Labor Patterns Research Articles

Immigration and labor shortages: Learning from Japan and the United Kingdom

Industrialized countries have increasingly used skill-based selective migration policies to reduce labor and skill shortages. But are these policies effective? This paper uses Japan and the United Kingdom to illustrate how immigration policy and employment, training and labor practices influence labor and skill supply. Until recently, these two countries had different migration policies and labor practices. Yet data shows similar patterns of labor and skill shortage profiles in both countries. This paper draws on empirical research to argue that such outcomes suggest that immigration policies will not alleviate labor and skill shortages unless accompanied by the transformation of employment and training practices.

The duration of labor in spontaneous preterm deliveries: A retrospective observational study in a tertiary Irish maternity hospital

BackgroundPreterm deliveries account for 10% of all births, and are the most important cause of neonatal mortality globally. Despite their frequency, there is a paucity of information known about usual patterns of preterm labor, as previous studies which critically defined the normal progression of labor excluded preterm gestations. ObjectiveTo compare the durations of the first, second and third stages of spontaneous preterm labor in nulliparous and multiparous women at varying preterm gestations. MethodsA retrospective observational study was undertaken of women admitted in spontaneous preterm labor from January 2017 to December 2020 with viable singleton gestations between 24 and 36 + 6 weeks’ gestation who then proceeded to have a vaginal delivery. There were 512 cases following exclusion of preterm inductions of labor, instrumental vaginal deliveries, provider-initiated pre-labor Caesarean sections and emergency intrapartum Caesarean sections. The data was then examined to determine our outcomes of interest including the durations of the first, second and third stages of preterm labor, analyzing results by parity and gestation. For comparison, we reviewed data of term spontaneous labors and spontaneous vaginal deliveries during the same study period, identifying 8339 cases. Findings97.6% of participants achieved a spontaneous cephalic vaginal delivery with the remainder undergoing an assisted breech birth. 5.7% of gestations delivered spontaneously between 24 + 0 and 27 + 6 weeks, with most births at gestations greater than 34 weeks (74%). The second stage duration (mean 15 vs 32 vs 32 mins respectively) was significantly different across the three gestation periods (p < 0.05), but was notably much quicker in extremely preterm labors. The first and third stage durations were similar between all gestational age groups with no statistically significant differences in results. There was a significant influence of parity on the first and second stages of labor, with multiparous women progressing more quickly than nulliparae (p < 0.001). ConclusionThe duration of spontaneous preterm labor is described. Multiparous women progress more quickly in the first and second stages of preterm labor than nulliparous women.

Liminality, COVID‐19 and the long crisis of young adults' employment

AbstractThe COVID‐19 crisis has brought into sharp relief the precarious employment situation of young people, precipitating a raft of academic and public claims of an unprecedented crisis that has disrupted young lives. Our study contributes to research on youth labour and transitions with new longitudinal empirical analysis. Our analysis challenges the “newness” of the precarity highlighted by COVID‐19, focussing on employment. It draws on longitudinal mixed methods data from a research project tracking the transition to adulthood of young Australians. We make use of the concept of liminality to analyse the labour patterns for this group of young adults for the past 5 years. While we acknowledge the impact of COVID‐19 on young people's lives, our analysis reveals a precarisation of labour conditions for a significant proportion of participants that precedes the pandemic crisis. We conclude that the tendency in some youth research and in public discourse, to depict contemporary events as heralding “new” crises for young people, obscures the deeper structural arrangements that continually position the young to take the brunt of social and economic policies.

Effectiveness of a Self-educational Module on Preterm Labor's Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention among Pregnant women in the OPD at particular hospitals in Kashmir

