Interconnection Pattern Research Articles

Interactive Da’wah Communication of Ustadz Syam on TikTok

TikTok is a da'wah communication medium for preachers containing content related to religious teachings. Each da'wah content receives various responses and reflects an interactive communication model. Thus, this study aims to investigate the interactive communication model within religious preaching on TikTok. The study focuses on the responses of internet users to the religious leader Ustadz Syam's content, as featured on his TikTok account @syam_elmarusy. The primary data was gathered using a qualitative approach, employing the netnography method. The content analysis method with the interactivity theory was used for analysis. The findings suggest that interactivity in religious preaching on TikTok can be divided into three categories: user-to-system interactions (such as likes, views, and subscribers), user-to-user interactions (such as comments from internet users), and user-to-document interactions (such as sharing content with other users). The results illustrate the interconnected pattern of interactivity between internet users, the content creator, and the TikTok platform, where all parties reinforce and complement each other.

Atomic drift-less electromigration model for submicron copper interconnects

Electromigration in chip level interconnect is commonly described by atomic drift due to electron-wind force that arises from electron-ion momentum transfer. As an alternative to this model, in early 1980’s, Sah proposed a two dimensional analytical ‘void-surface bond-breaking’ model by dropping the atomic drift term that resulted from electron-wind force (in his book ‘Fundamentals of Solid-State Electronics’) and the rate of change of area of void is computed. Due to the continuous down scaling and evolution of interconnect patterning technologies, the void growth process in modern interconnect becomes more complex and electromigration failures are found to be catastrophic in nature instead of gradual type failures observed in early days. In this work, Sah’s model is revisited from the perspective of its applicability to modern submicron copper interconnects. The electromigration-induced resistance change behavior is analytically derived considering a three-dimensional atomic drift-less model. A good correlation between the findings of our model with experimental observations is presented. Keywords: Analytical model, Copper, Drift-less, Electromigration, Resistance change, Time to failure

Stochastic Distributed Control for Arbitrarily Connected Microgrid Clusters

Due to the success of single microgrids, the coming years are likely to see a transformation of the current electric power system to a multiple microgrid network. Despite its obvious promise, however, this paradigm still faces many challenges, particularly when it comes to the control and coordination of energy exchanges between subsystems. In view of that, in this paper we propose an optimal stochastic control strategy in which microgrids are modeled as stochastic hybrid dynamic systems. The optimal control is based on the jump linear theory and is used as a means to maximize energy storage and the utilization of renewable energy sources in islanded microgrid clusters. Once the gain matrices are obtained, the concept of ε-suboptimality is applied to determine appropriate levels of power exchange between microgrids for any given interconnection pattern. It is shown that this approach can be efficiently applied to large-scale systems and guarantees their connective stability. Simulation results for a three microgrid cluster are provided as proof of concept.

Exploration of pristine plate-tectonic plains and mining exposure areas for indigenous microbial communities and its impact on the mineral-microbial geochemical weathering process in ultramafic setting

Heavy metal release from harsh ultramafic settings influences microbial diversity and function in soil ecology. This study aimed to determine how serpentine mineralosphere bacterial assemblies and their functions differed in two different plate-tectonic plains and mining exposure sites under heavy metal release conditions. The results showed that the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Chloroflexi were the most abundant bacterial groups among all the sites. The log10-based LDA scores highlighted that some specific groups of bacterial assemblies were enriched in plate-tectonic plains and mining activity areas of the serpentine mineralosphere. Functional prediction revealed that the abundance of heavy metal (Cr and Ni) resistance and biogeochemical cycles involving functional KEGG orthology varied in samples from plate-tectonic plains and mining activity sites. The bipartite plot showed that the enrichment of the biogeochemical cycle and heavy metal resistance functional genes correlated with the abundance of serpentine mineralosphere bacterial groups at a 0.005% confidence level. The co-occurrence network plot revealed that the interconnection pattern of the indigenous bacterial assemblies changed in different plate-tectonic plains and mining exposure areas. Finally, this study concluded that due to heavy metal release, the variation in bacterial assemblies, their functioning, and intercommunity co-occurrence patterns were clarified the synergetic effect of mineral-microbial geochemical weathering process in serpentine mining areas.

