Origin Of Patterns Research Articles

Generation and expulsion of Lower Jurassic hydrocarbon in different source rocks in the Taibei Sag, Turpan-Hami Basin, northwest China

Source rocks in the first (J1s1) and second (J1s2) members of the Lower Jurassic Sangonghe Formation (J1s) in the Taibei Sag, Turpan-Hami Basin, NW China, are shore-shallow lacustrine mudstone and semi-deep to deep lacustrine mudstone. These two sets of mudstones provide an excellent opportunity for investigating the origin and expulsion patterns of hydrocarbon from source rocks under different environments. Through systematic geochemical analysis, including total organic carbon (TOC), Rock-Eval analysis, GC-MS analysis, and major and trace element analysis, the geochemical characteristics and sedimentary environment of the Sangonghe Formation (J1s) source rocks were evaluated. By integrating kerogen kinetics modeling, a more precise assessment of the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of the source rocks from both members of the Sangonghe Formation is achieved. The fine-grained sediments of the Sangonghe Formation were formed in a weakly oxidized brackish water body. The J1s1 mudstone was deposited in a shore-shallow lacustrine environment. The repeated river influx increased the input of terrestrial higher plants, which complicated the maceral composition and diluted the abundance of organic matter. The J1s2 source rocks were formed in the semi-deep to deep lacustrine environment during the maximum transgression period with a large thickness and high TOC values, the maceral composition was dominated by a mixed source of aquatic organisms and terrestrial plants. Consequently, the source rocks of J1s2 exhibit higher initial hydrogen index (HI0), hydrocarbon generation potential (Qg) and transformation ratio (Tr) compared to those of the J1s1 source rocks, while the interbedded mudstone with limited thickness in J1s1 exhibits a higher hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency (Re).

Prevalence of Axillary Artery Variants and Their Clinical Significance: A Scoping Review.

Axillary artery (AA) variants occurred quite commonly, presenting clinical implications. A literature search yielded 523 resultsfrom which 13 parameters were extracted. Some of the AA variants found were the fusion of two or more branches into common trunks, like the fusion of anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries. Moreover, several branches were found to emerge from different points than expected, like the lateral thoracic artery's origin from the subscapular artery instead of the second part of the AA. The importance of the knowledge of the AA variations in clinical practice is undeniable and very useful when planning interventional procedures, as in the case of AA aneurysm treatment or in cases of fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus. The heterogeneity of data limited the possibility of a quantitative summary of data. Therefore, a more systemic study of AA variants based on the origin, course, and branching pattern is suggested. The aim of the current review is to summarize current data literatureregarding the AA typical anatomy and its variants, with a focus on their prevalence and possible clinical implications.

Evolution of Cherries (Prunus Subgenus Cerasus) Based on Chloroplast Genomes

Cherries (Prunus Subgenus Cerasus) have economic value and ecological significance, yet their phylogeny, geographic origin, timing, and dispersal patterns remain challenging to understand. To fill this gap, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the complete chloroplast genomes of 54 subg. Cerasus individuals, along with 36 additional genomes from the NCBI database, resulting in a total of 90 genomes for comparative analysis. The chloroplast genomes of subg. Cerasus exhibited varying sizes and consisted of 129 genes, including protein-coding, transfer RNA, and ribosomIal RNA genes. Genomic variation was investigated through InDels and SNPs, showcasing distribution patterns and impact levels. A comparative analysis of chloroplast genome boundaries highlighted variations in inverted repeat (IR) regions among Cerasus and other Prunus species. Phylogeny based on whole-chloroplast genome sequences supported the division of Prunus into three subgenera, I subg. Padus, II subg. Prunus and III subg. Cerasus. The subg. Cerasus was subdivided into seven lineages (IIIa to IIIg), which matched roughly to taxonomic sections. The subg. Padus first diverged 51.42 Mya, followed by the separation of subg. Cerasus from subg. Prunus 39.27 Mya. The subg. Cerasus started diversification at 15.01 Mya, coinciding with geological and climatic changes, including the uplift of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and global cooling. The Himalayans were the refuge of cherries, from which a few species reached Europe through westward migration and another species reached North America through northeastward migration. The mainstage of cherry evolution was on the Qing–Tibet Plateau and later East China and Japan as well. These findings strengthen our understanding of the evolution of cherry and provide valuable insights into the conservation and sustainable utilization of cherry’s genetic resources.