Background: Preterm labour is defined as labour that starts before the baby has been pregnant for 37 weeks. Approximately 9% of all pregnancies have it. If a woman experiences uterine contractions that result in cervical effacement and dilatation, she is thought to be in premature labour. Any woman who exhibits a pattern of labour lasting more than an hour, with contractions lasting 30 seconds and happening as regularly as every 10 minutes apart, should be diagnosed as being in labour. Because a premature baby is born as a result of preterm labour, it is serious. Premature mothers may experience more painless contractions, backaches, and excessive vaginal discharge than other pregnant women. Preterm delivery is responsible for 75% of all perinatal fatalities and up to 50% of infant neurological impairments. Preterm birth rates vary among different demographics, with the socioeconomically privileged population experiencing the lowest rates and the medically underprivileged population seeing the highest rates. Finding the women who are at risk for preterm labour is the first step in managing this issue. Method: 40 volunteers total were chosen for this experimental investigation using a non-probability handy sampling strategy. Design experimentation was done. Data was gathered using a structured interviewing method. Information collected for the two portions, including socio-demographic data, a knowledge quiz, and a practice checklist. The split half technique formula was used to determine the tool's dependability. Knowledge yielded a reliability result of r=0.904. prenatal care instruction manual that you prepared yourself. Result: Pre-test knowledge for the expectant women was only average for 16(40%) and low for 24 (60%) of the mothers. When post test results were compared to pre test scores, it was clear that prenatal moms' knowledge had improved, as 12 of them (30%) had good knowledge and the remaining 28(70%) had average knowledge. The mean knowledge score increased from 16.2+2.85 to 22.45+2.13 in the post test from the pre test. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the self-educational programme for primi para moms on the causes of preterm labor and how to prevent it was a rational, rational, and cost-effective technique.

Is there a difference in labor patterns after induction with prostaglandins and double-balloon catheters?

Labor progression curves are believed to differ between spontaneous and induced labors. However, data describing labor progression patterns with different modes of induction are insufficient. This study aimed to compare the progress patterns between labors induced with slow-release prostaglandin E2 vaginal analogue and those induced with a double-balloon catheter. This retrospective cohort study included all nulliparous women who delivered at term and who underwent cervical ripening with prostaglandin E2 vaginal analogue or a double-balloon catheter from 2013 to 2021 in a tertiary hospital in Israel. Included in the analysis were women who achieved 10 cm cervical dilatation. The time intervals between centimeter-to-centimeter changes were evaluated. A total of 1087 women were included of whom 786 (72.3%) were induced using prostaglandin E2 vaginal analogue and 301 (27.7%) were induced using a double-balloon catheter. The time from induction to birth was similar between the groups (32.5 hours for the prostaglandin E2 vaginal analogue group [5th-95th percentiles, 6.5-153.8] vs 29.2 hours for the double-balloon group [5th-95th percentiles, 9.1-157.1]; P=.100). The median time of the latent phase (2-6 cm dilation) was longer for the double-balloon catheter group than for the prostaglandin E2 vaginal analogue group (7.3 hours [5th-95th percentiles, 5.6-14.5] vs 6.0 hours [5th-95th percentiles, 2.4-18.8]; P=.042). The median time of active labor (6-10 cm dilatation) was similar between groups (1.9 hours [5th-95th percentiles, 0.3-7.4] for the prostaglandin E2 vaginal analogue group vs 2.3 hours [5th-95th percentiles, 0.3-6.5] for the double-balloon catheter group; P=.307). Deliveries subjected to cervical ripening with a double-balloon catheter were characterized by a slightly longer latent phase than deliveries induced by prostaglandin E2 vaginal analogue. After reaching the active phase of labor, the mode of cervical ripening did not influence the labor progress pattern.

Gendering migration in a patriarchal society: assisted female migration from Greece during the early post-war period

ABSTRACT In 1954 the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) launched a program for the recruitment of domestic workers from Greece for Canada, Australia and New Zealand. ICEM gave single women of rural background and with scarce resources the opportunity to migrate and later sponsor the migration of their relatives. Furthermore, ICEM assisted them with orientation and language courses, training programs and loans, and oversaw their transportation and recruitment, as well as of their adjustment to work and life in economically and “culturally” developed countries. In doing so, the Committee tried to imbue women from the periphery of the “Free World” with “superior” western technical skills, cultural values and modern behavioral patterns that reproduced the dominant gender, ethnic, race and class prejudices of the destination countries. The article highlights the way receiving states expanded their capacity to control their borders and select the “qualities” of their foreign female workforce, by standardizing their skills, behaviors and rights. By comparing the implementation of the scheme in three British Commonwealth countries, it problematizes the role of the international organizations in the construction of labor patterns and the dissemination of hegemonic Western gendered economic, social and cultural scripts in a peripheral European country. It also explores the changes brought about by the ICEM in domestic work and women’s response to intergovernmental migration planning.