Interkoneksi Bank Syariah dengan Lembaga Filantropi Islam

This study contains the interconnection model of Islamic banking with Islamic philanthropic institutions. The approach used is a case study, which focuses on an interconnection case in Islamic banking institutions, especially BPRS (Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah). The focus of the questions in this study are: (1) What is the pattern of interconnection between Islamic banking and Islamic philanthropic institutions?; (2) What is the impact of the interconnection for the two institutions? In order to get maximum research results, the researchers tried to do a comparison between one BPRS and another, related to the interconnection that occurred, namely at BPRS HIK Insan Cita Artha Jaya Parung Bogor with BPRS HIK Ciledug Tangerang City. The data used in this study are in the form of documents, (1) website documents owned by the two BPRS; (2) Financial Report from OJK; and (3) Financial Reports on the Website of each BPRS. The data analysis technique uses the Miles & Huberman interactive model. Referring to the research questions posed by the researchers, the research answers were obtained, including: (1) The pattern of interconnection developed between the Islamic banking industry and Islamic philanthropic institutions is passive interconnection; (2) The pattern of interconnection is passive, having an insignificant (small) impact on the collection of philanthropic funds.

Multi-Domain Variational Autoencoders for Combined Modeling of MRI-Based Biventricular Anatomy and ECG-Based Cardiac Electrophysiology.

Human cardiac function is characterized by a complex interplay of mechanical deformation and electrophysiological conduction. Similar to the underlying cardiac anatomy, these interconnected physiological patterns vary considerably across the human population with important implications for the effectiveness of clinical decision-making and the accuracy of computerized heart models. While many previous works have investigated this variability separately for either cardiac anatomy or physiology, this work aims to combine both aspects in a single data-driven approach and capture their intricate interdependencies in a multi-domain setting. To this end, we propose a novel multi-domain Variational Autoencoder (VAE) network to capture combined Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-based 3D anatomy information in a single model. Each VAE branch is specifically designed to address the particular challenges of the respective input domain, enabling efficient encoding, reconstruction, and synthesis of multi-domain cardiac signals. Our method achieves high reconstruction accuracy on a United Kingdom Biobank dataset, with Chamfer Distances between reconstructed and input anatomies below the underlying image resolution and ECG reconstructions outperforming multiple single-domain benchmarks by a considerable margin. The proposed VAE is capable of generating realistic virtual populations of arbitrary size with good alignment in clinical metrics between the synthesized and gold standard anatomies and Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) scores of generated ECGs below those of comparable single-domain approaches. Furthermore, we observe the latent space of our VAE to be highly interpretable with separate components encoding different aspects of anatomical and ECG variability. Finally, we demonstrate that the combined anatomy and ECG representation improves the performance in a cardiac disease classification task by 3.9% in terms of Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) curve over the best corresponding single-domain modeling approach.

Colorless, partially directionless, and contentionless architecture for high-degree ROADMs

With the rapid growth of Internet traffic, there can be multiple pairs of bi-directional fibers on a network link. This leads to the need for high-degree reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs) in an optical network. However, this high-degree requirement poses new challenges to ROADMs since it is challenging and expensive for a wavelength selective switch (WSS), a key switching component in a ROADM, to expand its size. Therefore, a common strategy is to use small-size WSSs to build a high-degree ROADM. In this paper, we design a novel colorless, partially directionless, and contentionless (CpDC) ROADM architecture, in which the sizes of WSSs can be significantly reduced by partially sacrificing the directionless feature of a ROADM. The partially directionless feature may degrade the switching performance of a ROADM. Thus, to tackle this issue, we also propose an interconnection pattern for the ROADM backplane to effectively connect fiber links and add/drop modules. An analytical model is developed to evaluate the lightpath blocking performance of a single CpDC ROADM. Efficient routing, fiber, wavelength, and add/drop port assignment (RFWPA) algorithms (i.e., the shortest-path-based and waveplane-based algorithms) are also developed for lightpath establishment in an optical network made up of CpDC ROADMs, in which two wavelength selection strategies [i.e., non-interconnection aware (NIA) and interconnection aware (IA)] are further proposed. Simulation studies show that, while these achieve almost the same lightpath blocking performance as conventional CDC ROADMs, CpDC ROADMs are more effective from considerations of cost, insertion loss, and node volume. The waveplane-based RFWPA algorithm with the IA strategy is also found to be the most effective for lightpath provisioning in an optical network made up of CpDC ROADMs.

