Patterns Of Labor Force Participation Research Articles

Labor Market Assimilation of Immigrant Women

Using 1970, 1980, and 1990 U.S. census data, the author examines the life-cycle patterns of immigrant women's labor force participation. He finds that the cross-sectional approach that has been used in all previous studies leads to a substantial over-estimate of the degree to which immigrant women's assimilation increases their labor force participation. The effect of assimilation found by using the cohort approach (which acknowledges the possibility that patterns of labor force participation partly reflect the year of immigration), however, is still sizable. The effect is concentrated within the first 10 years after arrival. There are substantial differences in participation and assimilation by country of birth. Immigrants from Japan, Korea, and China are found to have experienced the greatest degree of assimilation, with an effect that raises the probability of working by 20 percentage points during the first 10 years after arriving in the United States.

Geopolitics, Economic Niches, and Gendered Social Capital among Recent Caribbean Immigrants in New York City

This article examines the different socio-economic consequences of migration for Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Cubans, Jamaicans and Haitians in the context of New York City. Migration outcomes are structured by a range of influences, including geopolitics, class selectivity, de-industrialization, ethnic niches and the timing of settlement. Emphasis is placed on the importance of variations in the household structures and gender strategies of these groups for understanding their different socioeconomic situations in the 1990s. Differences in the labor force participation patterns of the women in these communities and the employment traditions upon which they draw have significant consequences for the well-being of the five groups. These cases also question the common assumption that high rates of female headed-households inevitably lead to high rates of poverty, a pattern found among Dominicans and Puerto Ricans but not among Jamaicans and Haitians.

Female Worklife Capacity By Education And Occupation

Abstract No abstract available.

Policy Review Section

In this issue of the Policy Review Section, Anne Green of the Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, examines the changing structure of female participation in the labour market. Against this background it is her contention that the economic activity rate is no longer an adequate measure of contrasting patterns of labour force participation–across areas and within and between population sub-groups. Rather, she argues what is needed is a multiplicity of measures representing different dimensions of the quantity and quality of labour market experience. In the second article, Kevin Cox of the Department of Geography, Ohio State University, and Andrew Wood of the Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, examine the manner in which inward investment is managed in the State of Ohio. They find that in the mediation of inward investment, local authorities are part of a division of labour that also includes electric and gas utilities and Chambers of Commerce. It is the utilities and Chambers that take the lead with the local authority only involved at the final stages in relation to matters such as financial incentives and zoning regulations. They argue that this finding challenges the orthodox academic view of the central role played by local authorities in inward investment promotion in the US.

Earning the model‐minority image: Diverse strategies of economic adaptation by Asian‐American women

Abstract Using the 1980 US Population Census data, this article documents the diverse strategies of economic adaptation adopted by a group of working‐age immigrant women: Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Indian and Vietnamese. A comparable sample of non‐Hispanic white women serves as the reference group. Striking heterogeneity in the individual and collective resources of these groups, together with differences in labour market opportunities and historical context of immigration, have led to a variety of patterns of labour force participation and methods of income attainment. In order to move beyond the oversimplified image of Asian‐Americans as a model minority in their economic success, the article applies four different theories to the census data ‐ assimilation, dual economy, ethnic‐enclave economy and middleman minority. The article closes with a discussion of theoretical implications and methodological suggestions for future studies concerning labour force position and economic adaptation of min...

Time for Retirement: Comparative Studies of Early Exit from the Labor Force.

1. The changing balance of work and retirement Martin Kohli and Martin Rein 2. The evolution of early exit: a comparative analysis of labor force participation patterns Klaus Jacobs, Martin Kohli and Martin Rein 3. Testing the industry-mix hypothesis of early exit Klaus Jacobs, Martin Kohli and Martin Rein 4. The Netherlands: an extreme case Bert de Vroom and Martin Blomsma 5. France: massive exit through unemployment compensation Anne-Marie Guillemard 6. Germany: The diversity of pathways Klaus Jacobs, Martin Kohli and Martin Rein 7. Great Britain: The contradictions of early exit Frank Laczko and Chris Phillipson 8. The United States: The privatization of exit Harold L. Sheppard 9. Sweden: partial exit Eskil Wadensjoe 10. Hungary: exit from the state economy Julia Szalai 11. Pathways and their prospects: a comparative interpretation of the meaning of early exit Anne-Marie Guillemard and Herman van Gunsteren Index.

