Payment Patterns Research Articles

Acceptability of Digital Payment System Throughout Covid-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: a Comparative Study Between Pre-pandemic and Post-pandemic Period

The COVID-19 pandemic extensively affects the world, particularly consumer payment patterns. Since, the lack of physical contact during the COVID-19 pandemic era, consumers' need for a substitute spending pattern has increased. People are required to utilize debit cards, credit cards, internet banking, and other mobile banking services as an alternative to physical transactions when they buy products online and make virtual payments. 2019 is known as a pre-pandemic period, therefore the study intends to scrutinize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of digital payment methods in Bangladesh. This paper has focused to analyze the average amounts of transactions of each payment method that occurred during the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic eras (2019-2021). The result of the study confirmed an insignificant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of digital payment methods in Bangladesh.

Growing Imperative of Digital Payments In COVID-19 Pandemic-With Special Reference To Retail Customers

The impact of steps taken to contain COVID-19 and the fear of losing lives, on consumption and paymentpatterns is quite evident in India. The lockdown has changed the consumption and payment habits ofconsumers. The study was conducted to assess the impact of COVID-19 on payment patterns (retail) ofconsumers residing in urban areas of Varanasi and nearby towns. The required data was collected through anonline survey. The questionnaire to assess the impact of pandemic on payments patterns (retail) was sent tourban consumers of Varanasi and nearby towns (U.P.), using Google forms. Some of the consumer'sresponses were recorded using telephonic interview. The data collected was analysed through MS-Exceland Jamovi version 1.6.23 software. To avoid physical contact, people have started digital payments,especially UPI/ Digital Wallets. The digital payments are used for both goods purchasing and servicesconsumption and this behavior is likely to be continued in future also. There are some limitations also suchas security threats, connectivity issues etc, which need to be improved. Due to administrative restrictionsand social distancing mandates, small sample was selected for the study. The study has taken only urbanconsumers as sample. The findings will help marketers to adapt accordingly and concerned authorities todevelop the necessary infrastructure for encouraging the digital payments among people.

Drug company payments to General Practices in England: Cross-sectional and social network analysis.

Although there has been extensive research on pharmaceutical industry payments to healthcare professionals, healthcare organisations with key roles in health systems have received little attention. We seek to contribute to addressing this gap in research by examining drug company payments to General Practices in England in 2015. We combine a publicly available payments database managed by the pharmaceutical industry with datasets covering key practice characteristics. We find that practices were an important target of company payments, receiving £2,726,018, equivalent to 6.5% of the value of payments to all healthcare organisations in England. Payments to practices were highly concentrated and specific companies were also highly dominant. The top 10 donors and the top 10 recipients amassed 87.9% and 13.6% of the value of payments, respectively. Practices with more patients, a greater proportion of elderly patients, and those in more affluent areas received significantly more payments on average. However, the patterns of payments were similar across England's regions. We also found that company networks-established by making payments to the same practices-were largely dominated by a single company, which was also by far the biggest donor. Greater policy attention is required to the risk of financial dependency and conflicts of interests that might arise from payments to practices and to organisational conflicts of interests more broadly. Our research also demonstrates that the comprehensiveness and quality of payment data disclosed via industry self-regulatory arrangements needs improvement. More interconnectivity between payment data and other datasets is needed to capture company marketing strategies systematically.

Accessibility and quality of drug company disclosures of payments to healthcare professionals and organisations in 37 countries: a European policy review

ObjectivesTo examine the accessibility and quality of drug company payment data in Europe.DesignComparative policy review of payment data in countries with different regulatory approaches to disclosure.Setting37 European countries.ParticipantsEuropean Federation of...

Developing a novel cash flow risk analysis framework for construction projects based on 5D BIM

Cash flow management through analyzing various scenarios is still a problem for contractors, yet it is of paramount importance, with direct implications for the success of projects. Recent developments in the field rely on complicated procedures that necessitate the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM), coding procedures, and advanced cost estimation approaches. The field requires simple theoretically-sound procedures that are easy to adopt and BIM-compatible. This study sought to address this requirement by offering an innovative framework, workflow, and logical operation for cash flow management with BIM. The proposed framework is capable of: (1) accurately estimating the cash flow of projects, taking account of payment patterns for materials, equipment, human resources, and sub-contractors, as well as contract-related attributes and (2) assessing the impacts of important risk factors on the cash flow of projects. In methodological terms, the procedure followed by the study is to develop a proof of concept (PoC). A case project in Iran is used to validate the proposed framework and to assess its practicability in real-life contexts. The study would appeal to researchers by providing the theoretical foundations and logical procedures for a BIM-enabled framework and extending the body of knowledge on cash flow management of construction projects. For the world of practice, the study findings establish the accuracy and workability of the proposed framework in enabling contractors to predict possible cash flows and make appropriate decisions when managing construction projects.