VARIATIONS IN THE ORIGIN OF PROFUNDA BRACHII ARTERY FROM BRACHIAL ARERTY-SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Objective: The profunda brachii artery (PBA) is a chief artery in anterior compartment of the arm for the nutritional source. Knowledge of variations in the origin and branching is helpful for the surgeon during catheterization and harvesting of lateral flaps. Methods: During the routine dissection for medical undergraduate students we found variations in the branching pattern of PBA in 72 arms from 36 cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, Viswabharathi Medical College, Penchikalapadu, and Kurnool, over 5 years. We preserved all the variations carefully. Results: We observed PBA in all the cadavers, patterns of origin, branches, and termination were recorded. In 96.9% of cadavers artery arises from the brachial artery (BA), in 1.4% from the axillary artery, and in 1.7% cadavers from a common stem with the superior ulnar collateral arteries. In 11.1% and 16.7% of the cadavers showed duplication and early branching. Conclusion: Humeral fractures and BA catheterization the incidence of duplication and early branching make it vulnerable to inadvertent injury and may complicate lateral arm flaps. Pre-operative angiographic evaluation is therefore recommended.

Bayesian phylodynamic analysis reveals the evolutionary history and the dispersal patterns of citrus tristeza virus in China based on the p25 gene

BackgroundCitrus tristeza virus (CTV) is one of the most serious threats to the citrus industry, and is present in both wild and cultivated citrus. The origin and dispersal patterns of CTV is still poorly understood in China.MethodsIn this study, 524 CTV suspected citrus samples from China were collected, including 354 cultivated citrus samples and 174 wild citrus samples. Finally, 126 CTV coat protein sequences were obtained with time-stamped from 10 citrus origins in China. Bayesian phylodynamic inference were performed for CTV origin and dispersal patterns study in China.ResultWe found that CTV was mainly distributed in southern and coastal areas of China. The substitution rate of CTV was 4.70 × 10− 4 subs/site/year (95% credibility interval: 1.10 × 10− 4 subs/site/year ~ 9.10 × 10− 4 subs/site/year), with a slight increasing trend in CTV populations between 1990 and 2006. The CTV isolates in China shared a most common recent ancestor around 1875 (95% credibility interval: 1676.57 ~ 1961.02). The CTV in China was originated from wild citrus in Hunan and Jiangxi, and then spread from the wild citrus to cultivated citrus in the growing regions of Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, Fujian, Zhejiang, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces.ConclusionsThis study has proved that CTV in China was originated from wild citrus in Hunan and Jiangxi. The spatial-temporal distribution and dispersal patterns has uncovered the population and pandemic history of CTV, providing hints toward a better understanding of the spread and origin of CTV in China.

Epidemiology, genetic diversity, and evolutionary dynamics of Tembusu virus.

Tembusu virus (TMUV) is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus associated with acute egg-drop and fatal encephalitis in domestic waterfowl. Since its initial identification in mosquitoes in 1955, TMUV has been confirmed to infect ducks, pigeons, sparrows, geese, and chickens, posing a significant threat to the poultry industry. Here, we sequenced two DTMUV strains isolated in 2019 and systematically investigated the possible origin, genetic relationships, evolutionary dynamics, and transmission patterns of TMUV based on complete virus genome sequences in the public database. We found that TMUV can be divided into four major clusters: TMUV, cluster 1, cluster 2, and cluster 3. Interestingly, we found that cluster 2.2 (within cluster 2) is the most commonly involved in interspecies transmission events, and subcluster 2.1.2 (within cluster 2.1) is currently the most prevalent cluster circulating in Asia. Notably, we also identified three positively selected sites in the E and NS1 proteins, which may be involved in virus replication, immune evasion, and host adaptation. Finally, phylogeographic analysis revealed that cluster dispersal originated in Southeast Asia and that short-distance transmission events have occurred frequently. Altogether, these data provide novel insights into the evolution and dispersal of TMUV, facilitating the development of rapid diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics against TMUV infection.

