Pattern Of Economic Growth Research Articles

Linking Economic Complexity, Institutions, and Income Inequality

A country's mix of products predicts its subsequent pattern of diversification and economic growth. But does this product mix also predict income inequality? Here we combine methods from econometrics, network science, and economic complexity to show that countries exporting complex products (as measured by the Economic Complexity Index) have lower levels of income inequality than countries exporting simpler products. Using multivariate regression analysis, we show that economic complexity is a significant and negative predictor of income inequality and that this relationship is robust to controlling for aggregate measures of income, institutions, export concentration, and human capital. Moreover, we introduce a measure that associates a product to a level of income inequality equal to the average GINI of the countries exporting that product (weighted by the share the product represents in that country's export basket). We use this measure together with the network of related products (or product space) to illustrate how the development of new products is associated with changes in income inequality. These findings show that economic complexity captures information about an economy's level of development that is relevant to the ways an economy generates and distributes its income. Moreover, these findings suggest that a country's productive structure may limit its range of income inequality. Finally, we make our results available through an online resource that allows for its users to visualize the structural transformation of over 150 countries and their associated changes in income inequality between 1963 and 2008.

Analisis Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Dan Penetapan Sektor Unggulan Di Provinsi Jawa Timur Wilayah Timur Tahun 2010-2014

Title: "Analysis of the Economic Growth and Designation Sector Featured In East Java Province Eastern Region".The purpose of this research is: Knowing the pattern of economic growth in the district / city in East Java province eastern region, knowing what sectors be featured, flagship, prospectively, and lagging in district / city in East Java province east.The analytical methods used are: 1). Typology Analysis klassen2). AnalisaSLQ (Static Location Qoutient) and DLQ (Dynamic Location Qoutient), 3). Analysis GIS (Geographic information system).The results of the analysis using Klassen Typology analysis can be concluded that the pattern of economic growth and the District and City in the province of East Java East Region 4 Klassen typology classification of economic growth pattern that is region and Growing Fast Forward, Retarded, Fast Developing and Developed Depressed:Based on the analysis AnalisaSLQ (Static Location Qoutient) and DLQ (Dynamic Location Qoutient) and analysis of GIS (Geographic information system). Based on the value of SLQ and DLQ sectors that contributed most to the classification of Disadvantaged namely in Probolinggo to donate 11 (eleven) sector.

Analysis of the impact path on factors of China's energy-related CO2 emissions: a path analysis with latent variables.

Identifying the impact path on factors of CO2 emissions is crucial for the government to take effective measures to reduce carbon emissions. The most existing research focuses on the total influence of factors on CO2 emissions without differentiating between the direct and indirect influence. Moreover, scholars have addressed the relationships among energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions rather than estimating all the causal relationships simultaneously. To fill this research gaps and explore overall driving factors' influence mechanism on CO2 emissions, this paper utilizes a path analysis model with latent variables (PA-LV) to estimate the direct and indirect effect of factors on China's energy-related carbon emissions and to investigate the causal relationships among variables. Three key findings emanate from the analysis: (1) The change in the economic growth pattern inhibits the growth rate of CO2 emissions by reducing the energy intensity; (2) adjustment of industrial structure contributes to energy conservation and CO2 emission reduction by raising the proportion of the tertiary industry; and (3) the growth of CO2 emissions impacts energy consumption and energy intensity negatively, which results in a negative impact indirectly on itself. To further control CO2 emissions, the Chinese government should (1) adjust the industrial structure and actively develop its tertiary industry to improve energy efficiency and develop low-carbon economy, (2) optimize population shifts to avoid excessive population growth and reduce energy consumption, and (3) promote urbanization steadily to avoid high energy consumption and low energy efficiency.

Research and development in economic growth models and structural changes

By the systematization of available literature, this paper points out the role and significance of research and development as drivers of economic growth and structural changes throughout economic theory and history. The role of technological progress has been assessed through a detailed overview of the economic growth models. The role and significance of innovation in business cycles and their implications for economic growth have been observed through the analysis of the Long wave theory. Although innovations are not necessary used to explain the cyclical movement of the economy, there is almost no doubt that every long wave is caused by a certain set of technologies. No matter which pattern of economic growth is observed, it is evident that research and development are a cause of national national economies' progress.