Penerapan Algoritma Apriori dalam Menentukan Pola Penjualan Produk Pertanian

Agricultural products are an important component in agriculture. Agricultural products cover various types of needs in agriculture such as fertilizers, pesticides, and plant seeds. Good layout arrangement of goods in a store can increase time efficiency in terms of service to consumers and increase consumer buying interest in the store. Transaction data on sales of agricultural products owned by UD. Muara Tani has not been used properly by shop owners. The a priori algorithm is one of the methods found in data mining that is often used to find the occurrence/frequency of interconnected data patterns. The a priori algorithm can be used to find patterns of association relationships that exist in sales patterns. Based on calculations using the a priori algorithm, 5 association rules were formed with amount minimum of support 30% and minimum confidence 80%. That is, if you buy UREA agricultural products, you may also buy KCL, ZA, SP-36, NPK and LANNATE agricultural products

Heterogeneous reconfigurable architectures for machine learning dataflows

AbstractThis work explores the placement and routing of machine learning applications' dataflow graphs on different heterogeneous coarse‐grained reconfigurable architectures (CGRA). We analyze three different types of processing element (PE) heterogeneity, the first concerning the interconnection pattern, the second being on the kind of operations a single PE can execute, and the last concerning the PE buffer resources. This analysis aim to propose a fair reduction to the overall cost in comparison to the homogeneous CGRA architecture. We compare our results with the homogeneous case and one of the state‐of‐the‐art tools for placement and routing (P&R). Our algorithm executed, on average, 52% faster than VPR 8.1 (Versatile Place and Route), which is an open‐source academic tool designed for the FPGA placement and routing phases, reaching better mapping in 66% of cases and achieving the same results in 26% of cases. Furthermore, a heterogeneous architecture reduces the cost without losing performance in 76% of the cases considering multiplier heterogeneity. We propose a novel heterogeneous buffer architecture that minimizes the buffer resources by 56.3% for K‐means dataflow patterns. We also show that a heterogeneous border chess architecture outperforms a homogeneous one. In addition, our mapping reaches optimal instances of single tree dataflows compared to classical Lee/Choi and H‐trees.

Unravelling the backbone of climate networks from the analysis of collective dynamics and time reversal

AbstractMany complex systems are characterized by interconnected units often difficult, or even impossible, to map through direct observations, while the dynamics of units is mostly easier to measure. The reconstruction of an unknown structure from the observed dynamics is a typical inverse problem in network‐based approaches to overcome such obstacles. However, this procedure is affected by the interplay between the structure and dynamics, as well as by the choice of the statistical method. In this study, collective behaviour of the Earth's climate system was investigated by focusing on three distinct climatological variables in monthly time step using a causality measure to separately construct climate networks through a robust statistical analysis. Multiplex network (MUX) was used to integrate the information obtained from collective dynamics and time reversal for better filtering spurious connectivity. In fact, the proposed approach mitigates undesired effects of pairwise statistical inference by adjusting for unphysical relationships in two layers of the constructed networks. The results indicate that the mere existence of statistical errors allowed by the hypothesis testing lead, inevitably, to reconstruct spurious connections in the null models even when the collective dynamics consists of white‐noise datasets from uncoupled units. The impact of spurious connections with the MUX dynamics is not remarkable to reconstruct the underlying plausible interactions; therefore, the concepts of MUX might be employed with the statistical analysis to unravel the backbone of climate networks. In this way that the inferred connections could distinguish highly connected regions for better understanding interconnected dynamical patterns, yielding deep insights into underlying physical interactions between the oceans and atmosphere. More specifically, edge directionality features provide a complementary tool for analysing topology of the networks with respect to the climatological variables, identifying relevant patterns in the climate system.

