Design Patterns Research Articles

Effectiveness of a Training Program in Developing Graduates Skills for Pattern Design Using the Gerber System

Effectiveness of a Training Program in Developing Graduates Skills for Pattern Design Using the Gerber System

A research paper on software design patterns

This article affords another exhaustive examination of software design patterns, discussing their importance, the classification system, and the influence on software architecture and design. It looks at how existing practices handle predictable problems, make things more easily serviceable, and increase developer collaboration. The article goes further and explains the use of design patterns and elaborates on real-life examples of design patterns and the difficulties and drawbacks of using them. Further, it expands on future possibilities, such as applying design patterns for cloud-new architectures, AI incorporation, serverless, and Agile/DevOps. From these trends, the article lays down the argument that design patterns are not insulated from change but are continually being adapted to fit into the software development processes of today's complex and sophisticated world and that to be relevant in the designing of today's complex, large and intelligent software-based systems, developers should be familiar with both the recognized and emergent design patterns.

Framework for Implementation of Building Automation Control Programs for Industrial Heating and Cooling Systems

This article proposes a novel framework for the rapid implementation of automation programs in industrial heating and cooling systems. The global push for sustainability necessitates significant infrastructural transformations within these systems, which currently rely heavily on fossil fuels and are responsible for 75% of industrial final energy consumption. Our research highlights the critical role of design patterns and object-oriented programming principles to address the complex integration of additional energy converters and storage into automation programs. By leveraging design patterns, our framework encapsulates the intricacies of various components, such as actuators, sensors, and storage, within a comprehensive object-oriented model that also allows the integration of different control strategies. Qualitatively, this approach enhances the reusability, scalability, and adaptability of automation programs. Therefore, quantitatively, our framework enables a more resilient and efficient energy system. The framework is validated through its application to a complex, cross-linked industrial heating and cooling system at the ETA Research Factory of the Technical University of Darmstadt. Using the developed framework reduces implementation effort significantly due to its consistent and modular structure resulting from the reusable design patterns.

Microservices Patterns Recommendation based on Information Retrieval

Software developers encounter recurring problems during software development, which can be solved using proven solutions known as design patterns. Microservices architecture, a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) variant, presents common communication, deployment, and service definition challenges. However, selecting the appropriate design pattern from a vast pool of patterns to solve a problem is difficult for novice and experienced developers. This paper proposes a recommendation tool based on Information Retrieval (IR) to assist developers in choosing the suitable microservices pattern to solve a given problem. The tool leverages textual descriptions given by developers to provide relevant indications of microservices patterns. It has been evaluated using both toy and industrial problems, demonstrating promising results. The results showed that the tool was able to solve 60% of toy design problems, indicating that it can provide valuable and accurate recommendations. Furthermore, tests with industrial problems revealed that over 70% of the recommended patterns helped to address the problems at hand. Interviews with developers who work in the software industry corroborated the recommendation tool’s effectiveness and practicality.

A Sustainable Vision for Technical Education 4.0 of Post COVID-19

The impacts of industry 4.0 have been reflected in education around the world as countries compete to formulate educational policies based on innovation and digitization in order to adapt to the IR 4.0. In this regard, a new approach to technical education 4.0 has been formulated. It seeks to integrate technical education with the technology developments that define the Industrial Revolution 4.0, emphasizing the importance of this alignment in promoting sustainable economic growth and fostering inclusive development. The paper highlights the strategies and techniques implemented in the design of technical education 4.0 school buildings, arriving at legislative and design recommendations for creating school buildings that are compatible with sustainable education, meet the needs of industry 4.0 building practices, and are supported by modern technologies. By using an integrated approach in terms of new design needs and new education needs that adapt to modern pandemics and prevent any diseases in the future, this research aims to present a new model for technical education 4.0 in the pandemic era in line with the sustainable development goals in the Education Strategy 2030. This study discusses the problems existing in the current situation of technical education schools in Egypt and comes up with a new model that is compatible with new design and educational needs. It is structured using new design strategies for technical education 4.0 schools based on design patterns for 21st century schools that meet industry 4.0 needs and address the COVID-19 pandemic.