Housing cost and married women's labor force participation in 1980

Regional patterns in married women's labor force participation rates have been durable over time as have regional patterns in housing costs. Over the decade of the 1970s rates of married women's labor force participation rose dramatically as did the cost of housing. This article is an empirical exploration of the relationship between intertemporal and intratemporal patterns of housing costs and the corresponding patterns of married women's labor force participation. Using individual data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for 1980 and Census data from 1970 and 1980, this study shows that married women's labor force participation is related to patterns of housing costs in 1970 and 1980, but not the growth of housing costs over the decade. One can conclude that women are more likely to be employed where amenities valued by families such as good schools, and low crime rates are costly. One cannot conclude that substantial inflation of housing costs “pushed” married women into the labor force at greater rates during the 1970s.

Employment Retention, Area of Origin and Type of Social Support among Refugees in the Chicago Area

This article examines the impact of various sociodemographic variables on refugees’ employment propensities in the greater metropolitan Chicago area. It extends existing research and knowledge of forced migrants’ labor force activities by exploring the impact of region of origin and refugees’ access to support systems and organizations on employment retention and job maintenance. The analysis shows that refugees’ labor force participation patterns and experiences are influenced differentially both by their background characteristics and by their exposure to U.S. assistance systems. Southeast Asian asylees are less successful in maintaining stable job placements when compared to their more socially advantaged and often more suitably placed Eastern European counterparts. Refugee self-help initiatives require greater empowerment and increased acceptance and status to assist other refugees in adjusting to the host society.

Labor force participation among persons with musculoskeletal conditions, 1970‐1987: National estimates derived from a series of cross‐sections

In the present study, we estimated the labor force participation rate among persons with musculoskeletal conditions in 1987, compared this rate with that experienced by persons with other chronic conditions or with none, and estimated the change in labor force participation rates among persons with musculoskeletal conditions for the period 1970-1987. Rates were estimated from 18 years of National Health Interview Survey data, and the sampling weights from this survey were used to obtain population estimates. To ensure statistically stable estimates, we averaged the rates over 6 years of data. In 1987, 42.9% of all working-age persons with musculoskeletal conditions were out of the labor force, this study's definition of work disability. Overall labor force participation rates among persons with musculoskeletal conditions declined from 71% to 56% between 1976-1981 and 1982-1987, 22% in relative terms. Much of this decline was concentrated among men, especially men 55-64 years of age. However, women 55-64 years of age with musculoskeletal conditions also experienced declining labor force participation rates. Labor force participation patterns among persons with musculoskeletal conditions fit more general labor market trends, with gains among younger women more than offset by declines among older men and women. However, these trends appear to be more accentuated among persons with musculoskeletal conditions, suggesting that enforcement of the employment provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 place special emphasis on labor force participation among such persons.

Health and Labour Force Participation: ‘Stress’, Selection and the Reproduction Costs of Labour Power

ABSTRACTThis paper will discuss the applicability of concepts of ‘stress’ and ‘selection’ to which health researchers appealed in their attempts to explain the relationship between health and unemployment, and examine the implications of some of the major studies carried out in Europe and the USA for these competing approaches. The contradictions arising from this evidence will then be addressed with the aid of a technical advance in population statistics which allows us to test hypotheses about whether the associations between socio-demographic characteristics and mortality may be due to selective mobility of seriously ill persons into socially disadvantaged positions. It is concluded that a better understanding of the results of available studies may be reached if we avoid the dichotomy between ‘stress’ and ‘selection’, and explore whether concepts of labour market processes and the reproduction costs of labour power can throw new light on the relationship between health and patterns of labour force participation. The paper aims both to encourage health researchers to consider policy and market variables more closely, and to tempt researchers more specialised in these latter fields to apply recent advances in the understanding of the interaction between labour market and income maintenance policies to the question of how economic conditions and change may affect health.