Anatomical Variations in Pulmonary Arterial Branches in Patients Undergoing Evaluation for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension.

Catheter-based interventions have emerged for both acute and chronic pulmonary thromboembolic disease. With this development and the need for segmental cannulation, anatomic understanding of pulmonary arterial segmental branch origination is important. We aim to describe the prevalence of different pulmonary arterial segmental branch origination patterns. This study included 179 consecutive patients who underwent bilateral nonselective invasive pulmonary angiography for the evaluation of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. In our study population (age, 59.0 ± 14.8 years, 55.3% female, 71% White), we found several anatomic variations of branches to the different lobes. These included 7 branching patterns in the right upper lobe, 3 in the right middle lobe, and 10 in the right lower lobe (4 patterns for the origin of the superior segmental artery and 6 for the origin of the basilar segmental arteries). On the left side, we found 8 patterns in the left upper lobe, with 5 involving lingular branches, and 9 in the left lower lobe (5 for the origin of the superior segmental artery and 4 for the basilar segmental pulmonary arteries). Although there were many variations, only 2-3 variations for each individual lobe accounted for >90% of the angiograms. Up to 3 anatomic branching patterns per lobe were noted to account for >90% of pulmonary artery branching variations in this study. This knowledge is not only useful for the interventionalist performing catheter-directed therapies but also for future research efforts that aim to standardize reporting of pulmonary angiographic findings.

Incidence and evolutionary relevance of autotriploid cytotypes in a relict member of the genus Daphne (Thymelaeaceae).

Odd ploidy-level cytotypes in sexually reproducing species are considered a dead end due to absent or reduced fertility. If sterility is only partial, however, their contribution to the population gene pool can be augmented by longevity and clonal growth. To test this, we investigated the cytotype origin and spatial pattern, and pollen viability in three relict shrub species of the genus Daphne (Thymelaeaceae Juss.) in central Europe. Daphne cneorum subsp. cneorum is a widespread European species that has a broad ecological amplitude, whereas D. cneorum subsp. arbusculoides and D. arbuscula are narrow endemics of the western Pannonian Plain and the Western Carpathians, respectively. Our study confirmed that all three taxa are diploid. However, of more than a thousand analysed individuals of D. cneorum subsp. cneorum, five in four different populations were triploid. Our data indicate that these triploids most likely originate from recurrent autopolyploidization events caused by the fusion of reduced and unreduced gametes. High pollen viability was observed in all three taxa and in both diploid and triploid cytotypes, ranging from 65 to 100 %. Our study highlights the significant role of odd ploidy-level cytotypes in interploidy gene flow, calling for more research into their reproduction, genetic variability, and overall fitness. Interestingly, while the endemic D. arbuscula differs from D. cneorum based on genetic and genome size data, D. cneorum subsp. arbusculoides was indistinguishable from D. cneorum subsp. cneorum. However, our study reveals that the subspecies differ in the number of flowers per inflorescence. This is the first comprehensive cytogeographic study of this intriguing genus at a regional scale, and in spite of its karyological stability, it contributes to our understanding of genomic evolution in plant species with a wide ecological amplitude.

Fluid evolution and related fluid–rock interactions of the Oligocene Zhuhai sandstones in the Baiyun Sag, northern margin of the South China Sea

