Employment Patterns Research Articles

Can the Digital Economy Promote Sustainable Improvement in the Quality of Employment for Chinese Residents?—Moderated Mediation Effect Test Based on Innovation Environments

Employment significantly impacts the national economy and people’s livelihoods and affects millions of households. How to effectively and sustainably improve the quality of employment for the population has thus become a key issue facing China at present. In recent years, under the strategic background of “Digital China” and “Employment Priority”, the digital economy has brought about profound changes in the efficiency, dynamics, and distribution of social production. It affects the quality of employment by creating jobs, reshaping employment patterns, and improving labor quality, but its impact and transmission path are still unclear. This research employs a multi-dimensional evaluation approach to score the digital economy and employment quality at the provincial level in China, utilizing data from the country’s provincial panels between 2012 and 2022, and examines the feasibility and effect pathways of the digital economy in promoting sustainable improvement in the quality of residential employment. The empirical results provide ample evidence of the significant role played by the digital economy in the sustainable improvement of the employment quality of the inhabitants. Regions with more robust innovation environments tend to benefit more from this impact, and there are discernible regional variations in the impact. The upgrading of industrial structure mediates this process, and the influencing mechanism is regulated by the innovation environment—that is, the innovation environment exerts a facilitating influence on the process of industrial restructuring. The findings herein offer novel insights into the intrinsic mechanism of the digital economy in promoting sustainable improvement in the quality of residential employment.

Beyond Borders: Exploring the Lives of Migrant Workers in Chandigarh

The phenomenon of migration is intricately woven into the fabric of modern societies, shaping economies, cultures, and identities. Amidst the bustling urban landscape of Chandigarh, a city emblematic of India`s aspirations for progress and modernity, lies a diverse tapestry of migrant workers whose narratives remain largely unexplored. This study seeks to delve into the lives of these migrant workers, illuminating their experiences, challenges, and aspirations. Drawing upon quantitative research methodology, this study aims to uncover the multifaceted dimensions of migrant labour in Chandigarh. Through survey and structured interviews. It endeavour to comprehend the socio-economic, cultural, and psychological dynamics that underpin the lives of migrant workers. By examining factors such as employment patterns, living conditions, access to social services, and integration processes, we aim to elucidate the complexities of their daily existence. By amplifying the voices of migrant workers and providing a nuanced understanding of their lives, this research seeks to inform policy interventions and social initiatives aimed at improving their well-being and fostering inclusive urban development in Chandigarh. Through its exploration of the lives "Beyond Borders," this study endeavours to shed light on the resilience, struggles, and aspirations of Chandigarh`s migrant workforce.

WOMEN EMPLOYMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF TRENDS AND PATTERNS POST UTILIZATION OF NEW MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES

The rapid spread of COVID-19 across the country and the subsequent lockdowns disrupted a substantial number of businesses across the country. Small businesses, especially those owned and operated by women, have been affected by the epidemic, which has exacerbated the situation. In addition, the information gleaned from the applications revealed that despite these challenging circumstances, women had demonstrated remarkably high levels of leadership, happiness, and resilience. In 2020, women initiated twice as many Facebook-based fundraising campaigns as men. Moreover, female-initiated events received twice as many donations, accounting for 64% of the total cash donations. In addition, this research provides information on how businesswomen can utilize social media successfully in their operations, as well as variables that are advantageous to these businesswomen when conducting online business on social media. The objective of this study is to examine the pattern and trend of women's employment and entrepreneurship post utilization of new media. The study reveals that despite the presence of educational and socioeconomic issues, tribal women entrepreneurs have emerged in the last few decades with the aid of government-sponsored economic programs, and they are also improving their society.

Gig Economy Insurgency

Militant groups delegate operations to contingent, short-term, and freelance agents. Informal and ad-hoc employment patterns have wide-reaching consequences, yet the literature lacks a systematic vocabulary and framework to analyze these practices. Using primary and secondary sources, I introduce a descriptive typology of informal employment patterns in militant groups. This contributes to scholarship and practice by establishing a basis for a systematic comparison of variation in militant employment models, particularly highlighting how these practices can have far-reaching implications for conflict and post-conflict settings. Case studies of informal militant hiring practices in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria support the typology.

Eco-innovation and (green) employment: A task-based approach to measuring the composition of work in firms

This paper examines how different types of eco-innovation activities affect firms’ employment patterns. Using a linked employer–employee administrative dataset for the Netherlands we take an individual level task-based approach to differentiate between green and non-green jobs within firms. Our results show that while eco-innovation does not impact overall employment, eco-product innovation does lead to a 19.72% increase in green jobs. The growth in green jobs mainly comes from a compositional shift towards a small yet significant increase in green workers and reduction in non-green workers. Further analysis suggests that firms that voluntarily undertake eco-innovation create more green jobs but also that it is subsidy-driven policies rather than stricter regulations that drives the increase in green employment.