The Effect of Consumption on Economic Growth in Asia

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of consumption on economic growth in Asia based on 52 countries/territories, while the effects of other variables that are also assumed to affect economic growth are statistically controlled. For this purpose, this study explores different patterns of economic growth based on 18 ‘economic’ variables, including the consumption. There are six patterns of economic growth identified: (1) consumption-driven; (2) export-led; (3) oil-rich; (4) savings-based; (5) government (public) spending-based and (6) domestic investment-based. Empirical evidences show that the dominance of the consumption-driven economic growth in Asia cannot be denied. The patterns found in Asia are shared with the rest of the world economy, yet there were some ‘uniqueness’ to the Asian patterns, which feature as follows: (1) high savings; (2) a large defense spending affected by both oil-richness and politics (authoritarian government); and (3) high ‘national’ global competiveness worldwide. And any negative ‘uniqueness’ to the Asian economy should be reassessed in light of the ‘multidimensionality’ of successful consumption-driven economic growth model as empirically proven in Asia.

Determinants of Tax Revenue in Ethiopia

Fiscal deficit is the core issue of most of the developing countries over the past several decades. The reason behind the large increase in fiscal imbalance is the rapid expansion in expenditure and low revenue collection. Hence, efficient tax system is crucial for these countries. Since Ethiopian is one among developing countries, pattern of tax revenues and economic growth across country has become a significant concern. Due to aforementioned deficiencies, Ethiopia struggles with budget deficits for a long time. The focus of this paper is to identify determinants of tax revenue in Ethiopia by using a secondary data and multiple variables regression model using OLS method. Quantitative research method was employed on time series data set for the years 1999/00 to 2015/16. Both descriptive statistics and econometric tools were employed to analyze and present the data collected from concerned bodies. The finding reveals that, industry sector share to GDP, per capita income and trade openness as measured by share of export and import to GDP have significant positive effect on tax revenue whereas; agriculture sector share to GDP and annual rate of inflation have significant and negative effect on tax revenue as measured by share of tax revenue to GDP.

Path analysis of factors in energy-related CO2 emissions from Beijing’s transportation sector

The transportation sector is one of the major driving forces of carbon emissions. Identifying the factors that affect CO2 emissions from the transportation sector is important to build a low-carbon city. Most existing research focuses on the total effect of factors on CO2 emissions while the indirect influence is also the driving force of CO2 emissions. Additionally, identifying the causal relationship between variables is helpful to study the mutual acting mechanism. Therefore, this paper uses the path analysis model to estimate the direct, indirect and total influences of driving factors on transportation CO2 emissions in Beijing and investigate the causality relationships between variables. The results show that reducing energy intensity and transportation intensity are the key factors in controlling the increase of transportation-related CO2 emissions. Population has the greatest positive impact on CO2 emissions because an increasing population is leading to growth in energy consumption and the number of motor vehicles. However, population could indirectly affect the energy intensity and transportation intensity to reduce carbon emissions. Moreover, motor vehicles increase CO2 emissions due to the growth in private car population and its low energy efficiency. And, the change in the economic growth pattern somewhat inhibits the growth rate of CO2 emissions by reducing the energy intensity and transportation intensity indirectly. To further suppress the growth of transportation carbon emissions, the following steps should be taken: appropriately improve the quality of population, control the scale of motor vehicles, develop and promote clean energy, and reduce traffic energy intensity and transportation intensity.

Spatial concentration, impact factors and prevention-control measures of PM2.5 pollution in China