Pore fluids control the diagenetic processes and storage spaces of deep clastic rock reservoirs and have become a major area of interest within the fields of sedimentology and petroleum geology. This paper aims to relate the diagenetic processes of the Oligocene Zhuhai sandstones in the Baiyun Sag to pore fluids varying with burial depth. The types and distribution patterns of authigenic minerals are investigated through analysis of petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical features to illustrate the origin and flow patterns of pore fluids and their influences on reservoir diagenesis. Strong cementation of eogenetic carbonate cement near the sandstone–mudstone interface was a consequence of material migration from adjacent mudstones on a large scale. The pore fluids were mainly affected by microbial methanogenesis and carbonate mineral dissolution in adjacent mudstones during eogenesis. The pore fluids were diffusively transported in a relatively open geochemical system within a local range. Support for this model is provided by the heavier stable isotopic values present in eogenetic calcite and dolomite. Feldspar dissolution during early mesogenesis was spatially accompanied by the precipitation of authigenic quartz and ferroan carbonate cement. Pore fluids in this period were rich in organic acids and CO2, and their migration mechanism was diffusive transport. The obviously lighter carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of the ferroan calcite support this inference. During late mesogenesis, the input of deep hydrothermal fluid might have been partly responsible for the precipitation of ankerite, barite and authigenic albite. Oil charging may have inhibited carbonate cementation and compaction, accordingly preserving porosity, and together with authigenic kaolinite, might have promoted the transition of the reservoir from water wet to oil wet to the benefit of oil entrapment. The findings reported here shed new light on the evaluation and prediction of sandstone reservoirs that have experienced multiple periods of fluid flow.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE GEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS AND MIGRATION PATTERNS OF ELITE COLLEGE FOOTBALL PLAYERS

ABSTRACT John Rooney’s (1969) seminal geographical work on the origins of U.S. college football players showed how a comprehensive examination of player origins could be analyzed and presented. This study utilizes Rooney’s findings to compare changes in the origin and migration patterns 50 years after his work. The hometowns of 14,937 elite high school football players recruited to play for “Power 5” schools between 2010 and 2020 are analyzed. The findings reveal that substantially more elite players now originate in the southern states and migrate into areas that underproduced elite talent. The methods and results of this study contribute to the merging research fields of sports management and sports geography on geographic patterns and the migration of athletes and how they can change over periods of time.

Surgical anatomy of the dorsal pancreatic artery: Considering embryonic development

ObjectivesThe dorsal pancreatic artery (DPA) is a pancreatic branch with various anatomical variations. Previous studies mostly focused on the origin of the DPA, and its pathways and branching patterns have rarely been examined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the branching patterns and pathways of the DPA. MethodsThis study included 110 patients who underwent computed tomography scans. We examined the pathways and branching patterns of the DPA. ResultsThe DPA was identified in 101 patients (92%), and originated from the splenic artery in 30 patients (31%), the common hepatic artery in 17 patients (17%), the celiac trunk in 10 patients (10%), the superior mesenteric artery in 27 patients (27%), the replaced right hepatic artery in 7 patients (7%), the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery in 5 patients (5%), and other arteries in 3 patients (3%). Four distinct types of branches were identified as follows: the superior branch (32%), the inferior branch (86%), the right branch (80%), and the accessory middle colic artery (12%). Additionally, the arcs of Buhler and Riolan were observed in two patients each and their anastomotic vessels followed almost the same pathway as the DPA. ConclusionA number of variations of the DPA were observed with regard to its origin and branching pattern; however, the DPA and its branches always ran along the same pathway, as summarized in Fig. 4. The anatomical information gained from this study may contribute to performing safe pancreatic resections.

Emergence and Prevalence of an African Swine Fever Virus Variant in Wild Boar Populations in South Korea from 2019 to 2022.

African swine fever (ASF), a viral disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is associated with high mortality rates in domestic pigs and wild boars. ASF has been spreading since its discovery in wild boars in Korea in October 2019. Genomic analyses have provided insights into the genetic diversity of the ASFV isolated from various regions, enabling a better understanding of the virus origin and transmission patterns. We conducted a genome analysis to evaluate the diversity and mutations of ASFV spreading among wild boars in Korea during 2019-2022. We compared the genomes of ASFV strains isolated from Korean wild boars and publicly available ASFV genomes. Genomic analysis revealed several single-nucleotide polymorphisms within multigene families (MGFs) 360-1La and 360-4L in Korean ASFV. MGF 360-1La and 360-4L variations were not observed in other ASFV strains, including those of genotype II. Finally, we partially analyzed MGFs 360-1La and 360-4L in ASFV-positive samples between 2019 and 2022, confirming the geographical distribution of the variants. Our findings can help identify new genetic markers for epidemiological ASFV analysis and provide essential information for effective disease management.

Comprehensive Study of Arrangement of Renal Hilar Structures and Branching Pattern of Segmental Renal Arteries: An Anatomical Study.