Earnings and Employment Patterns Following Child-Care Subsidy Receipt

Earnings and Employment Patterns Following Child-Care Subsidy Receipt

The Impact of AI on Future Employment Patterns

The Impact of AI on Future Employment Patterns

Has labor-saving technology accelerated? Evidence from industry-level data

What role has labor-saving technological change played in the recent past in charting out the trajectory of employment? Have we already transitioned into a new technological regime where production technologies are more invasive upon labor’s terrain? In this study, I provide empirical evidence to answer these questions. Using industry-level data from 12 advanced economies for 1970–2007, I show that capital goods did not become more effective in labor-saving after 1980 or 1990. Similarly, the strength of the relationship between employment and output did not decline after 1980 or 1990. While many recent econometric studies have estimated the number of workers displaced due to industrial robots with which the media and public are highly preoccupied, there is nothing new in the fact that production technologies are labor-saving and displace workers. The importance of demand side factors and structural change (mainly deindustrialization) in determining employment patterns is often neglected, leading to a misleading assessment of the impact of labor-saving technologies on employment.

The rise and fall of armies

Abstract Over a thousand years, military employment rises, peaks, and then falls. I argue that rising military shares were driven by structural change out of agriculture, and the recent declines are driven by substitution from soldiers toward military goods. I document evidence for this substitution effect and introduce a model of growth and warfare that reproduces the time series patterns of military expenditure and employment. The model also correctly predicts the cross-sectional patterns, and that military employment and expenditure shares are decreasing in income during wars. Finally, I show that faster economic growth can reduce military expenditure in the long run.

Impact of digital economy development on labor force employment

Since the first year of the commercial application of big data, the digital economy has become an important driving force for global economic development and has had a huge impact on the labor employment market. This paper aims to explore how the development of the digital economy reshapes the employment pattern of the labor market. By analyzing the core features of the digital economy, which is highly informative, networked, and intelligent, it reveals the dual effects of the digital economy on the total and structural employment of the workforce and puts forward policy recommendations to address the employment challenges posed by the digital economy. The study finds that, on the one hand, the application of automation technology and artificial intelligence has reduced the demand for traditional low-skilled labor, triggering employment reductions in some industries; on the other hand, emerging digital technologies have created new career opportunities, especially in the fields of data analysis, software development, and digital marketing, which have brought more employment opportunities for high-skilled labor. In addition, the digital economy has given rise to numerous flexible forms of employment.

The impact of automation on maritime workforce management: A conceptual framework

This study presents a systematic literature review and content analysis focused on the impact of automation on maritime workforce management. The main objective was to explore how the integration of automation technologies is reshaping the skills requirements, employment patterns, and operational dynamics within the maritime industry. Utilizing a comprehensive search strategy across multiple academic databases and employing stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria, the study identified and analyzed relevant peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, and industry reports published in English. The methodology involved a detailed examination of the selected literature, categorizing findings according to the effects of automation on workforce dynamics, skill requirements, and the socio-economic implications for maritime professionals. Key findings highlight a significant shift in the industry towards higher demand for technical proficiency and digital literacy among the workforce, coupled with a potential decrease in traditional manual roles. The analysis also revealed a dual impact of automation, offering opportunities for enhanced operational efficiency and safety, while also posing challenges related to workforce displacement and the need for extensive re-skilling. Conclusively, the study underscores the necessity for strategic interventions by industry stakeholders, including targeted training programs and policy frameworks, to facilitate a smooth transition towards an automated maritime future. Future research directions emphasize the importance of longitudinal studies to assess the long-term impacts of automation on the maritime workforce, ensuring the sustainable integration of technological advancements while safeguarding worker welfare and industry growth. Keywords: Maritime Automation, Workforce Management, Skills Development, Technological Advancement

Teaching close to home: Exploring new teachers’ geographic employment patterns and retention outcomes

In this quantitative study, we explored the demographic and educational backgrounds of hometown novice teachers, those employed geographically close to their high school alma mater. Drawing on a sample of over 80,000 teachers from the state of Texas in the U.S., we investigated whether hometown novice teachers had higher predicted retention rates, compared to other novices. Results suggest that hometown novices were more likely to remain in their current school in subsequent years. This study offers insights for diverse U.S. states like Texas but also lays the groundwork for similar research and policy efforts in other regions across the world.