Enhancing Personalized Learning Through Process Mining

AbstractTechnology-mediated learning offers new possibilities for individualizing learning processes in order to discover, monitor, and enhance students’ learning activities. However, leveraging such possibilities automatically and at scale with novel technologies raises questions about the design and the analysis of digital learning processes. Process mining hereby becomes a relevant tool to leverage these theorized opportunities. The paper classifies recent literature on individualizing technology-mediated learning and educational process mining into four major concepts (purpose, user, data, and analysis). By clustering and empirically evaluating the use of learner data in expert interviews, the study presents three design patterns for discovering, monitoring, and enhancing students’ learning activities by means of process mining. The paper explains the characteristics of these patterns, analyzes opportunities for digital learning processes, and illustrates the potential value the patterns can create for relevant educational stakeholders. Information systems researchers can use the taxonomy to develop theoretical models to study the effectiveness of process mining and thus enhance the individualization of learning processes. The patterns, in combination with the taxonomy for designing and analyzing digital learning processes, serve as a personal guide to studying, designing, and evaluating the individualization of digital learning at scale.

Generation Method for HVAC Systems Design Schemes in Office Buildings Based on Deep Graph Generative Models

The design process of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems is complex and time consuming due to the need to follow design codes. Since the design standards are not fixed, the final outcome often depends on the designer’s experience. The development of building information modeling (BIM) technology has made information throughout the building lifecycle more integrated. BIM-based forward design is now widely used, providing a data foundation for combining HVAC system design with machine learning. This paper proposes an unsupervised learning method based on deep graph generative models to uncover hidden design patterns and optimization strategies from the design results. We trained and validated four deep graph generative models—GAE, GNF, GAN, and diffusion—using HVAC system terminal pipeline layout data. Accuracy and precision metrics were used to compare the generated designs with automated forward design solutions, assessing the models’ ability to capture both local variations and broader changes in design logic. A graph-neural-network-based evaluation method was employed to measure the models’ capacity to detect changes. The results indicate that all four models achieved prediction accuracies exceeding 90% and precision rates above 75%. The models effectively captured both local modifications made by designers and global design changes, showing greater sensitivity to global layout adjustments than to local updates. When comparing the results generated by deep graph generative models and the actual design, it is obvious that the accuracy of the predictions varies significantly due to the complexity of the test buildings.

ViCo: Human visual perception-based contour extraction of Chinese Tang dynasty textile patterns

The study of ancient textile patterns not only enriches historical material but also inspires modern costume art design. Recent developments in computer vision technology provide novel analytical methods for the study of ancient textile patterns. As contours are one of the most significant features in computer vision tasks, contour extraction serves as a prerequisite to accomplishing intelligent understanding and automatic design of textile patterns. In this paper, a perception-consistent contour extraction method (ViCo) that simulates the human visual system from the retina, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), to the V1 area in the cortex is proposed, along with an ancient textile pattern dataset represented by TuanKe in the Chinese Tang dynasty. Experiments were conducted both qualitatively and quantitatively to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method on the TuanKe dataset. Analysis of the results implies the effectiveness of ViCo because the retinal and LGN filter enhances edge information and restrains tiny pixel changes, and the cortex simulation is direction selective. This study is among the initial efforts to employ computer vision technology for ancient textile pattern studies. The study presents a TuanKe dataset and a novel bio-inspired contour extraction method, which has significant historical research importance, fabric art design inspiration, and computer application value.

The Regulation of Temperature Fluctuations and Energy Consumption in Buildings Using Phase Change Material–Gypsum Boards in Summer

This study examined the thermal performance of Comfortboard23, a commercial gypsum board from Knauf infused with phase change material (PCM). Structural characterization using XRD and SEM confirmed the presence of microencapsulated PCM within the gypsum matrix. The study does not provide a direct comparison between Comfortboard23 and other PCM-integrated gypsum boards on the market. This is a limitation of the research. A comprehensive comparison would involve testing multiple products under identical conditions, and evaluating factors such as thermal performance, cost-effectiveness, durability, and ease of installation. Thermal characterization involved a novel low-scale thermal chamber to measure U-value, thermal conductivity, heat storage capacity, and dynamic thermal response. Results showed incorporating PCM decreased the U-value by 2% compared to standard gypsum boards. Additionally, PCM inclusion increased heat storage capacity by around 45% and improved dynamic thermal characteristics by decreasing thermal stability coefficient from 0.92 to 0.76 and increasing thermal lag from 0.27 to 0.49 h. The 45% increase in heat storage capacity of Comfortboard23 could lead to a 10–20% reduction in heating and cooling energy consumption, improved thermal comfort, and potential HVAC downsizing. Exact benefits depend on climate, building design, and occupancy patterns, necessitating further research in diverse real-world settings. The findings demonstrate Comfortboard23’s potential for enhancing thermal energy storage in buildings, contributing to energy savings, improved thermal comfort, and reduced temperature fluctuations across varying daily temperatures. Overall, the study highlights the promise of Comfortboard23 as an energy-efficient PCM-integrated building material.