Relation of work and retirement to health and well-being in older age.

Patterns of labor-force participation were studied with a broad array of indicators of physical and psychological well-being. The sheer amount of work--whether people work and, if so, how many hours they work--shows little relationship to health and well-being. Drawing on scattered existing research and theory, it is hypothesized and found that persons whose patterns of labor-force participation (or nonparticipation) reflect their personal preference report higher levels of physical and psychological well-being than do those whose level of labor-force involvement is constrained by other factors. The results do not differ by gender, age (65 years and older vs. 55-64 years), or occupation (professional vs. clerical or sales vs. blue-collar workers). Data are from 1,339 respondents 55 years of age or older in the Americans' Changing Lives Survey, a large national, cross-sectional survey of Americans 25 years of age and older with an oversample of those 60 years of age and older, and are analyzed by ordinary least squares multiple regression.

Exploding the Myth of African-American Progress

Recent social science scholarship has given rise to a popular myth that asserts African-Americans have made a great deal of progress toward achieving economic equality in American society and that this progress may be expected to continue into the indefinite future. We assert that this myth is both dangerous and false. It is dangerous because the myth has supported the rationale for public policies that deemphasize government action to overcome racial inequality. It is false because the optimism is based upon an inaccurate and incomplete analysis of the data that has not taken into account the differential impact of women's participation in the labor market. The historical experiences of African-Americans created different patterns of female labor-force participation from those that developed among European-Americans.' Consequently, African-American women have

Gender-Cohort Succession and Retirement Among Older Men and Women, 1951 to 1984

Long-term trends in occupational change and retirement policy have influenced the relative labor force participation and retirement patterns of subgroups of the older population. Structural changes...

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY IN ISRAEL

The changing patterns of female labour force participation, the strategies women use to juggle work and family life, public policy regarding women's employment and the impact of all these for equal opportunity, are analysed for the Israeli situation.

MALE‐FEMALE DIFFERENCES IN OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE AND THE DEMAND FOR GENERAL AND OCCUPATION‐SPECIFIC HUMAN CAPITAL

A human capital model of occupational choice as demand for general and occupation‐specific human capital is developed to show how women's occupational choices vary with their lifetime labor force participation patterns. The model is tested using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Women. The major empirical finding is that women who take less home time choose occupations which require more human capital, especially specific human capital. Women's occupations and wages are quite responsive to changes in their labor force participation patterns. If women worked continuously, their occupations and wages would be much closer to those of men.

Age-sex roles and demographic change: an overview

This paper presents a framework for consideration of the mutual interrelationships of demographic change and change in sex-roles. Possible or plausible generalizations are set forth regarding implications for age-sex roles of recent trends in fertility union formation/dissolution migration and household formation. Possible or plausible generalizations are set forth regarding implications for demographic change of changes in age and sex patterns of education and labour force participation and of a general increase in the homogeneity of age-sex roles. Official data for Canada are used to support the hypotheses presented. (SUMMARY IN FRE) (EXCERPT)