Repayment performance for pay-as-you-go solar lamps

This paper provides a descriptive analysis of repayment performance for pay-as-you-go solar lamps, based on pilots conducted in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia during 2014 and 2015. In our sample, 95% of accounts were eventually paid off by the end of the observation period, and the median time to ownership was one week less than the nominal repayment term. Default rates of 11% and 7% were observed with a grace period of 50% and 100% of the repayment term, respectively. We document differences between weekly and monthly accounts (e.g., although time to ownership and on-time performance were better in weekly accounts, longer-term default rates were lower for monthly accounts). The observed payment patterns demonstrate that customers make extensive use of the flexibility allowed in rent-to-own models (e.g., fewer than 30% of customers followed a regular schedule of fixed installments). The analysis identified repayment frequency as one key factor associated with this behavior, as flexible payment patterns were much more likely to occur in weekly accounts than in monthly accounts. This paper highlights the importance of business model design in the diffusion of off-grid energy products in developing countries, outlining opportunities for future research in this domain.

Single Center Retrospective Analysis of Cost and Payments for Lymphatic Surgery.

Background:Insurance coverage for microsurgical lymphatic surgery continues to be sporadic, as the procedures continue to be labeled investigational. The objective of this study was to examine the typical payment patterns of our clinical practice for microsurgical lymphatic procedures.Methods:We performed a single center, single surgeon retrospective case review for all lymphovenous bypass and vascularized lymph node transfer cases preformed from 2018 to 2020. We then queried the available financial data and calculated total charges, total paid by insurance, total variable cost (cost to the hospital), and the contribution margin (difference between the amount paid and variable cost). Descriptive statistics were then collected for each subgroup for analysis.Results:Financial data were collected on 22 patients with 10 left-sided, 11 right-sided and one bilateral procedure performed. Seven procedures were done prophylactically, and 15 were done for existing lymphedema. An estimated 10 of 22 patients (45%) had Medicare, Medicaid, or Tricare, with the remaining having private insurance. We calculated an average cost of $48,516.73, with average payment of $10,818.68, average variable cost of $5,567.10, for a contribution margin of +$5251.58.Conclusions:Lymphedema remains a common complication of surgery and a significant cost burden to patients and the healthcare system. Microsurgical procedures offer several advantages over medical therapy. In our practice, we were routinely reimbursed for both prophylactic and therapeutic procedures with positive contribution margins for the hospital and ratios similar to other surgeries. Despite the limitations of a small retrospective review, there is no similar published cost analysis data in the current literature.

STRATEGI NEGOSIASI DAN KONSEP KONTRAK PEMASARAN PADA KELOMPOK USAHA TEMPE DI MEDOKAN SEMAMPIR KOTA SURABAYA

Medokan Semampir Surabaya has a tempe business group chaired by Mrs. Pujianti, where when she founded her business for the first time, the tempe industry was one of the household agro-industries with great potential to be developed. Constraints on agreements between entrepreneurs and buyers who are large entrepreneurs whose credit payment patterns make entrepreneurs afraid of not being paid, so there is a need for an appropriate agreement for the security of both parties, with assistance in writing letters by legal practitioners and law teachers to make the agreement safe. Promotional assistance in the form of digital marketing also makes sales increase to buyers outside of existing ones. The purpose of this community service is to make micro entrepreneurs understand and be familiar with the safe sale and purchase legal agreements for sellers and buyers and to start entering the virtual world for selling their tempe products. This community service methodology is by direct assistance to entrepreneurs to make sales agreements and create social media accounts for digital marketing. The results of this community service are in the form of a letter of agreement and a social media account for tempe entrepreneurs.

