Motivational Patterns Research Articles

Food-Related Behavioral Patterns in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: The Role of Food Involvement and Health Engagement.

Nutrition has been acknowledged as crucial in IBD and is relevant to patients' motives behind food choices, which are affected by health engagement (HE) and food involvement (FI). This study aimed to profile IBD patients according to their levels of health engagement and food involvement to identify patterns of different motives behind food choices, particularly regarding the use of food to regulate mood. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 890 Italian IBD patients who completed an online survey in April 2021. We measured health engagement, food involvement, motives behind food choices, emotional states, and food-related quality of life (Fr-QoL). K-means cluster analysis was performed to identify participants with similar levels of health engagement and food involvement. Four clusters were identified: "Health-conscious (high HE, low FI)", "Balanced (high HE, high FI)", "Hedonist (high FI, low HE)", and "Careless (low FI, low HE)". Clusters with high FI are inclined toward seeking pleasurable food, but when supported with high health engagement, individuals were less prone to use food to manage mood. Groups with higher health engagement demonstrated lower hospitalization rates and relapses and better Fr-QoL. Profiling IBD patients regarding FI and HE could aid clinicians in identifying individuals at greater risk of maladaptive food-related behaviors.

Unveiling maker mindsets: a journey of formation and transformation through design thinking-making pedagogy within a lesson study context

Maker Education (ME) focuses on fostering students’ Maker Mindsets (MM). However, prevailing ME practices often lack a structured approach, that impedes the effective development of students’ MM. To address this challenge, a Design Thinking-making pedagogy (DTMP) is used to design ME lessons through a three-month Lesson Study (LS) cycle. Employing a qualitative multiple case study methodology, we studied the development and transformation of MM in three elementary school students. Diverse data were collected, including student artifacts, video recordings of teacher discussions, and audio recordings of the interviews. The findings revealed common cognitive, self-efficacy, and collaboration improvements among the three students. Unique changes in individual cognitive skills, motivational patterns, and obstacles to collaboration were also observed. Furthermore, key factors influencing MM development were identified across individual, social, and pedagogical dimensions. Individual factors included prior knowledge, maker skills, and motivation, whereas social factors included teachers’ attitudes, recognition, feedback, and peer collaboration. Pedagogical practices, such as project difficulty, structure, and authenticity, play a crucial role in MM development. This study not only contributes valuable insights into MM development, but also underscores the pivotal role of tailored, personal real-life experiences in ME pedagogy. Furthermore, our study suggests that teachers can enhance ME pedagogy by intentionally designing it to facilitate MM in students, using the LS approach.

Locating Motivation for English as a Foreign Language Over Time: The Influence of School Location and Type

This article examines secondary school learners’ motivation to learn English as a foreign language (EFL) in relation to two contextual factors: school type and school location. Data were collected from 352 Polish learners who attended English instruction in general and technical secondary schools in a large city and a small town in western Poland. Learners’ motivation, conceptualized as a continuum from fully autonomous to fully controlled, was measured through a survey at two time points, 2 years apart, which provided an assessment of motivational change. The second measurement was followed by interviews with selected learners. Our results show that learners from general secondary schools in the two locations exhibited different motivational patterns, while those from technical schools were similarly motivated regardless of their schools’ locations. A decrease in extrinsic motivation over time was observed in both types of small-town schools. Based on these results, we discuss the implications for EFL pedagogy.

Learning motivation and self-assessment in health economics: a survey on overconfidence in healthcare providers

IntroductionLifelong learning is the foundation for professionals to maintain competence and proficiency in several aspects of economy and medicine. Until now, there is no evidence of overconfidence (the belief to...

The role of negative childhood experiences and internal stigma in the formation of motivation for the treatment of patients with mental disorders