Background The knowledge of renal artery(RA) and its segmentation is critical before attempting any surgical procedure of kidney. The RA receives blood supply from various arteries during its descent in the embryonic period. As a result, the segmental RAs show a lot of variability in the site and pattern of origin as well as its point of entry in the kidney. Aim/objective The aim is to study the variable pattern existing in different segmental RAs and the arrangement of structures at the renal hilum. Methods The RA of 205 kidneys (68 paired and 69 unpaired) was studied and the segmental pattern was exclusively observed in cadavers bydissecting 161 kidneys, making resin/silicon casts of 34 kidneys and radiological imaging of 10 kidneys. Results The results obtained were quite significant and provided in detail understanding of the five main segmental arteries and the arrangement of structures at the renal hilum. Great variations were seen in the disposition of structures at the renal hilum. Six different patterns of structures at the renal hilum were obtained. Pattern 1 was the commonest pattern with an incidence of 30.3% followed by pattern 2. The site of origin of segmental arteries and their point of entry into the kidney were recorded and tabulated. The segmental arteries were classified into different types based on the frequency of their occurrence in decreasing order. In each of them, Type 1 is the commonest variant seen based on the origin of the apical artery (A), anterior upper segmental artery (AU), anterior middle segmental artery (AM), lower segmental artery (L), and posterior segmental artery (P). Conclusions The arrangement of hilar structures has been classified into sixpatterns andthe variations existing in each of the segmental branchesof the RA have been categorized as well. The knowledgewill be invaluable for accurate radiographic interpretation of the renal vasculature and effective surgical planning in cases involving kidney transplantation, renal trauma, and partial nephrectomy. Furthermore, it will serve to preventcomplications during surgical procedures.

Coracobrachialis muscle morphology and coexisted neural variants: a cadaveric case series

PurposeThe current cadaveric case series evaluates the coracobrachialis muscle morphology, the related musculocutaneous nerve origin, course, and branching pattern, as well as associated adjacent neuromuscular variants.Materials and methodsTwenty-seven (24 paired and 3 unpaired) cadaveric arms were dissected to identify the coracobrachialis possible variants with emphasis on the musculocutaneous nerve course and coexisted neural variants.ResultsFour morphological types of the coracobrachialis were identified: a two-headed muscle in 62.96% (17/27 arms), a three-headed in 22.2% (6/27), a one-headed in 11.1% (3/27), and a four-headed in 3.7% (1 arm). A coracobrachialis variant morphology was identified in 37.04% (10/27). A three-headed biceps brachii muscle coexisted in 23.53% (4/17). Two different courses of the musculocutaneous nerve were recorded: 1. a course between coracobrachialis superficial and deep heads (in cases of two or more heads) (100%, 24/24), and 2. a medial course in case of one-headed coracobrachialis (100%, 3/3). Three neural interconnections were found: 1. the lateral cord of the brachial plexus with the medial root of the median nerve in 18.52%, 2. the musculocutaneous with the median nerve in 7.41% and 3. the radial with the ulnar nerve in 3.71%. Duplication of the lateral root of the median nerve was identified in 11.1%.ConclusionsThe knowledge of the morphology of the muscles of the anterior arm compartment, especially the coracobrachialis variant morphology and the related musculocutaneous nerve variable course, is of paramount importance for surgeons. Careful dissection and knowledge of relatively common variants play a significant role in reducing iatrogenic injury.

Virulence and genetic analysis of Puccinia graminis tritici in the Indian sub-continent from 2016 to 2022 and evaluation of wheat varieties for stem rust resistance.

Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), has re-emerged as one of the major concerns for global wheat production since the evolution of Ug99 and other virulent pathotypes of Pgt from East Africa, Europe, Central Asia, and other regions. Host resistance is the most effective, economic, and eco-friendly approach for managing stem rust. Understanding the virulence nature, genetic diversity, origin, distribution, and evolutionary pattern of Pgt pathotypes over time and space is a prerequisite for effectively managing newly emerging Pgt isolates through host resistance. In the present study, we monitored the occurrence of stem rust of wheat in India and neighboring countries from 2016 to 2022, collected 620 single-pustule isolates of Pgt from six states of India and Nepal, analyzed them on Indian stem rust differentials, and determined their virulence phenotypes and molecular genotypes. The Ug99 type of pathotypes did not occur in India. Pathotypes 11 and 40A were most predominant during these years. Virulence phenotyping of these isolates identified 14 Pgt pathotypes, which were genotyped using 37 Puccinia spp.-specific polymorphic microsatellites, followed by additional phylogenetic analyses using DARwin. These analyses identified three major molecular groups, demonstrating fewer lineages, clonality, and long-distance migration of Pgt isolates in India. Fourteen of the 40 recently released Indian wheat varieties exhibited complete resistance to all 23 Pgt pathotypes at the seedling stage. Twelve Sr genes were postulated in 39 varieties based on their seedling response to Pgt pathotypes. The values of slow rusting parameters i.e. coefficient of infection, area under disease progress curve, and infection rates, assessed at adult plant stage at five geographically different locations during two crop seasons, indicated the slow rusting behavior of several varieties. Six Sr genes (Sr2, Sr57, Sr58, Sr24, Sr31, and Sr38) were identified in 24 wheat varieties using molecular markers closely linked to these genes. These findings will guide future breeding programs toward more effective management of wheat stem rust.

Mapping the branching pattern of the middle cerebral artery in the camel (Camelus dromedarius): a comprehensive anatomical analysis.

The complex branching structure of the middle cerebral artery serves as a crucial component in the blood supply to the cerebral cortex, playing a key role in sustaining brain function and overall neurological health in mammals. A thorough understanding of the branching structure of the middle cerebral artery is required for the advancement of veterinary medicine and neuroscience research. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive anatomical analysis of the branching structure of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the dromedary brain. To date, no study has examined the MCA branches in dromedaries. By examining 80 cerebral hemispheres from freshly slaughtered male dromedary camels aged 2-6 years, we aimed to explain the origin, course, and branching patterns of the MCA in the dromedary camel. Advanced casting techniques using colored latex, epoxy paint, and liquid plastic have been used to create precise renderings of the MCA structure. Our findings revealed that the MCA is the principal branch of the rostral cerebral artery and serves as the primary blood supply to the telencephalon in dromedaries. The main trunk of the MCA splits into several cortical branches, each supplying blood to a specific cerebral hemisphere. These branches comprise the rostral and caudal olfactory arteries; orbital artery; superior, middle, and inferior frontal arteries; rostral, middle, and caudal parietal arteries; and dorsal, middle, and ventral temporal arteries. This groundbreaking work considerably advances our understanding of the dromedary cerebrovascular system by providing insightful information on the anatomy and topography of the MCA. Our findings open new avenues for advancements in veterinary medicine and neuroscience research, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders in dromedary camels. Furthermore, understanding the unique branching pattern of the MCA may have implications for comparative neuroanatomy and the evolution of cerebrovascular systems across species.

An optimization model of on-demand mobility services with spatial heterogeneity in travel demand

We propose an optimization model that predicts the required fleet size of on-demand mobility (ODM) services at various service levels for a range of demand patterns. Both customer waiting time and spatial heterogeneity in demand are considered when formulating the flow conservation equation for the system’s steady state. The demand–supply imbalance problem is solved through vehicle relocation. Vehicle relocation is reformulated into a simple linear programming problem, and the objective function is set to minimize the number of relocation vehicles. Furthermore, indicators were defined to more effectively explain the effects of spatial heterogeneity of travel demand on the required fleet size. The analysis results show that even among regions with the same average demand rate, the required fleet size may vary depending on the spatial demand pattern of origins and destinations. The higher the ratio of long-distance travel and the greater the need for vehicle relocation, the larger the fleet size required. Furthermore, the user travel time reduction effect is maximized at the minimum fleet size and then steadily decreases as fleet size increases. Cost minimization requires more vehicles than fleet size minimization. Cost minimization may be an advantageous goal for operation of an ODM service as a driverless vehicle service. The simultaneous consideration of both fleet size minimization and cost minimization provides a required fleet size range. Although the proposed model is simple and includes approximations, it helps provide insight into ODM service design and investment decision-making. Thus, the proposed model can be used by governments or agencies to design policy or operationally optimized services. Moreover, the model can serve as the basis for the practical implementation of planned services.