ADHD-inattentive versus ADHD-Combined subtypes: A severity continuum or two distinct entities? A comprehensive analysis of clinical, cognitive and neuroimaging data

The current study aimed to explore the multimodal differences between the inattentive ADHD (ADHD-I) subtype and the combined ADHD (ADHD-C) subtype. A large sample of medication-naïve children with pure ADHD (i.e., without any comorbidity) (145 with ADHD-I, 132 with ADHD-C) and healthy controls (n = 98) were recruited. A battery of multiple scales and cognitive tests were utilized to assess the clinical and cognitive profiles of each individual. In addition, structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were acquired for 120 subjects with ADHD and 85 controls. Regional gray matter volume, white matter volume, and diffusion tensors, e.g., axial diffusivity (AD), were compared among the three groups in a whole-brain voxel-wise manner. Compared with healthy controls, both ADHD groups exhibited elevated levels of behavioral and emotional problems. The ADHD-C group had more behavioral problems and emotional liability, as well as less anxiety, than the ADHD-I group. The two ADHD groups were equally impaired in most cognitive domains, with the exception of sustained attention. Compared with healthy controls, the ADHD-C group showed a high gray matter volume (GMV) in the bilateral thalamus and a high white matter volume in the body of the corpus callosum, while the ADHD-I group presented an elevated GMV mainly in the left precentral gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex. Compared with participants with ADHD-C and healthy controls, subjects with ADHD-I showed increased AD in widespread brain regions. Our study has revealed a distinct, interconnected pattern of behavioral, cognitive, and brain structural characteristics in children with different ADHD subtypes.

Nestedness interacts with subnetwork structures and interconnection patterns to affect community dynamics in ecological multilayer networks

Ecological networks describe ecological interactions among species in ecosystems. In natural ecosystems, plant-mutualist (PM) and plant-herbivore (PH) networks are two of the most documented bipartite ecological networks, which are often interconnected through shared plants to form multilayer networks (here referred to as ecological networks with multiple interaction types). Recent developments in multilayer networks have challenged the effects of topological properties on biodiversity and stability once found in ecological networks with a single interaction type. In this study, my goal was to theoretically test the effects of the nested topology of subnetworks (i.e. plant-mutualist and plant-herbivore networks) on the local stability and persistence of the entire community and determine how their effect sizes were dependent on subnetwork structures and interconnection patterns. I used a simple algorithm to construct plant-mutualist or plant-herbivore networks with different levels of nestedness while fixing connectance and network size. By artificially interconnecting plant-mutualist and plant-herbivore networks through shared plants, I also manipulated the inter-subnetwork connection patterns as positive, negative and no correlations between the number of interacting partners of shared plants of two subnetworks. Community dynamics were simulated to show how subnetwork nestedness interacted with other network properties to affect local stability and persistence of multilayer networks. I found that low nestedness of both plant-mutualist and plant-herbivore subnetworks promoted stability and persistence. Effect sizes of the focal PM- or PH-subnetwork nestedness were positively associated with the nestedness levels of the interconnected subnetworks. A positive correlation between the mutualistic and herbivory generalism of plants also led to higher (signed) effect sizes of subnetwork nestedness. Further analyses showed that the effect sizes of the subnetwork nestedness also depended on subnetwork complexity and intraguild competition intensity. Finally, the modularity of interconnected subnetworks had little association with the effect sizes of subnetwork nestedness irrespective of interconnection patterns. The results demonstrate that the effects of topological structures (such as nestedness) on community dynamics in single-interaction networks may be altered by the architectures of multilayer networks, which highlights the need to study the interactions between the architectures of within- and inter-subnetworks in affecting ecosystem stability and biodiversity.

