Patterns Of Omission Research Articles

Analysis of Parts-of-Speech Distribution and Omission Patterns in The New York Times and The Guardian

News style is characterised by the use of various techniques and features that deviate from normal speech. Newspaper headlines, in particular, include a number of features in order to fulfil their function, which is to provide a brief and clear summary of the main story that arouses the curiosity of the audience. The current study analyses a corpus of 200 headlines taken from one American and one British online newspaper, namely The New York Times and The Guardian respectively, and focuses on the distribution of parts of speech and on the patterns of omission in each newspaper. The results show that nouns are the most frequently used part of speech, followed by verbs in both samples. In addition, articles and auxiliary verbs were found to be the most frequently omitted items. Finally, the two samples were found to be similar in most respects, with only some differences in their use of parts of speech and omission patterns. As the two newspapers use the same language, the differences found could be the result of cultural differences, or differences in the guidelines and editing processes of each newspaper. Understanding the peculiarities of this register is important in teaching it to foreign language learners, as well as in translating it.

An Equal Right to Inherit? Women’s Land Rights, Customary Law and Constitutional Reform in Tanzania

This article explores contemporary contestations surrounding women’s inheritance of land in Africa. Legal activism has gained momentum, both in agendas for law reform and in test case litigation, which reached the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in ES and SC v. United Republic of Tanzania. Comparing the approach of Tanzania to that of its neighbours, Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda, this article explores patterns of resistance and omission towards enshrining an equal right to inherit in land and succession laws. It identifies two main reasons: neoliberal drivers for land law reform of the 1990s and sociopolitical sensitivity surrounding inheritance of land. It argues that a progressive approach to constitutional and law reform on women’s land rights requires understanding of the realities of claims to family land based on kinship relations. It calls for a holistic approach to land, marriage and inheritance law reform underpinned with constitutional rights to equality and progressive interpretations of living customary law.

An Equal Right to Inherit? Women's Land Rights, Customary Law and Constitutional Reform in Tanzania

This article explores contemporary contestations surrounding women’s inheritance of land in Africa. Legal activism has gained momentum, both in agendas for law reform and in test case litigation, which reached the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in ES and SC v. United Republic of Tanzania. Comparing the approach of Tanzania to that of its neighbors, Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda, this article explores patterns of resistance and omission towards enshrining an equal right to inherit in land and succession laws. It identifies two main reasons: neo-liberal drivers for land law reform of the 1990s and sociopolitical sensitivity surrounding inheritance of land. It argues that a progressive approach to constitutional and law reform on women’s land rights requires understanding of the realities of claims to family land based on kinship relations. It calls for a holistic approach to land, marriage and inheritance law reform underpinned with constitutional rights to equality and progressive interpretations of living customary law.

Agrammatism in Adult Persian Broca's Aphasia: A Case Study

The grammar of a right-handed monolingual adult native speaker of Persian who suffered from Broca's aphasic following a left hemisphere frontal lobe lesion subsequent to CVA was analyzed, discussed, and compared with control data. The spontaneous speech and descriptive speech were designed and performed. The data suggested that Persian agrammatism appears like this syndrome in other studied languages; there are severe impairments in the verbs and patients rely more on nouns than on verbs. The patterns of omissions and substitutions of grammatical morphemes seem show extreme variations in different patients, both in terms of the occurrence of errors in different grammatical morphemes as and in terms of the occurrence of omissions versus substitutions. There were also some language-particular patterns.

Null objects in adult and child Polish: Syntax, discourse and pragmatics

The purpose of the present study is to explore the distribution patterns of null and overt objects in child Polish in comparison with adult Polish in order to test a number of predictions ensuing from the main hypotheses concerning object omissions in child language and to consider an approach to child null objects that also attributes object omission patterns to incomplete acquisition of C/edge linking mechanism too. The study compares the use of lexical nominal phrases (NPs), clitics and null elements in contexts in which the object is a secondary topic of the discourse and those in which it is not. The experiment was conducted as a production test on 48 children aged from 3 to 6 and 34 adults. The data yielded evidence of a stage in language acquisition where children use a high number of null elements in contexts in which null objects are not allowed in adult language. The findings may best be explained by distinguishing between the syntactic processes of matching features in the C-domain and free context scanning. The study found support for the claim that the youngest children assign interpretations to objects by free context scanning and bypass the syntactic channel for discourse and pragmatic context access.

Option generation in the treatment of unstable patients: An experienced-novice comparison study.