To improve the air pollution of China fundamentally, effective measures should be proposed based on the thorough understanding of the characteristics of air pollution. Based on spatial econometrics, this paper investigates the characteristics and analyzes the determinants of the spatial concentration of PM2.5 pollution in China. Results show that: (1) PM2.5 pollution is highly concentrated in Central and Eastern China, covering 17 regions which accounts for 75% of the total population and GDP (gross domestic product). (2) The PM2.5 values in China show a significant spatial correlation. Provinces such as Shandong, Henan, Anhui, and Hubei are high in PM2.5 concentration. Meanwhile, these provinces are high in population density, GDP, and coal consumptions and have a large amount of civilian cars. (3) PM2.5 pollution shows spatial spillover effects. A 1% increase in the PM2.5 values of neighboring provinces will lead to a 0.78% increase in that of one province. (4) An upward U-shaped relationship is observed between the density of per capita GDP and PM2.5, and the PM2.5 value is far from the turning point of growth. With the further growth of the density of per capita GDP, the PM2.5 value is expected to increase rapidly and continuously. (5) Based on the characteristics of spatial concentration and spatial spillover, this paper proposes several prevention-control measures for haze pollution, such as stressing on the treatment of air pollution in severely polluted provinces, avoiding moving pollution industries to neighboring areas, performing joint prevention and control nationwide. Air pollution may only be rooted by transforming the pattern of economic growth.

(Re)Politicizing Inequalities: Movements, Parties, and Social Citizenship in Chile

For 20 years following the 1989–1990 democratic transition, Chilean politics was characterized by stable forms of party-based political representation, relatively low levels of social mobilization, and a technocratic consensus around a neoliberal development model that generated rapid and sustained, albeit highly unequal, patterns of economic growth. This sociopolitical matrix was challenged, however, when hundreds of thousands of students and their supporters took to the streets to protest against educational inequalities, while smaller numbers of protestors mobilized around a plethora of other labor, environmental, and indigenous rights claims. This wave of social protest occurred in a context of growing detachment of Chilean citizens from traditional parties and representative institutions, and it punctured the aura of inevitability and consensus that surrounded the country's economic model. The ground-swell of popular protest signified the end of a posttransition political era in Chile and the dawning of a new one defined by the repoliticization of social and economic inequalities, including vigorous debates about the social pillars of the neoliberal model and the reach of social citizenship rights. The Chilean case sheds new light on the processes by which inequalities come to be politicized or depoliticized in different structural, institutional, and ideational contexts.

Changing social metabolism and environmental conflicts in India and South America

Firstly, we present some environmental conflicts gathered in 2016 in the EJAtlas, selecting a few that have implied deaths of environmental defenders around the world including India and South America. Such conflicts arise from changing trends in the social metabolism. Secondly, we compare India and South America in terms of internal metabolism and international trade. We show that South America and India are at different moments in the race (concomitant with increased GDP per person) for the use of materials. South America reached a level of extraction of over 10 tons per person/year of all materials. It is unlikely that this will increase much. Maintaining this level already means environmental pressures. A substantial part goes for exports, much larger than the imports. In contrast, India was until recently at a level not much above 5 tons of material use per capita/year. If the Indian economy grows, as it is likely to do, the social metabolism will increase in volume more or less in proportion to economic growth. The use of biomass will increase much less than that of building materials and fossil fuels. This follows the regular patterns of economic growth. Internally, the Indian economy exploits some states as providers of raw materials in a pattern of ecological internal colonialism but internationally (in terms of material flows), it is not subject to 'ecologically unequal exchange', contrary to South America. Finally, we use some statistics from the EJAtlas comparing participation of indigenous and traditional populations and rates of 'success' in local struggles for environmental justice in both subcontinents, to see whether the global movement for environmental justice can help to slow down the destruction of the environment and local livelihoods and cultures.Key words: EJAtlas, material flows, economic growth, ecological distribution conflicts, environmental defenders, ecologically unequal trade, internal colonialism

Fragmented Approach to Governance? Critical Review of the Role Played by Various Government Departments and Agencies in the Administration of Heritage Matters in South Africa

South Africa is one of the leading economic powerhouses in the African continent. With its rising population and the National Development Plan (NDP) aimed at repositioning South Africa, there is an increasing threat posed by the need to sustain positive economic growth patterns and thus create employment opportunities. As a result, various economic development factors such as mining, manufacturing and retail industries, and hosting of international sport games are springing around the country, leading to tensions between the growth and socio-economic development on the one hand and the environment on the other hand. Any opposition, on environmental or heritage grounds, against proposed development is thus seen as a threat to the creation of employment for the destitute communities. One of the heritage sites that have been exposed to one of these threats is the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (MCL). Of concern in this paper is the interaction of government departments and agencies in the administration of applications from various role players in economic development. Thus, using the Mapungubwe case study, I provide a brief historical background to the mining operations in the area and identify various government departments that had a role in the approval of the mining licence granted to Coal of Africa Limited (CoAL) by the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) in 2010. Furthermore, how this application for the mining licence was dealt with in terms of coordination between the departments and the steps taken by all stakeholders to resolve the concerns raised is critically analysed. I conclude by offering a recommendation on a best practise to address the evident fragmentation in the approval process within government where heritage matters are affected.