Comparison Of The Effectiveness Of Grape Seed And Onion Extract In Healing Cut Wounds In Wistar Rats

In healing cut wounds, generally many use drugs with chemicals, the use of chemicals in wound healing has a lot of negative impacts, therefore it is necessary to conduct further research on the benefits of natural ingredients such as plants to treat cut wounds, some of the advantages of using medicinal plants include relatively safer, easy to obtain, cheap, does not cause resistance, and relatively harmless to the surrounding environment or the mixture between the plants, which has been used for treatment for generations. One way to treat cut wounds is to use herbal plants because they are cheaper, easier to get, and have low side effects. Compounds that play a role in the healing process of cut wounds include flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, and essential oils. One of the plants that has health benefits is grapes. The purpose of this study is to find out the comparison of the effectiveness of grape seeds and onion extract in healing cut wounds in wistar rats. The type of research used in this study is experimental research with a true experimental method with a post-test only control group design pattern. The sample to be used in this study is 24 rats divided into 4 groups so that each group contains 6 rats. Data analysis uses the One-Way ANOVA test. The results showed that shallot gel extract had a significant effect on the percentage of reduction in incision length.

Pattern design for capacity building of promoters in climate-smart agriculture environment development

This study aimed to investigate the impact of agricultural environment, organizational, educational, economic, social, technical, cultural, and legal factors on the capacity building of extension experts in the development of climate-smart agriculture. The research is applied in terms of its objective and descriptive-survey in terms of its method. The statistical population of the research consisted of extension experts in three provinces, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, and Ardabil (N=4256). A sample size of 354 was selected using the Cochran formula. The data collection tool was a questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale. The formal and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a group of experts and using the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) method before conducting the pilot study. The reliability of the research tool was evaluated by conducting a pilot study among 25 individuals outside the statistical population. In this research, SmartPLS software was used for data analysis. The results showed that infrastructural factors had the highest impact on climate-smart agriculture with 22%, followed by organizational factors with 21%, social factors with almost 17%, cultural factors with 16.5%, educational factors with 13%, legal factors with nearly 13%, technical factors with 11.4%, and finally, economic factors with just over 10%. Overall, the factors under study explain more than 68% of the variance in climate-smart agriculture (R2=0.687), indicating the impact of the aforementioned factors on the development of climate-smart agriculture. Also, the design of this model made the promoters, by identifying and increasing the potential and capacities of themselves, villagers and farmers, to be able to adapt themselves to climate change and drought, and by increasing resilience and adaptability, to have positive effects for the development of sustainable agriculture. Along with increasing the product, it will increase the income and reduce the costs for them.

Phonon-polariton Bragg generation at the surface of silicon carbide

Phonon-polaritons are known to emerge at the surface of solids under infrared (IR) irradiation at frequencies close to the optical phonon resonance. Metal, patterned on the top of the polariton-active surface, locally blocks the excitation of surface waves due to plasmonic screening and can be used for the design of wave patterns. We excite polaritonic waves at the surface of SiC under the irradiation of a CO2 laser (λ∼10μm) and visualize them using apertureless near-field interference scanning probe microscopy. From the near-field scans in the vicinity of gold film periodical strip structures, we identify the Bragg scattering (diffraction) outside the grating with the contribution from separate strips coherently summed up, provided that the wavelength matching condition is fulfilled. The observed phenomena agree with wavefield calculations. Our observations demonstrate the potential of metal-patterned silicon carbide for the fabrication of on-chip polaritonic IR circuits.

Encodable DNA Hairpin Probes for Nanopore Multiplexed Target Detection.