Background: Motivation for treatment is an important component of patients' compliance to treatment of mental disorders, and its formation can be affected by different factors. The aim of the study: To analyze relationship between adverse childhood experiences, internal stigma and the intensity and structure of motivation to pharmaco-psychotherapy in patients with mental disorders. Materials and methods: The study involved 102 patients treated at the V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, the Kashchenko Hospital, and the City Psychiatric Hospital No. 6. The study used the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) questionnaire, the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) questionnaire, and the Treatment Motivation Assessment Questionnaire (TIMQ). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 26.0 software package. Results: According to the results of multiple regression analysis, patients with higher education determined the improvement of patients' motivation for treatment, increasing the probability of its high intensity by 5.92 times. The presence of each additional type of adverse experience in childhood also 1.4-fold increase the odds of intensive motivation of patients. Among individual variants of negative experience, emotional abuse was associated with a tenfold decrease in odds, while observing violence against a mother or stepmother in childhood was conversely associated with a fifteenfold increase in the odds of forming an intense motivation for treatment. Conclusion: Integrative role of adverse childhood experiences is important, but, unlike the internal stigma of mental disorder, it can be equally associated with both less adaptive motivational patterns during treatment. to both more and less adaptive motivational patterns in patients in the process of their treatment.

Family Communication Patterns in Enhancing Learning Motivation and Academic Achievement Among Students of Ciputra University Surabaya

Family Communication Patterns in Enhancing Learning Motivation and Academic Achievement Among Students of Ciputra University Surabaya

Machine Learning to Identify Clusters in Family Medicine Diplomate Motivations and Their Relationship to Continuing Certification Exam Outcomes: Findings and Potential Future Implications.

The potential for machine learning (ML) to enhance the efficiency of medical specialty boards has not been explored. We applied unsupervised ML to identify archetypes among American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) Diplomates regarding their practice characteristics and motivations for participating in continuing certification, then examined associations between motivation patterns and key recertification outcomes. Diplomates responding to the 2017 to 2021 ABFM Family Medicine continuing certification examination surveys selected motivations for choosing to continue certification. We used Chi-squared tests to examine difference proportions of Diplomates failing their first recertification examination attempt who endorsed different motivations for maintaining certification. Unsupervised ML techniques were applied to generate clusters of physicians with similar practice characteristics and motivations for recertifying. Controlling for physician demographic variables, we used logistic regression to examine the effect of motivation clusters on recertification examination success and validated the ML clusters by comparison with a previously created classification schema developed by experts. ML clusters largely recapitulated the intrinsic/extrinsic framework devised by experts previously. However, the identified clusters achieved a more equal partitioning of Diplomates into homogenous groups. In both ML and human clusters, physicians with mainly extrinsic or mixed motivations had lower rates of examination failure than those who were intrinsically motivated. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using ML to supplement and enhance human interpretation of board certification data. We discuss implications of this demonstration study for the interaction between specialty boards and physician Diplomates.

The flipped classroom: first-time student preparatory activity patterns and their relation to course performance and self-regulation

AbstractIn the flipped classroom, students engage in preparatory activities to study the course materials prior to attending teacher-guided sessions. Students’ success in the flipped classroom is directly related to their preparation and students tend to change their preparation activity over time. Few studies have investigated why students change their preparation activity. Therefore, we address this gap by first clustering university students (N = 174) enrolled in a flipped course for the first time based on their preparatory activities at three time points. We identified distinct preparatory activity patterns by computing changes in cluster membership. Next, we compared students’ preparatory activity patterns in course performance, motivation, and self-regulation. The temporal investigation of activity patterns provided important insights into how preparation (or lack thereof) at different phases relates to course performance. Intensive preparation only at the beginning of the course was related to significantly worse course performance whereas preparation only in the middle of the course was related to higher course performance. Students who performed intensively during the course had significantly higher course performance, higher intrinsic motivation at the beginning, and higher self-regulation (in particular, time management) in the middle of the course than students showing lower activity during preparation. Our findings provide important implications for future research and educational practice, particularly for students transitioning to flipped classroom learning for the first time.

Causality orientations and spontaneous mental contrasting

Mental contrasting is a motivational behavior change strategy necessary for strong goal commitment. Meanwhile, general causality orientations are motivational patterns that represent individuals’ motivation for behavior change and the reason for their goal commitment. The current study explored whether causality orientations predict spontaneous mental contrasting in Chinese university students. Study 1 investigated whether academic autonomy, control, and amotivated orientations correlate with spontaneous mental contrasting about an important academic goal. The findings of Study 1 reveal that autonomy orientation did not correlate with mental contrasting, whereas control and amotivated orientations were negatively correlated with mental contrasting. Study 2 investigated whether priming autonomy and control orientations, in addition to the neutral condition, would induce spontaneous mental contrasting about an academic goal related to the students’ research topic. The results of Study 2 revealed that the autonomy condition orientation did not differ significantly from the controlled orientation condition. However, when compared to the neutral condition, the autonomy condition significantly predicted mental contrasting, whereas the controlled orientation condition did not show any significant difference. In Study 2, the autonomy-oriented participants generated more spontaneous mental contrast than the control orientation and neutral conditions. The findings show that controlled and amotivated orientations predicted negative mental contrasting. As a result, controlled and amotivated students must learn how to use mental contrasting to achieve high levels of goal commitment and achievement. Lastly, the study discussed its implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research.

