial increase in efforts to provide some quantitative estimates on the magnitude of these hypothetical effects. This article aims at providing a summary assessment of such analyses, incorporating research projects in both the United States and Canada. Practically all such studies may be characterized as being exclusively short term in nature; that is, they focus more or less exclusively on the near-term implications of retiree inmigration, which do tend to be overwhelmingly positive from an economic or fiscal perspective. In general, this area of inquiry may be characterized by a paucity of knowledge regarding the longer term effects of such population movement. There has been no effort to analyze the aging in place of the erstwhile newcomers or the failure of the retirement migration process to generate other than a plethora of opportunities for comparatively low-skill, low-wage service employment. Policies intended to foster amenity migration as an economic development tool would greatly benefit from longer term analyses of the economic implications of the process.

Post‐apartheid residential mobility patterns in two South African cities

Pre‐1994 apartheid laws had a marked impact on urban land use patterns in South Africa. A new government came into power in 1994 and the Group Areas Act had been abolished. The resultant integration of residential suburbs was initially slow, but is occurring at an increasing rate. In this paper, relocation patterns in Johannesburg and Pretoria are analysed. Analysis of the process indicates that the socio‐economic status and the affordability levels of the home‐buyer will drive the relocation process. Integration levels will initially be highest in low‐ and middle‐income residential areas. Shopping centres in certain areas had to change their products and tenant mix to cater for the specific needs of new black residents, while the increasing integration of residential areas will also have an impact on the location of office firms. Attention is drawn to certain similarities with the process of residential integration in the USA.

Why Is Black–White Residential Segregation So Persistent?: Evidence on Three Theories from Migration Data

This article examines the patterns of residential mobility by Whites and African Americans that contribute to continued high levels of Black–White residential segregation in American cities. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics matched with data from the decennial censuses, patterns of migration are described, modeled as a function of individual characteristics, and then used to project changes in spatial segregation that would result from hypothetical alterations in the individual characteristics of the Black and White populations. The results suggest that White avoidance of predominately Black and racially mixed neighborhoods is a very important process upholding segregation. White probabilities of moving among neighborhood types are only weakly influenced by individual characteristics, including income; Black probabilities are more strongly influenced by individual characteristics. Black moves into White neighborhoods are less frequent than White moves, but are not extremely infrequent. The article concludes that efforts to curtail segregation must consider White avoidance in addition to discrimination in housing markets.

Taphonomic and Methodological Perspectives of Leporid Hunting During the Upper Paleolithic of the Western Mediterranean Basin

Leporid (rabbit and hare) bones have been shown to yield important information about subsistence practices, mobility patterns, and demographic trends during the Paleolithic of the western and eastern Mediterranean regions. Studies of Spanish Paleolithic caves rich in rabbit bones suggest that residential mobility patterns influence the degree of leporid hunting through time. Studies of Paleolithic sites in the eastern Mediterranean suggest that leporids were hunted in large numbers only after population sizes and densities reached certain thresholds. This paper reviews and critiques these studies based on current taphonomic and ecologic information about leporids. Leporid hunting during the Upper Paleolithic of central Portugal is then discussed and compared to these existing models. These latter data suggest that rabbit hunting in central Portugal does not conform to any existing model, suggesting that local factors of leporid density and environmental conditions likely influenced the nature and timing of small game acquisition during the Upper Paleolithic.

Residential Mobility: Contrasting Approaches in Europe and the United States

Major differences exist in patterns of residential mobility and in theories about them in the US compared with European countries. The divergent histories and institutional arrangements of the two areas foster specific types of mobility and hinder others. To explain the mobility in each setting, theorists have selected methods and variables that make their approaches seem unsuitable when applied to the other area. Variety among European countries is important, but this discussion stresses how a common legacy of housing policies has inclined European observers to the view that everything is more complicated than it seems. By contrast, American analysts tend to see their housing situation in a simplified but strangely dualistic way. For some, real estate markets are already functioning beautifully in fostering timely moves and simply need to be appreciated. For others the barriers to escaping from paralysed inner-city ghettos are almost insurmountable. The barriers to moving out of 'socially excluding' zones, although growing, seem less formidable to European analysts. Are these zones like the rest of markets significantly different, or are they merely perceived with different analytical spectacles? Some of both, naturally.