Pharmaceutical industry self-regulation and non-transparency: country and company level analysis of payments to healthcare professionals in seven European countries

The European pharmaceutical industry uses the alleged efficacy of self-regulation to question the need for transparency laws similar to the US Physician Payment Sunshine Act. We conducted a comparative analysis of 20 large companies’ payment disclosures in seven European countries in 2017–2019. The data was extracted as part of eurosfordocs.eu, a novel transparency project that scrapes and integrates publicly available databases and disclosures. Our analysis of EUR 735 million showed marked differences in country payment patterns. For example, payment totals per registered doctor were substantially larger in Spain and lowest in Sweden. There were significant country and company differences in individualized data completeness. Only 19% of totals were reported with recipient names in Germany, compared to Ireland (59%), the United Kingdom (60%), Italy (67%), Switzerland (73%), Sweden (79%) and Spain (100%), with little or no improvement over time. Payment data in Spain was particularly difficult to extract. Thus, in no country did self-regulation generate comprehensive individualized data allowing for building an accurate picture of financial relationships between the industry and healthcare professionals. We conclude that the cultures and policies of countries and companies create structural problems of data inaccessibility and incompleteness within the self-regulatory framework. Therefore, this study supports calls for a Europe-wide “Sunshine Act” to achieve real transparency of drug company payments.

Intelligent Transaction System for Fraud Detection using Deep Learning Networks

Detecting online transaction fraud is a basic study of the new era of electronic transactions. Because the payment patterns of customers and the fraud behaviour of offenders are continually changing, improving the consistency of the fraud detection model and ensuring its stability is exceedingly challenging. In this report, we will look at We concentrate on acquiring deep feature representations of legal and fraud transactions from the perspective of a deep neural network’s loss function in this report. Our aim is to increase the separability and discrimination of features in order to boost the efficiency and stability of our fraud detection platform, with the rapid evolution of the technology, the world is turning to use online transaction instead of cash in their daily life, which opens the door to many new ways for fraudsters to use these cards in a nefarious manner. Global losses are projected to reach $35 billion by 2020, according to the Nilson report. To guarantee that users of these credit cards are secure, the credit card issuer should provide a program that protects them from any threats they can experience. As a result, we illustrate our framework for predicting whether transactions are genuine or illegitimate using Kaggel’s IEEE-CIS Fraud Detection dataset. BiLSTM-MaxPooling-BiGRUM is the name of our model. Long bi-directional gated repeated unit and long bi-directional memory term (BiLSTM) are used in axPooling (BiGRU).

방한 중국 관광객의 모바일 결제(Mobile Payment) 분석을 통한 관광소비 행태에 관한 연구

This study aims at figuring out usage pattern of mobile payment of the Chinese tourists visiting Korea, diagnosing consumtion pattern, and searching the way to activate mobile payment. In order to achieve the goal of this research, I analyzed mobile data(Union pay), paid in Korea for the whole year of 2019. collected these data from public organizations, and analyzed the type of business. As a result of the analysis, average mobile consumption in December was the highest and January was the lowest. Women"s monthly consumption deviation showed large, while men"s one showed sluggish. It showed that thirties in age consumed the largest.<BR> By comparing, and discussing this result with fact finding on Chinese tourists visiting Korea, I could find more realistic facts. By performing comparison analysis for amount of consumtion of Chinese tourists visiting Korea versus number of cases of consumtion, I could presume detailed consumtion behavior, besides total amount of consumtion.

Technology Adoption and Leapfrogging: Racing for Mobile Payments

Paying with a mobile phone is a cutting-edge innovation transforming the global payments industry. However, some advanced economies like the U.S. are lagging behind in mobile payment adoption. We construct a dynamic model with sequential payment innovations to explain this puzzle, which uncovers how advanced economies' past success in adopting card-payment technology holds them back in the mobile-payment race. Our calibrated model matches the cross-country adoption patterns of card and mobile payments and also explains why advanced and developing countries favor different mobile payment solutions. Based on the model, we conduct several quantitative exercises for welfare and policy analyses.

Technology Adoption and Leapfrogging: Racing for Mobile Payments

Paying with a mobile phone is a cutting-edge innovation transforming the global payments industry. However, some advanced economies like the U.S. are lagging behind in mobile payment adoption. We construct a dynamic model with sequential payment innovations to explain this puzzle, which uncovers how advanced economies' past success in adopting card-payment technology holds them back in the mobile-payment race. Our calibrated model matches the cross-country adoption patterns of card and mobile payments and also explains why advanced and developing countries favor different mobile payment solutions. Based on the model, we conduct several quantitative exercises for welfare and policy analyses.