Heterogeneity in drinking motives among college student drinkers: a latent profile analysis

Scant research has utilized person-centred approaches to investigate associations between patterns of drinking motive facets and alcohol-related outcomes and depressive symptoms. To address this gap, 1,216 first- and second-year Chinese college students (Mean age = 19.14, SD = 0.94, 37.3% male) who had consumed alcohol in the past year were surveyed by questionnaires. Latent profile analysis was used to identify distinct classes based on four drinking motives: enhancement, coping, conformity, and social motives. A 5-profile solution provided the best overall model fit to the data, including the ‘low’ (n = 712; 58.6%), ‘moderate’ (n = 213; 17.5%), ‘high’ (n = 120; 9.9%), ‘high external/low internal reinforcing’ (n = 108; 8.9%), and ‘high positive/low negative reinforcing’ motives groups (n = 63; 5.2%). Students with high drinking motives endorsed the highest levels of alcohol use outcomes and depression symptoms, while reporting the lowest level of drinking refusal self-efficacy. Students with moderate motives tended to occupy the middle position across all outcome variables. Students characterized by high external/low internal motives reported elevated depressive symptoms and drinking-related problems. Those with high positive/low negative motives exhibited high drinking intention and alcohol consumption, but low levels of drinking-related problems and depressive symptoms. These findings shed light on the heterogeneity among college student drinkers, paving the way for targeted alcohol interventions tailored to diverse drinking motive patterns.

Health Information as “Fodder for Fears”: A Qualitative Analysis of Types and Determinants of the Nonuse of Health Information

ABSTRACT As not all individuals are willing to pay attention to health information it is crucial to understand and distinguish the underlying motives and the scope of various nonuse behaviors. To increase conceptual clarity and specify theoretical assumptions about the types of nonuse of health information and their determinants, we used a qualitative research approach. Semi-structured interviews with 11 female, 10 male, and 10 non-binary participants aged between 18 and 67 (M = 39.7) showed that information ignoring and avoidance are two distinct behaviors characterized by their motivational patterns. Information ignoring is a preference for other content, serving as a strategy to manage limited time resources and receptivity. Information avoidance is understood as a decision to avoid threatening health information serving emotion regulation. Our data further indicate that information ignoring and avoidance are not unidimensional constructs. Instead, the selectivity and consistency of both behaviors build various types of information ignoring and avoidance, which need to be explained differently considering individual differences, cognitive, affective, socio-normative, and structural factors. Further, theory specification should build on the revealed findings and test which factors relate to which kind of nonuse behaviors.

Adolescent Screen Use: Problematic Internet Use and the Impact of Gender.

The relationship between screen use and problematic internet use (PIU; i.e., internet addiction) amongst adolescents has not been sufficiently explored. Further, there is even less research on how gender is associated with this relationship. The goal of the study was to examine adolescent screen use, PIU, and its impact on day-to-day routines of adolescents. Participants were recruited from an outpatient pediatric clinic in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 180 adolescents completed questionnaires related to their screen use, extracurricular activities, and symptoms of PIU. Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to determine correlates and predictors of PIU, and to explore gender differences. A total of 26.1% of adolescents met the criteria for PIU. There were no significant differences between boys and girls in PIU severity. However, there were significant gender differences in preferred use of the Internet, with boys being more likely to access the Internet to play video games (odds ratio [OR]=27.1) and girls being more likely to socialize with friends (OR=4.51). PIU severity increased proportionally to the number of hours of use of all screen devices with moderate-to-large effect sizes (η2=0.060-0.157). Using screens during meals and missing extracurricular activities were both associated with PIU. Though gender was not associated with PIU, both excessive use of screen devices during meals and neglect of offline extracurriculars activities were identified as risk factors for PIU. Prevention measures should consider the impact of gender and associated patterns of motivation and Internet use.