Synchronous Behavior of Coupled Oscillatory Network with Different Interconnection Patterns

This paper concerns with the synchronous behavior of coupled oscillatory networks with positive and negative interconnections. Furthermore, the coupling strength is related to the frequencies of oscillators, and we study the dynamical behavior of power networks with weight coefficient between oscillators. Most importantly, time delay is inevitable in the propagation power through the transmission line. Thus, the impact of time delay on synchronous state of oscillatory network is discussed. Simulation results show that the impact of positive interconnection is not obvious on the synchronous state of power network. Nevertheless, for negative coupling, large coupling strength between oscillators decreases the synchronous performance. In addition, we find that when the weight coefficient is even, the synchronous ability of network increases with the increase in weight coefficient whatever the coupling strategy and topological structure be. However, when weight parameter is odd, the entire network with negative coupling cannot achieve synchronization. Finally, our results show that time delay has a critical value τ = 1, and the evolutions of order parameters are different under different values of time delay.

A croconate-directed supramolecular self-healable Cd(II)-metallogel with dispersed 2D-nanosheets of hexagonal boron nitride: a comparative outcome of the charge-transport phenomena and non-linear rectifying behaviour of semiconducting diodes.

The use of croconic acid disodium salt (CADS) as an organic gelator with Cd(II) salt to obtain an efficient soft-scaffold supramolecular self-healable metallogel (Cd-CADS) in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) media was investigated following an ultrasonication technique. The experimentally scrutinized rheological values of the fabricated metallogel not only revealed the visco-elastic property and mechanical stiffness, but also exposed the self-healable behaviour of the gel material. Two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) were incorporated within the gel network to obtain a 2D nanosheet dispersed metallogel of Cd(II) croconate (h-BN@Cd-CADS). The microstructural investigations of the original gel network and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) 2D nanosheet dispersed gel-network were performed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and established the interconnecting rod-like fibrous type morphological patterns and inter-connected hexagonal type rod-shaped architecture pattern, respectively. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was used to visualize the morphological distinction of the Cd-CADS metallogel with the h-BN 2D nanosheets. The infrared spectral (FT-IR) outputs helped to identify the formation pathway to construct the semi-solid self-healing flexible metallogel and h-BN 2D nanosheet dispersed metallogel nanocomposite, respectively. Fascinating electronic-charge transportation was revealed in the as-fabricated Cd-CADS and h-BN@Cd-CADS metallogel-based devices. Furthermore, h-BN 2D-nanosheet-directed modulation of the non-linear rectifying feature of the supramolecular Cd-CADS-metallogel was observed, with the h-BN@Cd-CADS metallogel showing a greater rectifying property, implying that it has a higher conductivity compared to the Cd-CADS metallogel.

People-to-People Exchange of China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor: A Media Globalization Perspective

The phrase “Media Globalization” naturally refers to the interaction of media with developing global political, economic, and cultural patterns of interconnection. The relationship between nation and culture, specifically as it relates to the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, has deeply rooted the mutual admiration of civilizations. On the one hand, China-Mongolia-Russia public diplomacy was created as a result of reflections on actual experience in international advocacy and general diplomacy, which can advance cultural exchange among nations through media cooperation. On the other hand, a humanistic pattern of respect and trust has been developed as a result of media globalization, particularly in the new media. It encourages the development of a state-of-the-art digital public diplomacy model and the upkeep of longlasting harmonious relationships between actors from the government and civil sectors.

Overall patterns of eye-specific retino-geniculo-cortical projections to layers III, IV, and VI in primary visual cortex of the greater galago (Otolemur crassicudatus), and correlation with cytochrome oxidase blobs.