Cash Management: A Shift in Payment Pattern of Indian Buyers during Covid 19

Cash Management is always one of the cherished objectives of Planners &amp; Policymakers not only in India but all over the world. The current Covid 19 crisis is the root for a shift in the Alternative payment methods. The usage of non-cash payment methods, such as e-wallets, online transactions using e-banking, debit and credit cards will increase extensively due to the impossibility of doing face to face transactions. People are forced to find alternative ways of shopping in the wake of Coronavirus crisis, and hence there will be a shift in the pattern of purchase (from real shopping to virtual/online shopping) and online payment methods. Not only this, certain payments like mobile recharge, electricity and water bills, municipal taxes, etc. are to be made online. People who were reluctant or slow in adapting to online payment methods have no choice but to adopt the non-traditional payment alternatives (m-wallets, Paytm, NEFT, RTGS, IMPS, etc). The Indian Income Tax act also encourages noncash payments by the customers through Section 44AD, Section 40A(3), to name a few. The paper examines the impact of Covid 19 on the payment pattern of Indian buyers by comparing the two scenarios 1. Before Covid 19, and 2. During Covid 19. The RBI statistic of payment methods from November 2019 to May 2019. To extrac the results, statistical tests like Paired t-test have been used with the help of SPSS software. The results indicate that covid 19 has a vital impact on non-cash payment methods.

Discerning payment patterns in Bitcoin from ransomware attacks

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate available forensic data on the Bitcoin blockchain to identify typical transaction patterns of ransomware attacks. Specifically, the authors explore how distinct these patterns are and their potential value for intelligence exploitation in support of countering ransomware attacks.Design/methodology/approachThe authors created an analytic framework – the Ransomware–Bitcoin Intelligence–Forensic Continuum framework – to search for transaction patterns in the blockchain records from actual ransomware attacks. Data of a number of different ransomware Bitcoin addresses was extracted to populate the framework, via the WalletExplorer.com programming interface. This data was then assembled in a representation of the target network for pattern analysis on the input (cash-in) and output (cash-out) side of the ransomware seed addresses. Different graph algorithms were applied to these networks. The results were compared to a “control” network derived from a Bitcoin charity.FindingsThe findings show discernible patterns in the network relating to the input and output side of the ransomware graphs. However, these patterns are not easily distinguishable from those associated with the charity Bitcoin address on the input side. Nonetheless, the collection profile over time is more volatile than with the charity Bitcoin address. On the other hand, ransomware output patterns differ from those associated charity addresses, as the attacker cash-out tactics are quite different from the way charities mobilise their donations. We further argue that an application of graph machine learning provides a basis for future analysis and data refinement possibilities.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations are evident in the sample size of data taken on ransomware campaigns and the “control” subject. Further analysis of additional ransomware campaigns and “control” subjects over time would help refine and validate the preliminary observations in this paper. Future research will also benefit from the application of more powerful computing resources and analytics platforms that scale with the amount of data being collected.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the maturity of the field by analysing ransomware-Bitcoin behaviour using the Ransomware–Bitcoin Intelligence–Forensic Continuum. By combining several different techniques to discerning patterns of ransomware activity on the Bitcoin network, it provides insight into whether a ransomware attack is occurring and could be used to trigger alerts to seek additional evidence of attack, or could corroborate other information in the system.

Dividend Behaviour of Quoted Companies of the Douala Stock Exchange Market, Cameroon

For over sixty years now, finance researchers have concentrated on conducting studies on dividend behaviour as well as its determinants in different countries in the world.Some have exploited the effects of dividend payout on the performance of quoted companies with particular interest on current and previous levels of dividends as it is also the case with the level of profits, most of which give divergent conclusions. It is based on the above that this study was designed to examine the determinants of dividend behaviour ofquoted companies in the Douala Stock Exchange market using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) regressiontechniques based on secondary quarterly data from the Douala Stock ExchangeReports. The findings reveals thatearnings per share, the previous level of dividend and capital structure determine the current dividend behaviour in the Douala stock exchange market.While the previous level of dividend serves as a central bench mark when deciding on the dividend policy, increases in earnings per share and/or decrease in debt to equity ratio have potentials of significantly increasing dividend per share. Based on this finding, it is strongly recommended that policy measure by the government or corporate management aimed at providing and controlling a consistent pattern of dividend payment should take the previous level of dividends into consideration and should also pay special attention to earnings per share and capital structure of the listed companies.Therefore the capital structure which must be tilted towards indigenous equity should be put in place to avoid excessive capital flight.