Determinants and metropolitan patterns of school travel time. Is location associated with average years of schooling?: The case of Mexico City

Spatial inequities have been rooted in the urban development of the developing world. The concentration of urban opportunities in centralities, such as education infrastructure, has disadvantaged residents far from these places. School travel is the second most popular trip purpose in leaving home; however, understanding its determinants related to times has yet to be addressed in the literature. Based on a household travel survey, this project analyzes school travel in the México City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). Students were split into three categories of educational attainment: Basic (BE), Medium (ME), and High (HE). An exploratory analysis identified the geographical patterns of trip origins and destinations (Urban Centers of Education, UCE). OLS regression models identified the determinants of school travel time. Spatial regression models determined whether access to education opportunities is associated with average years of schooling (AYS) at TAZ (Traffic Analysis Zone)-level. The results demonstrate that unlike BE, ME and HE showed UCE. At higher levels of education, demographics are less influential in determining school travel times, while regional urban form variables become more relevant. Increasing access to ME and HE opportunities was significantly associated with increasing AYS. The implications of this study to support a decentralized spatial policy were discussed.

Origin and farming pattern authentication of wild-caught, coast-pond and freshwater farming white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Chinese market using multi-stable isotope analysis of tail shell

Origin and farming pattern authentication of wild-caught, coast-pond and freshwater farming white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Chinese market using multi-stable isotope analysis of tail shell

Obstructive Sleep Apnea as a Predictor of Inducible Atrial Flutter During Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Clinical Significance and Follow-Up Outcomes.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) often coexist in patients and may lead to severe symptoms and complications. Despite their coexistence, prophylactic cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation has failed to reduce the incidence of recurrent AF or new onset AFL. In contrast, the presence of inducible AFL during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has been shown to be predictive of symptomatic AFL during follow-up. However, the potential role of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as a predictor of inducible AFL during PVI in patients with AF remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the potential role of OSA as a predictor of inducible AFL during PVI in patients with AF and reexamine the clinical significance of inducible AFL during PVI in terms of recurrent AFL or AF during follow-up. We conducted a single-center, non-randomized retrospective study on patients who underwent PVI between October 2013 and December 2020. A total of 192 patients were included in the study after screening 257 patients for exclusion criteria, which included a previous history of AFL or previous PVI or Maze procedure. All patients underwent a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) prior to their ablation to rule out a left atrial appendage thrombus. The PVI was performed using both fluoroscopic and electroanatomic mapping derived from intracardiac echocardiography. After the confirmation of PVI, additional electrophysiology (EP) testing was performed. AFL was classified as typical or atypical based on the origin and activation pattern. Descriptive and frequency statistics were performed to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample, and Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare independent groups on categorical outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounding variables. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board, and informed consent was waived given the retrospective nature of the study. Of the 192 patients included in the study, 52% (n = 100) had inducible AFL after PVI, with 43% (n = 82) having typical right AFL. Bivariate analysis showed statistically significant differences between the groups for OSA (P = 0.04) and persistent AF (P = 0.047) when examining the outcome of any inducible AFL. Similarly, only OSA (P = 0.04) and persistent AF (P = 0.043) were significant when examining the outcome of typical right AFL. Multivariate analysis showed that only OSA was significantly associated with any inducible AFL after controlling for other variables (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.003 - 3.69, P = 0.049). Of the 100 patients with inducible AFL, 89 underwent additional ablation for AFL prior to completion of their procedure. At 1 year, the rates of recurrence for AF, AFL, and either AF or AFL were 31%, 10%, and 38%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the rates of recurrence of AF, AFL, or either AF/AFL at 1 year when accounting for the presence of inducible AFL or the efficacy of additional AFL ablation. In conclusion, our study found a high incidence of inducible AFL during PVI, particularly among patients with OSA. However, the clinical significance of inducible AFL in relation to the recurrence rates of AF or AFL at 1-year post-PVI remains unclear. Our findings suggest that successful ablation of inducible AFL during PVI may not provide clinical benefit in reducing AF or AFL recurrence. To establish the clinical significance of inducible AFL during PVI in various patient populations, further prospective studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are necessary.