There are a dearth of studies that quantitatively measure nurses' appreciation of stimuli and the subsequent generation of options in practice environments. The purpose of this paper was to provide an examination of nurses' ability to solve problems while quantifying the stimuli upon which they focus during patient care activities. The study used a quantitative descriptive method that gathered performance data from a simulated task environment using multi-angle video and audio. These videos were coded and transcripts of all of the actions that occurred in the scenario and the verbal reports of the participants were compiled. The results revealed a pattern of superiority of the experienced exemplar group. Novice actions were characterized by difficulty in following common protocols, inconsistencies in their evaluative approaches, and a pattern of omissions of key actions. The study provides support for the deliberate practice-based programs designed to facilitate higher-level performance in novices.

“What Happened Needs to Be Told”: Fostering Critical Historical Reasoning in the Classroom

Scholars often define historical reasoning as constructing defensible interpretations of past events. Drawing on critical theory, this article suggests that it also entails consciously framing one's topic of inquiry. The article examines an instructional unit that aimed to foster this expanded view of historiography. Forty students, ages 14–15, wrote histories of the Vietnam War from 12 primary accounts and compared their depictions to that of their textbook. After participating in the unit, students found the textbook factually accurate yet biased in its pattern of emphasis and omission, a conclusion that aligned with the unit's goal of helping them distinguish empirical integrity from interpretive frame. However, whereas critical theorists view all scholarship as partially subjective, the students sought to achieve objectivity by including “both sides” in their histories. The study suggests that educators should highlight the numerous dilemmas historians face, from framing their topic to selecting and analyzing evidence.

P35. Neglect and vestibular failure – Spatial or attentional deficit?

Objectives Acute peripheral vestibular failure (VF) and neglect show similarities in clinical presentation and neglect can be ameliorated by vestibular stimulation. Furthermore, cortical areas involved in neglect patients overlap in part with the multisensory cortical vestibular network ( Karnath and Dieterich, 2006 ). Thus, the question did arise whether acute VF can induce spatial neglect. The aim of the current study was to find out whether patients with an acute VF show spatial neglect and if test scores were related to the severity of the deficit. Methods 28 patients with acute VF were assessed for signs of vestibular deficits and spatial neglect clinically as well as with common standard paper pencil neglect testing (bells test ( Gauthier et al., 1989 ), Albert’s test ( Albert, 1973 ), line bisection task ( Schenkenberg et al., 1980 ), figure copying). The laterality in the cancellation tasks was further analyzed using the Center of Cancellation method (CoC) ( Rorden and Karnath, 2010 ). The deficit was correlated with deviation of subjective visual vertical (SVV) and the degree of canal paresis. Results All patients had clear peripheral vestibular deficit at the time of testing. Mean time from symptom onset to neglect testing was 1.8 days (SD 1.7 d), to SVV testing 1.9 days (SD 1.8 d, mean deviation ± 7.3°) and to caloric testing 2.3 days (SD 2.3, mean reduction of caloric excitability 51%). Three patients showed pathologic scores in neglect tests (10%), two contralesionally and one ipsilesionally. One of these patients had a score fulfilling the criteria for spatial neglect in the bells test ( Gauthier et al., 1989 ) but not in the CoC method ( Rorden and Karnath, 2010 ). In contrast, the patient with a pathological CoC score did not meet the criteria for spatial neglect using the original method. One patient omitted one line in the Albert’s test contralaterally. Only one patient had pathological test scores in two tests but deviations in line bisection were both ipsilateral and contralateral. No patient showed congruent bias to one side in two different tests or analysis methods. There was no significant correlation between the total number of omissions in the bells test and the magnitude of SVV deviation or canal paresis. A group wise comparison of patients with and without pathological scores was carried out but the effect size was not strong enough to produce reliable results due to the small number of three patients. Conclusions VF patients occasionally showed pathological scores on single and different neglect tests. No correlation was found between omissions and SVV deviation or canal paresis. The three patients with pathologic scores did not show neglect behavior and the pattern of omissions is far less pronounced in the patients with VF compared to neglect patients. Thus, we suggest that these findings represent an attentional deficit and that novel tools to assess this deficit are needed. These should take spatial exploration and attention in a three-dimensional space into account to differentiate an attentional from a true spatial deficit. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant code 01 EO 0901) and the German Foundation for Neurology to MD.

Are Letter Detection and Proofreading Tasks Equivalent?