Studies in the greater galago have not provided a comprehensive description of the organization of eye-specific retino-geniculate-cortical projections to the recipient layers in V1. Here we demonstrate the overall patterns of ocular dominance domains in layers III, IV, and VI revealed following a monocular injection of the transneuronal tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). We also correlate these patterns with the array of cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs in tangential sections through the unfolded and flattened cortex. In layer IV, we observed for the first time that eye-specific domains form an interconnected pattern of bands 200-250μm wide arranged such that they do not show orientation bias and do not meet the V1 border at right angles, as is the case in macaques. We also observed distinct WGA-HRP labeled patches in layers III and VI. The patches in layer III, likely corresponding to patches of K lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) input, align with layer IV ocular dominance columns (ODCs) of the same eye dominance and overlap partially with virtually all CO blobs in both hemispheres, implying that CO blobs receive K LGN input from both eyes. We further found that CO blobs straddle the border between layer IV ODCs, such that the distribution of CO staining is approximately equal over ipsilateral and contralateral ODCs. These results, together with studies showing that a high percentage of cells in CO blobs are monocular, suggest that CO blobs consist of ipsilateral and contralateral subregions that are in register with underlying layer IV ODCs of the same eye dominance. In macaques and humans, CO blobs are centered on ODCs in layer IV. Our finding that CO blobs in galago straddle the border of neighboring layer IV ODCs suggests that this novel feature may represent an alternative way by which visual information is processed by eye-specific modular architecture in mammalian V1.

A Parallelizable Algorithm for Stabilizing Large Sparse Linear Systems With Uncertain Interconnections

This paper proposes a new method for permuting sparse matrices into an upper block triangular from. The algorithm is highly parallelizable, which makes it suitable for large-scale systems with uncertain interconnection patterns. In such cases, the proposed decomposition can be used to develop flexible decentralized control strategies that produce a different gain matrix whenever the configuration changes. Applications to interconnected microgrids and supply and demand networks are provided to illustrate the versatility of the proposed approach.

Application of e-Beam Voltage Contrast Technique for Overlay Improvement and Process Window Control in Multi-Patterning Interconnect Scheme

Interconnect development for the new technology node requires coordinated efforts of multiple module teams working to co-optimize patterning and metallization solutions to meet performance and yield, and reliability targets. This paper presents the results of interconnect patterning optimization to improve overlay and process window control using a novel methodology, Design-for-InspectionTM (DFI). Using design-assisted voltage contrast measurement techniques, the method enables in-line test and monitoring of process induced overlay and CD variation of back-end-of line (BEOL) features built with litho-etch-litho-etch (LELE) patterning. While only some of the features of multi-color patterning scheme are chosen to be aligned directly, other combination of metal line and via colors may have uncontrolled misalignment risking open or short failures. The paper shows how the complete metrology coverage of multi-color combinations between dual patterned via and dual patterned metal lines helps driving the improvement of overlay and process margins in 14nm technology. The optimized process margin for via opens enables higher yields and better reliability.

An experimental study on interconnected shear connector in steel - Concrete composite structure

An experimental study was performed to investigate the behaviour of conventional and interconnected shear connector embedded in concrete slabs of three different concrete grades under static loading condition. Nine push-out specimens were tested covering conventional shear connector and two type interconnection patterns between shear connectors under concrete grade M20, M30 and M40. On top of the experimental study, an effective analytical study was performed on conventional shear connector in three concrete grades using finite element analysis software ABAQUS CAE 6.11 to validate against the test results. The interconnections used were horizontally and diagonally interconnected shear connectors by means of M.S square rods. The test results show higher shear resistance for diagonally connected shear connector embedded in concrete slab under all grades of concrete used. Nonetheless, the horizontally connected shear connector showed higher slip against loading in all grades of concrete. The specimens under M20 grade of concrete expressed concrete crushing as a mode of failure but whereas the specimens under concrete grade M30 and M40 expressed shear failure of connector as a mode of failure. The analytical value was compared with the experimental value and was found to be less due to higher stiffness and tie constraint property in the software.

A Briefing Survey on Advances of Coupled Networks With Various Patterns

In real-world scenarios, networks do not exist in isolation but coupled together in different ways, including dependent, multi-support, and inter-connected patterns. And, when a coupled network suffers from structural instability or dynamic perturbations, the system with different coupling patterns shows rich phase transition behaviors. In this review, we present coupled network models with different coupling patterns developed from real scenarios in recent years for studying the system robustness. For the coupled networks with different coupling patterns, based on the network percolation theory, this paper mainly describes the influence of coupling patterns on network robustness. Moreover, for different coupling patterns, we here show readers the research background, research context, and the latest research results and applications. Furthermore, different approaches to improve system robustness with various coupling patterns and future possible research directions for coupled networks are explained and considered.