Impact of Technological Advancements on Work and Employment Patterns

Purpose: This study sought to examine the impact of technological advancements on work and employment patterns. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the role of religion in shaping social attitudes towards LGBTQ+ rights. The study provided comprehensive insights into the transformative effects of technology on the labor market. Through an analysis of existing literature and empirical studies, the research highlighted the emergence of job polarization, non-standard forms of employment, and the growing importance of education and skills development in the digital economy. The findings emphasized the need for proactive policy responses to address the challenges posed by technological change while harnessing its benefits for inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Overall, the study contributed valuable knowledge to the understanding of how technological advancements shape work and employment patterns, guiding future efforts to navigate the complexities of the digital age. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Structural Transformation theory, Skill- Biased Technological Change theory and Institutional theory may be used to anchor future studies on technological advancements on work and employment patterns. The study provided recommendations that contributed to theory, practice, and policy. It called for further research to explore the mechanisms underlying the relationship between technology and employment. Additionally, the study emphasized the importance of investing in education and skills development to prepare the workforce for the challenges of the digital economy. From a policy perspective, proactive measures were recommended to promote inclusive and sustainable employment growth, including strategies to support workers through transitions and ensure equitable distribution of benefits. Collaboration between stakeholders and ongoing monitoring and evaluation of policy interventions were also highlighted as crucial for addressing the socio-economic implications of technological change.

Gender and Beyond: Employment Patterns during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy

This paper investigates employment changes during the COVID-19 pandemic for women and men in a country characterized by notoriously low female employment: Italy. The paper explores to what extent previously existing inequalities in employment were further exacerbated during the pandemic. Using data from the Italian Labor Force Surveys from 2018 to 2020, we find evidence of a limited decline in employment, but a steep increase in the number of individuals working zero hours during the lockdown periods. This result holds for both men and women. The pandemic highlighted how gender inequalities in employment intersect with other socioeconomic disadvantages: single mothers and lower-educated women were more affected than their male counterparts, while single men without children and foreign men were hit stronger than women with the same characteristics in the immediate aftermath of the pandemic. The pandemic thus came with differentiated consequences, generally affecting those already in less advantaged situations harder. At the same time, the results support the idea that women’s employment was crucial to counteract job loss in the family, and some became the only breadwinner for their families. This also exposed them to risks by working during the pandemic. Overall, the pandemic greatly accentuated preexisting social inequalities in the Italian labor market, yet with an apparently transitory effect at least regarding employment participation.

Fertility divergence across large and small areas

AbstractThis paper examines U.S. female fertility during 2005–2019. Small areas had higher fertility rates than large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) during each year. Both experienced fertility declines between 2005 and 2019. However, decreased fertility was more pronounced for large MSAs, and the fertility gap between large and small areas widened considerably. Investigation by age group reveals that diverging fertility across large and small areas is driven by women ages 25–34. We also use multivariate regression analysis for ages 25–34 to consider relationships between individual‐level and area‐level characteristics and spatial divergence in fertility. Employment patterns, foreign‐born status, and local housing costs are notable factors.

SOCIAL IMPACT OF AUTOMATED ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS: A REVIEW: ANALYZING THE SOCIETAL AND EMPLOYMENT IMPLICATIONS OF THE RAPID DIGITIZATION IN THE ACCOUNTING INDUSTRY

This study examines the social impact of automated accounting systems, focusing on the implications for employment, ethical considerations, and broader societal effects. Employing a systematic literature review combined with content analysis, the research draws on recent academic articles, industry reports, and regulatory documents published between 2015 and 2024. The methodology aims to capture a comprehensive view of how automation and artificial intelligence (AI) are reshaping the accounting profession. Key findings reveal that automation acts as a dual-edged sword: it enhances efficiency and accuracy, enabling accountants to focus on higher-value strategic roles, but also raises concerns about job displacement for roles centered on manual tasks. Ethical and privacy considerations emerge as critical issues, necessitating robust frameworks to ensure data protection and maintain trust. The future landscape of accounting is poised to be significantly influenced by ongoing technological advancements, with a transformation in employment patterns and a heightened focus on ethical standards. To navigate this transition, the study recommends strategic initiatives for stakeholders, including updating educational curricula to include relevant digital age skills, developing regulations to address ethical and privacy concerns, and fostering industry collaboration to establish best practices. Lastly, the study underscores the transformative potential of automated accounting systems, highlighting the need for a balanced approach that leverages technological advancements while addressing associated challenges. Future research is encouraged to explore the long-term impacts of automation on the profession, focusing on employment patterns, ethical standards evolution, and societal implications. Keywords: Automated Accounting Systems, Employment, Accounting Industry, Digital Transformation.