Labor patterns do not predict complications in patients with vaginal birth after cesarean

Labor patterns do not predict complications in patients with vaginal birth after cesarean

Escolas indígenas, poder e novas desigualidades: efeitos das escolas na economia local Wauja, sistema político e relações domésticas

Abstract Studies argue that formal schooling in Indigenous communities tends to be negatively associated with children acquiring local cultural knowledge, and that formal schooling using a language and world views unrelated to local knowledge contributes to its erosion. Yet the impact of schooling on a community extends far beyond the curriculum itself. School reshapes the daily routine, as well as the nature of work and leisure for children, teachers, parents and the community. In cultures such as that of the Wauja of central Brazil, where, before the arrival of schools, all adults contributed to food production, schooling immediately creates a division of labor between salaried workers who can buy food and people without salaries who must produce it themselves. Salaries change not only labor patterns, but the local economy itself, as well as residence patterns, and even gender roles. Young men who earn salaries can be head of their own nuclear family households, instead of doing bride service and living in extended family households under the authority of a father-in-law. This change in residence patterns, in turn, impacts roles and status of women within their homes. Effects of various disruptive forces associated with introduction of schools are examined.

Answering Agrarian Issues through Analysis of Employment Opportunities and Labor Shifting

Agrarian research in Indonesia has developed with its variety of focus areas such as analysis of agrarian structure disparity, land ownership conflicts, and poverty. However, of the several research topics related to agrarian affairs, it is apparent that very few discuss how employment opportunities and types of labor shifting in the agriculture sector exist from a sociological perspective. Agrarian studies in this research have the objective to describe and analyze employment opportunities and types of labor shifting in the agriculture sector in Balearjo Village, Pagelaran Sub-District, Malang Regency. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with the data collection technique of participant observation and semi-structured interviews. The unit of analysis is employment opportunities and labor shifting in the agriculture sector, discussed with the Historical Materialism Theory of Karl Marx. Research results indicated that there is a variety of employment opportunities in the agriculture sector, not only limited to land ownership and land tilling. The same is true for patterns of labor shifting; the condition is not as simple as society shifting to non-agriculture sectors. Instead, shifts occur that are temporary in nature and continuous in a cycle depending on the harvest season. The existence of various employment opportunities that implicate labor shifting is certainly due to the existence of a material basis that determines a non-material basis. This is because the position of individuals in the agricultural working class will determine their consciousness and the ways they work.

Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950)

Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950)

Effect of parenting patterns of warehouse labor on forming character of their elementary children

Background: The rapid development of science has had a major impact on various aspects of life, one of which is the world of education. As prospective educators, we must become good and professional educators in this developing world of education. Therefore, in educating children, the role of parenting is very much needed to help grow the initial character in children. Character education in children is very important to be given as early as possible and the right education can build good character. Instilling character in children must be accustomed from an early age, so that after the child moves into adolescence and adulthood, the child is accustomed to having a good character condition. Facts that occur in the field when researchers make observations, especially at PT Yongjin Javasuka Garment, there are still many inappropriate parenting patterns such as parents who ignore the importance of interacting between parents and their children. Especially parents who prefer to pursue a career and entrust their child care to their family and others. The role of career parenting is certainly very influential on the formation of children's character from an early age. The impact of this problem is that children become less attentive because of busy working parents, children feel free to play anywhere due to lack of supervision from parents, and lack of supervision when children study or do school assignments.&#x0D; Purpose: The goal to be achieved in conducting this research is to determine the effect of the role of parenting career parents on the formation of character in children.&#x0D; Design and methods: This study uses a quantitative approach with causality correlation method.&#x0D; Results: The results of hypothesis testing indicate that there is a significant influence of career parenting on character formation in elementary school-aged children and the level of relationship strength of career parenting on character formation in elementary school-aged children has a moderate level of relationship. The influence of career parenting on character formation in elementary school-aged children has an effect of 27.6% while the remaining 72.4% is influenced by other factors not examined by researchers.