A Common Purpose? Social Work Students’ Social Justice Related Views in Finland and the island of Ireland

Abstract Exploring social work students’ views to understand how equipped they are to pursue the social justice mission of the profession should be of central academic and practical interest. There are, however, surprisingly few empirical studies focussing on social work students’ views on social justice-related issues from a comparative viewpoint. Such knowledge is thought to be of a wider international interest from a number of perspectives, including social work education and student exchange and, in a wider context, for the development of social work as a profession and for discussing the prerequisites for shared international notions of social work. This article explores the views of social work students studying in different socio-economic contexts and welfare regimes in relation to some key aspects assumed to be vital for the profession. The results based on survey data from student cohorts in Finland (N = 608) and the island of Ireland (N = 279) support the general conclusion that there are important, similar patterns of motivations and understandings amongst the students, despite substantial differences in histories, welfare state developments, current policies and social conditions in various jurisdictions. The results are of interest to educators across countries internationally and provide an important basis for future similar studies.

Correlated change in habitual and situational reading motivation

We aim to examine similarities and differences in the developmental patterns of habitual (HRM) and situational reading motivation (SRM). We investigated the correlated change of SRM and two aspects of HRM: habitual reading enjoyment and habitual reading for interest. The sample comprised N = 1508 students with four waves of data collections spaced approximately every 18 months. Applying multivariate curve-of-factors models, first we found a decline in all three aspects of reading motivation from T1 to T3, and a stable trajectory from T3 to T4. Second, all three aspects of reading motivation correlated strongly regarding time-specific aspects, as well as level and trend factors. Third, the two HRM aspects showed higher correlations than did any aspect of HRM with SRM. Implications of the correlated declines of HRM and SRM, and for future research on reading motivation in general, are discussed.

A Qualitative Study into the Experiences and Motivation of Filipino Healthcare Professionals in Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic

Motivation is among the core components of work performance among individuals and organizations, particularly for workers facing challenging and complex work environments. The Self-Determination Theory analyzes the key elements of one’s motivation, focusing on intrinsic and extrinsic motivational patterns. Healthcare workers face specialized tasks (e.g., providing patient care) and daily challenges (e.g., weighty workloads) that test their motivation to pursue their chosen profession. In this article, the self-determination theory is applied to clarify both (a) experiences and (b) challenges of these healthcare workers employed in Cagayan de Oro City. The current study utilized an online qualitative survey to obtain responses from the target sample. The data were coded and thematically analyzed. Results indicate that participants experience both ends of the motivational continuum; some experience a personal inherent desire for continued learning and professional development, while others are motivated in their profession for increased financial compensation and benefits. These workers’ challenges include workload challenges, conflicts with colleagues, changes in the workplace environment, and difficulties encountered through patient interaction. Policymakers should focus on providing a balance between boosting healthcare workers’ monetary compensation, providing further growth and development in their field, and enhancing workplace conditions; improvements in their motivation level can be anticipated to increase.

Research on the generative logic and configuration effects of the policy implementation environment in China's grassroots digital construction: Traceability based on grounded theory and the validation of the csQCA method.

Using NVivo12plus software, this study constructs a generation model of the policy implementation environment in China's grassroots digital construction by examining the data from interviews with 37 Chinese grassroots civil servants as its research object. At the same time, with the help of the csQCA method and on the basis of rooted coding, using Tosmana software, the model validation and model expansion of 37 cases were carried out. This study shows that the main components of the policy implementation environment in China's grassroots digital construction include five main dimensions: cognitive, emotional, behavioral, normative and control. At the initial stage of China's grassroots digital construction, the cognitive environment dimension is the most critical link in the environmental governance of policy implementation. The cognitive and normative environments dominate the effect pattern of China's grassroots digital policy implementation. There are six types of motivation patterns for the environmental effect of the implementation of grassroots digital policy: know-doing-norm, cognitive-dominant, know-doing-control, emotion-control, behavior-lacking and regulation-dominant types. Based on the above analysis, there are three main policy suggestions to promote the generation of a productive policy implementation environment and positive policy effects in China's digital construction: "degree", "force" and "sense". These suggestions include strengthening the top-level design, improving the integration and cooperation degree of the environment, taking the root at the grassroots level to improve the adaptability of the environment, as well as increasing publicity and promotion to improve the sense of environmental experience.