When readers search for misspellings in a proofreading task or for a letter in a letter detection task, they are more likely to omit function words than content words. However, with misspelled words, previous findings for the letter detection task were mixed. In two experiments, the authors tested the functional equivalence of both tasks. Results reveal similar patterns of omissions for both search tasks when misspellings were produced by substituting one letter for another: There were more omissions for function words than for content words. However, when two letters were transposed, differences between the two tasks emerged. It is possible to conclude that letter detection and proofreading are based on common cognitive processes but the nature of the target can modulate the effects. Results are interpreted in light of the attentional disengagement model and the guidance organization model of the missing-letter effect.

Speech abilities in preschool children with speech sound disorder with and without co-occurring language impairment.

The authors compared preschool children with co-occurring speech sound disorder (SSD) and language impairment (LI) to children with SSD only in their numbers and types of speech sound errors. In this post hoc quasi-experimental study, independent samples t tests were used to compare the groups in the standard score from different tests of articulation/phonology, percent consonants correct, and the number of omission, substitution, distortion, typical, and atypical error patterns used in the production of different wordlists that had similar levels of phonetic and structural complexity. In comparison with children with SSD only, children with SSD and LI used similar numbers but different types of errors, including more omission patterns ( p < .001, d = 1.55) and fewer distortion patterns ( p = .022, d = 1.03). There were no significant differences in substitution, typical, and atypical error pattern use. Frequent omission error pattern use may reflect a more compromised linguistic system characterized by absent phonological representations for target sounds (see Shriberg et al., 2005). Research is required to examine the diagnostic potential of early frequent omission error pattern use in predicting later diagnoses of co-occurring SSD and LI and/or reading problems.

Gender differences in behaviour under competitive pressure: Evidence on omission patterns in university entrance examinations

This paper studies gender differences in performance in university entrance examinations. We exploit data from the exams that the Finnish universities that provide education in economics and business use to choose their students. These exams are multiple choice tests where wrong answers are penalized with negative points and omissions yield zero points. This scoring rule means that the number of omitted items will affect the probability of entry. The strategic setting of the applicants varies depending on the university where they are applying to and on the amount of starting points that they are rewarded based on their high school success. The results show that, controlling for starting points, women perform worse than men in the entrance exam and are less likely to gain entry. Women also omit more items in the exam. Using the Rasch Model to derive the predicted probabilities of answering items correctly for each applicant, we show that women deviate more than men from the number of items that would maximize the predicted probability of entry and that they do so because they omit too many items.

Corpus-based Investigation into Reporting that in Translated English Editorials

This paper aimed at offering quantitative evidence of explicitation in translation into English through an analysis of patterns of inclusion and omission of optional that with the eight verbs ADMIT, BELIEVE, CLAIM, HOPE, KNOW, SAY, SUGGEST, and TELL. Based on the Corpus of Translated English Editorials (CoTEE) and the British National Corpus (BNC) Web version containing original English, the target structure of the optional that was investigated. On the basis of a comparison of concordance data from the two corpora, quantitative results served to illustrate the marked differences in use of that and zero with each form of the target eight verbs. The analysis of the corpus data shows that the that-connective is more frequent in TEC than in the BNCweb only for the verbs of CLAIM and SAY.

The Columbus Myth: Power and Ideology in Picturebooks About Christopher Columbus

In 1992, the 500th anniversary of Columbus’s landing in the Bahamas was simultaneously celebrated and denounced in the US. Damaging facts about Columbus and the impact of his voyages were aired along with demands for truth and change. This study analyzes the power relationships and political ideology of picturebooks about Columbus published in the US in the 20 years since that anniversary to determine what messages and attitudes young readers are likely to absorb from them and whether the picturebook image of Columbus has evolved. It draws on the ideas of progressive educator Herbert Kohl, who demonstrates how the analysis of power relationships in stories reveals their political stance (Should We Burn Babar?, 1995), and on the tradition of progressive librarianship, which seeks to promote intellectual freedom and positive images in children’s literature of all peoples. The study finds extensive use of certain narrative techniques, including patterns of assumptions, avoidance, event selection, and omission. Patterns in illustration and sentence structure (use of passive voice, etc.) as well as stereotyping and Eurocentrism also abound. Finally, mild historical revisionism is introduced in more “balanced” titles, though the definition of balance is problematic. This article finds that the Columbus myth persists with little change, and that few titles present child readers with alternative perspectives.