Making it work: women, land and labour in West Karbi Anglong, Assam

ABSTRACT The article seeks to understand how the deepening logic of neoliberal governmentality transforms the lives, labour and access to resources such as land, for women in West Karbi Anglong, Assam, Northeast India. It explores new forms of social (in)equality and mobility in gender relations and community dynamics in Sixth Schedule districts, tracing the evolving conjuncture between community, state and the market. We approach this question in two ways: first, how the neoliberal market rationality reconstitutes and is reconstituted by existing customs of inheritance, patterns of labour, notions of community and belonging, and gender relations; second, the strategies that women adopt in a context where forms of women’s work and modes of access to resources such as land are going through rapid changes. The aim is to encourage critical reflections on women’s access/rights to land and their labour in the Sixth Schedule areas, and what changes with the neoliberal turn.

FN v. Universiteit Antwerpen: The cold shoulder on the principles of effet utile and pro rata temporis

In May 2022, the CJEU delivered the judgment FN v. Universiteit Antwerpen, dealing with the interpretation of the Framework Agreements on fixed-term and part-time work in higher education. This contribution studies the Court's position on the four referred questions and provides a critical analysis of its reasoning. It finds, first and foremost, that a poor legal phrasing by the referring court and the lack of substance provided by the claimant weakened the position of the applicant and the possibility of receiving better protection from the directives. Nevertheless, the analysils also finds that the Court failed to see this case in light of important and well-established principles of EU law, particularly regarding the principle of pro rata temporis and effectiveness of EU law. It shows that this (lack of) interpretation by the Court undermines an already flawed protection of the directives and fails to shield a growing group of atypical workers from increasingly precarious labour patterns.

Foregrounding the Freedmen’s Bureau: A Heterodox Welfare State History

ABSTRACT The Freedmen’s Bureau was the first national U.S. welfare institution. This fact has not, however, motivated scholars to draw duly substantive connections between the Bureau and the welfare state. This article traces empirical patterns of labor, gender, and race from their first nationalization under the Bureau to their formative influence on the evolution of what is considered to be the welfare state. The article goes on to show the Bureau to mark the first instance of an actual U.S. welfare state. More importantly, the resulting reconceptualization suggests the Bureau to represent the only historical instance of an actual U.S. welfare state, all subsequent formations comprising merely a performative welfare state for lack of their attempt, or even intention, to fully rectify the enduring racial injustice inherited from chattel slavery. The performative welfare state, as it were, has thereby only ever prescribed systemically inequitable normativity antithetical to the notion of welfare.

Analysis of the state of the labor market in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the dynamics of the state of employment of the population and an overview of key indicators of employment and unemployment, the growing level of mismatch between supply and demand in the labor market over the past few years. In the process of considering the features of the labor market, the specifics, trends and patterns inherent in the labor market are indicated. Assessing the state of the labor market in modern conditions, it can be noted that the carrier of labor relations in society is the active part of the population, and therefore, the real value is the state and availability of resources for labor activity as a factor shaping the labor market. The main difference of the labor market in Kazakhstan is the high level of hidden unemployment, which, on the one hand, is a reserve for the expansion of production, and on the other hand, can become an important factor in the destabilization of social relations with the deterioration of the economic situation. The modern labor market is characterized by the presence of certain problems, among which it is necessary to note the discrepancy between the personnel needs of employers and the professional competencies of people who submit their candidacy for consideration. Employment and unemployment indicators in terms of gender are also characterized by features that arise from various factors. In this regard, the urgency of finding ways to smooth out inconsistencies and contradictions between the supply of labor and the demand for it is growing.

Convergence in resource productivity

Are countries converging to the same levels of productivity in transforming natural resources into economic output? This question is of high importance as it determines the need for policy intervention in the pursuit of sustainable economic development. In this paper, we explore convergence patterns in resource productivity across more than 100 countries between 1970 and 2012. Additionally, we analyze the role of fundamental factors for convergence patterns and compare these patterns to labor productivity. Instead of overall convergence, our findings show club convergence in resource productivity, with convergence clubs closely mirroring levels of economic development. The clubs converge towards the same growth rates, not the same levels of productivity. We find that initial levels of GDP per capita, human capital, and population density are strongly associated with club membership. There are noticeable differences between the convergence patterns of labor and resource productivity. Democracy, human capital and temperate climate are particularly strong predictors for club membership in the case of labor productivity, whereas population density is exclusively associated with club membership for resource productivity.