Patterns of Early Labor Force Participation of American Women

The Career Development QuarterlyVolume 36, Issue 1 p. 55-65 Patterns of Early Labor Force Participation of American Women ANN D. LASSALLE, ANN D. LASSALLE Graduate Student Ann D. Lassalle is a graduate student and Arnold R. Spokane is an associate professor in the Counseling and Personnel Services Department, University of Maryland, College Park. The authors are indebted to Janice Birk, David Hershenson, Mary M. Leonard, and Thomas Magoon for comments on an earlier draft of this article, to Craig Johnson for assistance in data analysis, and Mindy Vu for typing assistance.Search for more papers by this authorARNOLD R. SPOKANE, ARNOLD R. SPOKANE Associate Professor Ann D. Lassalle is a graduate student and Arnold R. Spokane is an associate professor in the Counseling and Personnel Services Department, University of Maryland, College Park. The authors are indebted to Janice Birk, David Hershenson, Mary M. Leonard, and Thomas Magoon for comments on an earlier draft of this article, to Craig Johnson for assistance in data analysis, and Mindy Vu for typing assistance.Search for more papers by this author ANN D. LASSALLE, ANN D. LASSALLE Graduate Student Ann D. Lassalle is a graduate student and Arnold R. Spokane is an associate professor in the Counseling and Personnel Services Department, University of Maryland, College Park. The authors are indebted to Janice Birk, David Hershenson, Mary M. Leonard, and Thomas Magoon for comments on an earlier draft of this article, to Craig Johnson for assistance in data analysis, and Mindy Vu for typing assistance.Search for more papers by this authorARNOLD R. SPOKANE, ARNOLD R. SPOKANE Associate Professor Ann D. Lassalle is a graduate student and Arnold R. Spokane is an associate professor in the Counseling and Personnel Services Department, University of Maryland, College Park. The authors are indebted to Janice Birk, David Hershenson, Mary M. Leonard, and Thomas Magoon for comments on an earlier draft of this article, to Craig Johnson for assistance in data analysis, and Mindy Vu for typing assistance.Search for more papers by this author First published: September 1987 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1987.tb00481.xCitations: 9 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume36, Issue1September 1987Pages 55-65 RelatedInformation

Earnings Differentials and Market Structure

Theoretical models suggest that market structure may influence the magnitude of earnings differentials and/or discrimination observed in the marketplace. Empirical results, with regard to wage differentials and labor force participation patterns, have been mixed. Most wage differential studies have focused on males due to difficulty in obtaining reliable data for women and to the sample selection problem of women's labor force participation decisions. This paper characterizes market structure by four categories: regulated, nonprofit, government, and nonregulated industries. Within these structural categories, earnings differentials are examined for men and women, adjusting for race, occupational stratification, and sample selection bias.

Patterns of labor force participation in the U.S.‐Mexico border region, 1970–1980

In recent years there have been significant changes in the patterns of labor force participation in the United States and Mexico. In both countries the labor force has increased faster than the total population, reflecting the changing age structure of the population as well as substantial increases in the labor market activity of women. A major difference between the two countries is that male participation in the labor force has risen in Mexico while declining in the U.S. In the United States-Mexico border region, many of the changes in labor force participation have been even more pronounced than in either nation as a whole. Labor force participation rates of women in particular have risen dramatically on both sides of the border. In addition, declines in military employment have had a significant impact on participation on the U.S. side of the border. The economic characteristics of the border regions of the two countries differ from those of the nations of which they are parts, a major source of distinction being the level of income. The U.S. border region has lower income than the U.S. average, but higher income than the Mexican border region. The latter area, in turn, is characterized by higher income than the Mexican average. These income differentials are undoubtedly related to differences in the supply and demand for labor. Labor force participation combines with wage rates and hours of work to determine the amount of a labor's income. In the following section, the border regions of the two countries are defined and the data sources are described. The second and third sections concern trends in labor force participation on both sides of the international boundary. In the fourth and fifth sections there is a discussion of the labor market activity of men and women along the border. The final section contains a summary and conclusions.

Toil and Trouble: Women Workers and Unemployment Compensation

Discussions of women's poverty almost inevitably concentrate on income replacement for families for whom the institution of marriage has failed. In concrete terms, that has meant maintaining a strong focus on strengthening such income transfer programs as child support and welfare. Overlooked is the way labor market institutions contribute to the creation of poverty through their failure to provide sufficient income to all workers-and particularly through their inequitable treatment of women. The majority of those women who maintain households alone work, yet a fifth of them still have incomes below the poverty level. Since over 90 percent of the women on welfare have worked or are currently working,' it can be said that only when both marriage and the labor market fail to provide sufficient income do mothers turn to welfare. Realizing how labor market institutions contribute to women's poverty is, then, as much a key to understanding the dynamics of the feminization of poverty as is the study of welfare. Women, who have always had a disproportionate share of unemployment and underemployment, have nonetheless been underrepresented among recipients of unemployment benefits and services because unemployment insurance (UI) was created with male family heads and fulltime workers as its intended recipients. The situation of women workers, particularly working mothers, by virtue of their patterns of labor force participation, do not fit this breadwinner model. As a result, from its very