A tale of two industrial zones: A geopolitical economy of differential development in Ulsan, South Korea, and Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Much scholarship on East Asian development has sidelined the crucial role of geopolitics by insisting that wars such as the Vietnam War had limited effects on industrial development and economic growth patterns. We find such arguments unpersuasive, and also unduly reductionist. The Vietnam War, in particular, had unambiguously powerful effects on industrial development in South Korea; but even in cases where the direct effects of war were somewhat less spectacular, such as Taiwan, the reasons for the differences were themselves deeply geopolitical and expressive of decision-making processes centered on the Vietnam War. In this paper, we explore the differential effects of such geopolitical decision-making by contrasting the development trajectories of the Ulsan and Kaohsiung industrial zones during the war period. We show, in addition, that the subsequent development of industrial projects in South Korea and Taiwan has continued to bear some of the marks of Vietnam War-era geopolitical economy.

Blue Economy : Kesimbangan Perspektif Ekonomi dan Lingkungan

<p>Blue economy is a process in which all the following raw materials derived from natural production process and follow the way nature works. Economic models of the future will take into account the advantages and strategy of innovation by following the natural conditions. Blue Economy is a tool that can be used to improve the unfavorable economic conditions and create more activity in the form of a sustainable model. Providing the best solution by transferring the economy and result in the community for the future so that it will be better. Indonesian nation has been indoctrinated to become the nation's agricultural and economic use of the land base oriented as its economic growth pattern. However, the strength of the domestic market consumption value indicates that there should be digging back potential economic growth potential there to be able to be a formidable nation. The contribution of fisheries and marine sector experienced an increasing trend. However, the welfare of the people residing in coastal areas is still very low, lower than the society that focuses on development in other sectors.</p><em>Keywords:</em> blue economy, marine sector, economic growth

Cognitive capital, equity and child-sensitive social protection in Asia and the Pacific

Promoting child development and welfare delivers human rights and builds sustainable economies through investment in ‘cognitive capital’. This analysis looks at conditions that support optimal brain development in childhood and...

Multilevel Index Decomposition of Energy-Related Carbon Emissions and Their Decoupling from Economic Growth in Northwest China

Rapid economic growth in Northwest China has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in carbon emissions. Based on the two-level Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method, this study decomposes changes in energy-related carbon emissions in Northwest China during 1995–2012 from the regional and provincial perspectives. Further, by constructing an expanded decomposition model of the decoupling index, this paper quantitatively analyzes delinking indicators of economic activity and environmental pressure in Northwest China. The results indicate that: (1) at both regional and provincial levels, economic activity effects play a crucial role in increasing carbon emissions, whereas improvements of energy efficiency appear as the main factor in curbing carbon missions; (2) the significance of influencing factors of CO2 emissions varies across provinces. The role of economic activity in Shannxi is more pronounced compared to that of the other four provinces, as well as the role of population in Xinjiang; (3) when the decoupling relationship is considered, “relative decoupling” and “no decoupling” are the main characteristics under investigation during the examined period. Whereas “strong decoupling” was only identified in 2007 and 2009; (4) the current extensive pattern of economic growth in Northwest China poses a serious threat to the decoupling process. Furthermore, the coal-based energy structure also hinders the decoupling process. According to these results, some policy recommendations are proposed.