Dynamics of the Digital Workforce: Assessing the Interplay and Impact of AI, Automation, and Employment Policies

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation within various sectors poses challenges and opportunities for the global workforce. This study investigates the implications of AI and automation on employment patterns, skills requirements, and remote work infrastructures. Employing a quantitative research design, data was collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 482 professionals across the information technology, healthcare, and finance sectors. The analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test hypotheses related to the impact of technological advancements on employment. Major findings indicate a significant, albeit complex, impact of AI and automation on employment. Most respondents recognized AI and automation as catalysts for creating new job opportunities and enhancing productivity, particularly in sectors with high integration of digital technologies. However, the study also highlighted substantial concerns regarding the widening skills gap and the adequacy of current employment policies in managing the transition. Specifically, sixty-nine percent of respondents identified a significant skills gap necessitating urgent educational and training interventions. About half of the respondents viewed existing employment policies as inadequate in addressing the challenges of rapid technological changes. The study concludes that while AI and automation are reshaping the employment landscape, creating new types of jobs, and altering skill requirements, there is a critical need for proactive adaptation strategies. Recommendations include developing targeted reskilling programs, adaptive employment policies, and robust remote work infrastructures to support an increasingly digital workforce. These strategies are essential to harness the benefits of digital transformations while mitigating potential adverse effects on employment.

International Labor Relations

International Labor Relations (ILR) encapsulates the multifaceted interactions and dynamics shaping the global workforce's landscape. In an increasingly interconnected world, characterized by globalization, technological advancements, and economic interdependence, labor relations extend beyond national boundaries, influencing and being influenced by various factors. This abstract provides a succinct overview of the key themes, challenges, and opportunities within the realm of International Labor Relations. The study of ILR encompasses diverse aspects, including cross-border labor migration, multinational corporations' employment practices, labor standards, and international trade agreements' impact on employment. Central to ILR is the examination of the interactions between governments, employers, workers, and international organizations, as they navigate complex socio-economic and political contexts. Globalization has profoundly shaped ILR, fostering the integration of economies and labor markets across countries. As a result, labor issues increasingly transcend national borders, posing both opportunities and challenges for workers, employers, and policymakers. Technological advancements, such as automation and digitalization, further complicate labor dynamics, influencing employment patterns and skills requirements on a global scale. Challenges within ILR include ensuring decent work conditions, protecting workers' rights, and addressing inequalities in labor markets. Issues such as informal employment, gender disparities, and the informalization of labor pose significant hurdles to achieving inclusive and sustainable growth. Moreover, the rise of global supply chains has raised concerns about labor exploitation and the enforcement of labor standards across borders. International organizations play a crucial role in shaping ILR through the development and implementation of labor standards, conventions, and guidelines. Institutions like the International Labour Organization (ILO) provide platforms for dialogue and cooperation among governments, employers, and workers to address labor-related challenges and promote social justice. In conclusion, International Labor Relations are complex and dynamic, influenced by globalization, technological advancements, and economic forces. Addressing the diverse challenges within ILR requires collaborative efforts from governments, employers, workers, and international organizations to ensure fair and inclusive labor practices and promote sustainable development globally. Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024

Labor Market Reflections Of Covıd-19 Pandemic: A Global Investigation Specific To Income Groups And Vulnerable Workers

The Covid 19 pandemic, which started in Wuhan, China in November 2019 and then spread rapidly all over the world, caused the death of millions of people, stagnation in the global economy, and created a rare economic conjuncture by creating both demand and supply shocks. The pandemic has affected world economies and deeply affected the labor markets on a global scale. Production in many sectors has decreased significantly, and in some sectors it has come to a standstill. As a result, unemployment rates and employment losses have increased and employment patterns have changed. Main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the pandemic on labour markets around the world in terms of both income groups and vulnerable labour based on the extensive literature and ILO&IMF database. According to the findings, the macroeconomic structures of the countries have differentiated their levels of being affected by the crisis, while unemployment and employment losses were felt sharply in middle and low-income countries. Moreover, impacts of the pandemic on disadvantaged groups have been harsh, women, youth, migrant and child labor have been affected in different ways by the pandemic. Due to the pandemic, women had difficulty in staying in the labor market, young people were left out of the labor market and NEET rates increased, migrant workers also experienced significant employment losses, the pandemic has also increased child labor globally.

Flexible Employment for Generation Z Youth: Characteristics and Challenges

Employment is a major challenge faced by young people, mainly due to fierce market competition and limited job demand. The employment development of Generation Z youth is an important issue that urgently needs to be addressed in the reform of the labor market system. With the tremendous changes in production organization and employment methods driven by the digital economy, the employment pattern of Generation Z youth has also undergone significant changes. Currently, the full-time employment form of "nine to five" is no longer able to meet the employment needs of Generation Z youth. With the rise of "digitalization" development, employment forms characterized by "personalization, part-time, part-time, and atypical" and "independent and flexible" have also emerged. The development trend of flexible employment has an impact and challenge on the existing labor market system, mechanism, and legal system based on full-time employment. The labor market system in the new era also urgently needs to be reformed to provide more employment forms for Generation Z youth, promote the sustainable and healthy development of the new employment market, and increase employment opportunities for young people.