Gender Differences in Strategic Behaviour Under Competitive Pressure: Evidence on Omission Patterns in University Entrance Examinations

This paper studies gender differences in performance in university entrance examinations. We exploit data from the exams that the nine Finnish universities providing education in economics and business use to choose their students. These exams are multiple choice tests where wrong answers are penalized by minus points and omissions yield zero points. This scoring rule means that the number of omitted items will affect the probability of entry. The strategic setting of the applicants varies depending on the university where she is applying to and on the amount of starting points that she is rewarded based on her high school success. The results show that, controlling for starting points, women perform worse than men in the entrance exam and are less likely to gain entry. Women also omit more items in the exam. Using the Rasch Model to derive the predicted probabilities of answering items correctly for each applicant, we show that women deviate more from the number of answered items that would maximise the predicted probability of entry than men and that they do so because they answer to too few items.

Postdevelopment Television? Cultural Citizenship and the Mediation of Africa in Contemporary TV Drama

Despite well-established critiques from African and Africanist scholars, problematic images and narratives of Africa as a site of disease, famine, and conflict continue to circulate formulaically in mainstream first-world media. Meanwhile, many recent complex humanitarian emergencies in African countries have failed to garner significant attention from mainstream Western media and their audiences. This article examines how these power-bearing patterns of representation and omission can be complicated, contested, and disrupted in contemporary TV drama that takes recent African crises as its subject matter. We focus on six episodes of the hospital drama ER set in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Darfur region of Sudan. Our analysis of the textual strategies deployed in these episodes and of online audience engagements with them enables us to explore what happens when Africa is brought into the regimes of narrative complexity increasingly associated with television drama in the new media ecology. ER's engagements with African conflict innovatively articulate key aspects of the cultural politics of postdevelopment and postcolonialism in ways that challenge familiar Western media tropes of the “troubled continent” and destabilize the wider knowledges that sustain them.

Differential Object Marking in Child and Adult Spanish Heritage Speakers

We report the results of two studies that investigate the factors contributing to non-native-like ability in child and adult heritage speakers by focusing on oral production of Differential Object Marking (DOM), the overt morphological marking of animate direct objects in Spanish. In study 1, 39 school-age bilingual children (ages 6–17) from the United States and 20 monolingual children from Mexico completed a Story Retelling Task and a Picture Description Task. In study 2, 64 young adult heritage speakers (ages 18–25), 23 adult immigrants to the United States (ages 40–60), and 40 native speakers from Mexico (ages 18–60) completed the same oral tasks. Results showed significant rates of omission of DOM in animate direct objects in all the experimental groups from the United States and ceiling performance in the groups from Mexico (both children and adults). We discuss how the combined effects of reduced input, potential attrition in the first generation of immigrants, incomplete acquisition in the second generation, and transfer from English may account for the persistent patterns of DOM omission with animate and specific direct objects in child and adult Spanish heritage speakers.

Clefts and preposition omission under sluicing

This work argues against analyzing the possibility of preposition omission under sluicing as categorically dependent on the availability of preposition stranding under wh-movement. In particular, I demonstrate the descriptive inadequacy of the cleft analysis proposed for Polish sluicing in order to account for the environments tolerating preposition omission. Data from four acceptability judgment studies are presented in support of this argument. These data indicate that the pattern of preposition omission in Polish is graded, and reflects the linguistic complexity of correlates and sluicing remnants. One way of capturing these findings is, I propose, by connecting the availability of preposition omission in sluicing to general cognitive mechanisms involved in anaphoric processing.

Consequences of Candidate Omission

Consequences of Candidate Omission

O'Neill's “Damned Unconventional” Play from the Prohibition Years: “Anna Christie”

O'Neill's “Damned Unconventional” Play from the Prohibition Years: <i>“Anna Christie”</i>

Remediating jihad for western news audiences: The renewal of gatekeeping?

Digitization creates an ontological challenge to broadcast-era metaphors (gate, channel, flow), not least to understandings of who news gatekeepers are, where gates lie, the presumed audience, community or culture gatekeeping is done for, and what it means to gatekeep. Analysing how jihadist speeches by bin Laden, Al-Zawahiri and others are translated and remediated from their original websites, languages and contexts by various intermediaries and by western mainstream news, including the BBC, illuminates an apparently simple, settled gatekeeping model that produces systematic patterns of translation, selection and omission. Western news creates an obstacle to understanding why such texts may be appealing to some audiences by ignoring intermediaries such as terrorism-monitoring sites, Arabic media, and jihadist websites’ own self-monitoring services, delimiting a ‘mainstream’ understanding. A focus on multilingual, multiplatform gatekeeping demonstrates how loci and forms of power and authority are changing in the ‘connective turn’, to which media practitioners and scholars must adapt.