Credit Cycles and Financial Statement Verification

We use a proprietary dataset of financial statements collected by banks to examine whether economic growth is related to the use of financial statement verification in debt financing. Exploiting the distinct economic growth and contraction patterns of the construction industry over the years 2002 to 2011, our estimates reveal that banks reduced their collection of unqualified audited financial statements from construction firms at nearly twice the rate of firms in other industries during the housing boom period before 2008. This reduction was most severe in the regions that experienced the most significant construction growth. These trends reversed during the sub-sequent housing crisis in 2008 to 2011 when construction activity contracted. Moreover, using bank- and firm-level data we find a strong negative (positive) relation between audited financial statements during the growth period and subsequent loan losses (construction firm survival) during the contraction period. Collectively, our results reveal that macroeconomic fluctuations pro-duce temporal shifts in the overall level of financial statement verification and that temporal shifts in verification are related to bank loan portfolio quality and borrower performance.

To the Memory of Sam Moyo

Sam Moyo understood that the deployment of contemporary imperialism simply produces the savage destruction of peasant societies in Africa and Asia. In his honour, this article elaborates various dimensions of the challenge related to the so-called ‘emergence’ of the South. Conventional patterns of economic growth in the South, associated with relocation and subcontracting industries, produce nothing but ‘lumpen development’, that is, accelerated social disintegration and, in particular, destruction of rural societies. Emergence of nations, distinct from that of markets, implies the formulation of sovereign projects standing on two feet, engaging in the consolidation of an integrated industrial production system, on the one hand, and promoting the renewal of family-based peasant agriculture, on the other. This article offers a critical assessment of the African experiences and identifies alternative strategies beyond the blind alley of neoliberal re-colonization.

European Water Footprint Scenarios for 2050

This study develops water footprint scenarios for Europe for 2050, at the country level, based on projections regarding population and economic growth, production and trade patterns, consumption patterns (diets and bioenergy use) and technological development. The objective is to estimate possible future changes in the green, blue and grey water footprint (WF) of production and consumption, to analyze the main drivers of projected changes and to assess Europe’s future dependence on water resources elsewhere in the world. We develop four scenarios, considering globalization versus regional self-sufficiency, and development driven by economic objectives versus development driven by social and environmental objectives. The study shows that the most critical driver of change affecting Europe’s future WF is the consumption pattern. The WFs of both production and consumption in Western Europe increase under scenarios with high meat consumption and decrease with low-meat scenarios. Besides, additional water demands from increasing biofuel needs will put further pressure on European water resources. The European countries with a large ratio of external to total WF of consumption in 2000 decrease their dependencies on foreign water resources in 2050.

The Analysis of Development Disparities Inter Districts/ City in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province 2003-2013

One of the objectives of regional economic development is to increase the economic sector, in which the increasing of economics sector will be beneficial for society. This indicator is important to recognize the condition of the economy in particular region in given period indicated by GDRP (Gross Domestic Regional Product) data of the region or area. Since the enactment of the autonomy then the local Government has bigger role in managing regional economic potential that exists in its territory. Economic growth is one of indicators that affect economic development. Economic development in substance aims to increase public welfare. Yogyakarta province is one of cities on the island of Java with the level of GDRP that keeps increasing each year since 2003 until 2013.In the development process there are also regions that have abundant of natural resources but lacking in human resources, and yet there are also regions that are otherwise lacking in terms of natural resources however have abundant in human resources, both in quality and quantity. This situation then leads to the distinction in development that resulted in the economic growth and disparities welfare in each region. The research also aims to identify the patterns of economic growth according to Klassen Typology and describe the level of regional disparities between districts/cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province. The methods of analysis used covers analysis of the Klassen Typology, inequality Williamson Index, and inequality Theil Entropy Index. The results showed classifications according to Klassen Typology, Yogyakarta is concluded in the category of advanced and fast growing area. The index disparities show a pattern of increasing. This implies that development in district / cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province are increasingly uneven.

A New Class of Production Function Model and Its Application

AbstractUnder some circumstances, the studies on economic growth theory can be translated into the researches on production function which will beneficial for the government to analyze the pattern of economic growth and then make reasonable policies. The commonly used production functions include C-D production function, CES production function, VES production function with different elasticity of substitution. This paper will put forward to a new class of production function which elasticity of substitutionσis a non-linear function ofK/L. With this new model, a calculation formula for accurately measure the influence rates of various factors to economic growth will be derived, which is significant for in-depth studies on functions and scientific measurement. The empirical analysis on the influence rates of China’s economic growth factors and its good results will be presented in the end of this paper.