Socio-Onomastics of Distorted Names: Nicknaming Practices among Punjabi Speakers in Pakistan

Due to hierarchical power relations and the difficulty of confronting others or expressing disdain explicitly in small rural communities, nicknames and spoiled names can be an overt avenue for venting displeasure, ridiculing, expressing social inequality, asserting superiority, conveying judgment, or warning against improper behaviour. The study focuses on how native Punjabi speakers in rural Punjab, Pakistan, distort names to express disdain, rage, affection, or frankness towards people in their presence or absence. Distorted names used both overtly (in the person’s presence) or secretly have been collected through a questionnaire filled in by 22 participants belonging to 22 villages in Punjab, Pakistan. Socio-cultural implications of those names have also been investigated and discussed. The author shows that the boundary between distorted names and nicknames is indistinct. This applies to both their formal features, semantic and pragmatic properties. Speakers not only morphologically distort the formal names but also use the names of castes, animals, physical attributes, and professional titles as address forms or referential expressions. Although distorted names generally offend the referent, they, like nicknames, can be used in both positive and negative contexts. The article describes the main motivational patterns of distorted names, similar to those usually pointed out for nicknames, and focuses mainly on their pragmatic features as noted in the metalinguistic comments of the respondents. Though the use of such naming labels may display quite universal regularities, the socio-cultural situation of the caste-based traditional rural communities of Punjab brings its own specifics to the way distorted names and nicknames are used in the area under study.

팬데믹 환경에서의 뉴스 읽기

During the COVID-19 pandemic, this study sought to understand economically disadvantaged individuals’ media dependency, motivations and reasons for reading the news, and challenges they experienced. Through a survey of a newspaper subscription support program participants in South Korea, the study found differences in patterns of media dependency and motivations for reading the news by age groups. Interviewees in their 50s responded that they read newspapers to understand and make sense of the world. Those in their 40s utilized broadcast news to communicate with and educate their children, and ones in their 20s and 30s searched for news on social media for self-actualization. As the older generation still perceived the digital environment as uncomfortable and confusing, digital literacy education is necessary for senior citizens. Young people responded that newspapers facilitated balanced news consumption. Findings of this study suggest that media access support should be differentiated by age groups.

Love, Money, or Fame? Determinants of Turkey’s Leader Visits

Abstract High-level leader visits serve as credible signals in international relations, as they not only reveal the priorities of states in foreign relations but also convey messages to third parties. Observations of Turkey’s elevated diplomatic encounters with Iran, China, and Russia suggest a potential deviation from the West, while visits to Middle Eastern capitals are interpreted as evidence of Turkey’s Islamization. Beyond these individual cases, is it possible to identify a pattern of motivations that determine Turkey’s visit dynamics? By constructing a novel dataset from primary sources like official state documents, “Turkey Visits,” which spans the period from 1989 to 2022, this study aims to both characterize the distribution patterns of high-level leader visits and investigate the underlying factors that influence these patterns.

The foundation of trust and its connection to leadership, charisma attributions, self-efficacy, and motivation

ABSTRACT Teachers, managers, and commanders – figures whose very role includes leadership elements -often enjoy trust that does not necessarily stem from the ‘here and now’ dynamics, but is rather based on early evolutionary sources. This claim is empirically supported by studies conducted in the fields of leadership, epistemic trust, and natural pedagogy. The purpose of the present study is to shed light on the signaling process that characterizes leaders’ influence, and to empirically examine the most influential signals from the followers’ perspective. The study examines signals that trigger the trust which is inherent in humans, and expressed by: 1. charisma attributions; 2. self-efficacy beliefs; and 3. changing patterns of motivation – from personal instrumental motivation to more collective and normative forms of motivation. Using a computerized maze experiment that included 120 subjects, hypotheses concerning trust-inducing signals were tested. The main hypothesis was that the group presented with these signals will perform better than the group that performed the same tasks in the experiment without the presentation of these signals. The findings indicate that, as expected, the signals discussed were positively correlated with all three dependent variables. The evolutionary processes underlying the findings of the presented experiment are broadly discussed.