Relationship between emotional labor and sense of career success among community nurses in China, Beijing: A cross-sectional study based on latent class analysis.

This study investigated different patterns of emotional labor among community nurses in China and analyzed the relationships between the sense of career success and emotional labor. A total of 385 community nurses from Beijing participated in this investigation. Latent class analysis was used to identify meaningful subgroups of participants, and analysis of variance was used to analyze relationships between emotional labor classes and the sense of career success. Emotional labor among community nursing staff in China was divided into three latent classes: active (n = 90, 25.6%), apathetic (n = 65, 18.5%), and moderate (n = 197, 55.9%). The active emotional labor classes had significantly higher career success (p<0.05). The "gaining recognition" dimension showed significant differences across the three classes. Our findings suggested managers to implement a variety of measures to strengthen interventions for employees' emotional labor that are targeted to incentive mechanisms, which will improve nurses' sense of career success.

“Besides the Bread, Everyone Speaks Tibetan”: A Portrait of the Tibetan Occupational Link to Farmers Markets in New York City

This paper explores farmers markets as significant sites of employment, language use, and cultural expression for Tibetan speakers living in New York City. Farmers markets serve as a labor niche for the large Tibetan speaking migrant community in the city, yet this niche has been largely unnamed in discussions of Himalayan New York and in discussions of immigrant labor patterns in general. Guided by ethnographic research and first-hand interviews, this paper seeks to investigate the occupational link between farmers markets and Tibetan speakers in NYC – how this niche developed and is sustained, how employee values and the employment environment inform and aid this connection, and how Tibetan language and tradition manifest within the farmers market sphere. Ultimately, this paper conceptualizes farmers markets as spaces of community beyond labor. A seemingly simple employment pattern is in fact an extensive microcosm of Tibetan community spanning five boroughs and over fifty farmers markets, aiding linguistic and cultural preservation as well as exchange for Tibetan speakers across New York City.

Innovation in Labour Organisation and Social Conditionality: Implications for Farm Advisory Services

SummaryThere is growing concern about the evolution of working conditions for employees on European farms. In the new Common Agriculture Policy (CAP), financial support to farmers will soon be subject to a social conditionality clause. As a result of this change in CAP regulations, in this paper we ask if the need for specific advice can already be foreseen? Examining recent investigations that focused on new forms of labour organisations on farms can help to answer this question. Investigations were conducted across France, combining qualitative field studies with a comprehensive analysis of statistical and administrative data. The results show a growing complexity of farm labour organisation that generates needs for new types of advice. In particular, an increasing proportion of the people working on farms are employed by another organisation (foreign and domestic service providers, employers’ alliances, etc.). The administrative data provides strong evidence of the scale of this trend which has little visibility in the agricultural census data. We should therefore be cautious about oversimplified representations of labour patterns at farm level. They can distort policy design, implementation and assessment by overlooking a part of the worker population and needs for new types of advice, including those that will be required to meet social conditionality requirements.

“Work on the Move”: Rethinking Taxation of Labour Income under Tax Treaties

Labour, in all its dimensions, has been “on the move” in the last few years. Before the pandemic, labour mobility has mostly interested only a fraction of the working population, such as highly skilled and high-net-worth individuals. COVID-19 has, however, expanded the extent of labour mobility and the categories of workers involved. This contribution discusses four major changes in labour patterns: (i) home office work; (ii) non-standard forms of employment; (iii) digital nomadism; and (iv) the decentralization of jobs. In particular, the article illustrates how a “work-from-anywhere” scenario may impact the taxation of labour income under tax treaties. Using mainly the OECD Model as a reference, the article discusses difficulties related to the application of physical presence as a sourcing rule for employment income, the distinction between dependent and self-employment income, and the concepts of home office and fixed base. Based on the analysis provided, the author formulates tentative proposals for reforming the current tax treaty treatment of labour income. Specific recommendations include the introduction of a new article jointly dealing with the taxation of labour income, a reviewed scope of application of the physical presence criterion and tax treaty definitions of home office and fixed base.