Impact of Dividend Policy on Financial Performance - A Study

This study is an attempt to evaluate the impact of dividend policy on financial performance of selected companies registered in Bombay Stock Exchange. The study based on correlation matrix and panel regression model shows that the selected companies do not follow consistent pattern of dividend payments and the association between price earnings ratio and dividend payout ratio is low positive. However, there is strong association between return on assets and return on equity. Hausman Test reveals that random affect model is appropriate thereby indicating that performance of selected companies have momentous impact on dividend policy. Divided policy is still contemplated as one of the complicated areas in corporate finance. The findings from this study are worthwhile to be welcomed into account by the board of managers of companies to demonstrate dividend policy for the companies.

Policy lessons from spatiotemporal enrollment patterns of payment for ecosystem service programs in Argentina

Payment for ecosystem services schemes (PES) are lauded as a market-based solution to curtail deforestation and restore degraded ecosystems. However, PES programs often fail to conserve sites under strong long-term deforestation pressures. Underperformance, in part, is likely due to adverse selection. Spatial adverse selection occurs when landowners are more likely to enroll parcels with low deforestation pressure than parcels with high deforestation pressure. Temporal adverse selection arises when parcels are enrolled for short time periods. In both cases, financial resources are allocated without having a sizeable impact on long-term land use change. Improving program performance to overcome these shortcomings requires understanding attributes of landowners and their parcels across large scales to identify spatial and temporal enrollment patterns that drive adverse selection. In this paper, we examine these patterns in Argentina’s PES program in Chaco forest, a global deforestation hotspot. Our study area covers 252,319 km2. Results from multinomial logistic regression models showed that large parcels of enrolled land and parcels owned by absentee landowners exhibit greater evidence of spatiotemporal adverse selection than smaller parcels or parcels owned by local landowners. Furthermore, parcels managed under land use plans for conservation and restoration are more likely to be associated with adverse selection than parcels managed for financial returns such as harvest of non-timber forest products, silviculture, and silvopasture. However, prior to recommending that PES programs focus on land uses with higher potential earnings, a greater understanding is needed of the degree to which these land uses meet ecological and biodiversity goals of PES programs. We suggest that increased spatial targeting of enrollment, along with enrollment of local landowners and further incentives for land uses that support conservation and restoration, could promote long-term conservation of forest lands.

Preferensi Wisatawan Nusantara Terhadap Komponen Wisata Papandayan Menggunakan Analisis Konjoin

Garut Regency is known for its wealth of Mount tourism. Mount Papandayan Nature Parkis one of the most popular tourist attractions in Indonesia. Exploring tourist preferencesis an effort of the tourism object management to improve its marketing strategy. Thepurpose of this study is to analyse the preferences of mountain climbers who arenusantara tourists toward attractions of Mount Papandayan. Using quantitative methods,the survey was conducted by observation, interviews, and the distribution ofquestionnaires to 120 respondents. The data were then processed using conjoint analysistechniques and SPSS 20 software analysis tools. Interview results showed that there were7 attributes and 30 levels then were further analyzed. The SPSS output led to the resultsthat the nusantara tourist preferences of Mount Papandayan attractions are due to thebeautiful natural atmosphere, attraction of Menara Pandang photo spot, walkingactivities, having a tour guide when hiking, accessibility using motortaxi ‘ojek gunung’,and choosing a single ticket payment pattern for travel costs. The implications of thisresearch could be used as a consideration of the stakeholders of Garut mountain tourismin determining strategies and policies regarding sustainability tourism.

A multi-objective scheduling payment pattern for project cash flow by considering resource constraints (a case study in power transfer system)

Financial aspects in project scheduling are specified by incoming and outgoing cash flows associated with events of the projects. As in the real world the project stakeholders are looking for benefit, here we have maximised project net value which is obtained from cost fraction of income. In fact, taking into account the objective function is it attempted that problem under study be closer to real-world issues. In this study, a mathematical model to maximise contractor net present value on the basis of payment pattern and consideration of resource constraint are presented. Since this issue is considered as NP-hard problems, to solve this, meta-heuristic multi-objective algorithms including NSGA-II, MOPSO and MOSA have been used. Finally payment patterns and an appropriate model are proposed to reduce the completion time and maximise the net present value of the project.