Owing to the co-occurrence of hazardous compounds, it is crucial to build multiple highly discriminative probe libraries for simultaneous determination. Drawing inspiration from nucleic acid barcodes, we developed a probe system that is exclusively based on the nucleic acid secondary structure's hairpin structure, which can be directly read by nanopores. The highly distinguishable hairpin probes were constructed, and a detailed explanation of the possible patterns in their design was provided. These probe-representative events measured through the α-hemolysin (α-HL) nanopores were both distinguished, either through visual observation or comparison of the nanopore parameters. Besides, the potential design pattern for probes with unique telegraphic switching between the two levels was also unveiled. Finally, these probes were utilized to realize simultaneous, ultrasensitive mycotoxin multiple-detection, and their prospective applications for the detection of proteins and microRNAs were presented, indicating their suitability for a wide range of sensing applications.

A Presentation Framework to Simplify the Development of Java EE Application Thin Clients

Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) is the most widely adopted platform for developing enterprise-grade applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of a web-based presentation framework for Java EE applications, aimed at simplifying the development process of thin clients. The framework introduces enhancements over existing Java EE frameworks by streamlining repetitive development tasks and integrating multiple design patterns like MVC-2, Service-to-Worker, and Intercepting Filter. A comprehensive evaluation showcases the framework's ability to improve flexibility, reusability, and maintainability, making it a practical choice for enterprise applications.

Enhancing Cognitive Performance and Physiological Benefit in Workspaces Through Patterns of Biophilic Design: A Restorative Approach

Contact with nature is believed to enhance mental health through the process of human psychological restoration. However, prolonged indoor living limits individuals’ exposure to nature, potentially hindering the timely alleviation of stress and fatigue induced by work. While biophilic design is recognized as a potential solution, its impact on the restoration process has not been extensively studied, particularly in relation to its various design patterns. Therefore, it is important to determine the restorative effects of different patterns of biophilic design and their combination in order to guide the practical application of biophilic design. In this study, the effects of two typical biophilic design patterns and their combination on attention restoration were measured using subjective scales, cognitive tasks, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a simulated real workspace. The results suggest a significant enhancement in the restorative impact on cognitive performance and physiological benefits when combining two biophilic design patterns, while a single design pattern does not yield the same effect. These findings contribute to a better understanding and improvement of workspaces, enhancing users’ experience and well-being.

Adopting Zero-waste Pattern-making Techniques for Apparel Product Development

Every year, the fashion industry churns out millions of clothing items with fresh styles, resulting in significant fabric waste during production. This fabric waste contributes to environmental pollution. Embracing zero-waste pattern-making techniques for clothing production offers a viable solution to curbing this issue. By utilising the entire fabric yardage, these techniques aim to minimise or eliminate fabric waste after garment production. Zero-waste design is a holistic approach that integrates designing, production and sourcing processes. This article aims to propose solutions for controlling fabric waste through innovative zero-waste pattern-design techniques, thereby fostering a sustainable future. Traditionally, the apparel production process utilises 85% of fabrics, leaving behind 15% as wastage. The challenge lies in reducing this 15% wastage to zero (Abernathy et al., 1999). However, it is acknowledged that not everyone can readily adopt zero-waste pattern techniques. It requires creativity to develop optimal design solutions for apparel production. Collaboration among designers, pattern makers, academics and production professionals is essential for researching and identifying the best creative practices and solutions for integrating zero-waste pattern-making techniques into the apparel production process. Developing approaches for zero-waste pattern-making involves researching basic pattern design principles, understanding associated challenges and analysing outcomes. This research and development process in zero-waste pattern-making can pave the way for better sustainable practices, ultimately contributing to the reduction of fabric waste pollution and fostering a more sustainable future.

Reliable fabrication of 3D freestanding nanostructures via all dry stacking of incompatible photoresist

Three-dimensional (3D) free-standing nanostructures based on electron-beam lithography (EBL) have potential applications in many fields with extremely high patterning resolution and design flexibility with direct writing. In numerous EBL processes designed for the creation of 3D structures, the multilayer resist system is pivotal due to its adaptability in design. Nevertheless, the compatibility of solvents between different layers of resists often restricts the variety of feasible multilayer combinations. This paper introduces an innovative approach to address the bottleneck issue by presenting a novel concept of multilayer resist dry stacking, which is facilitated by a near-zero adhesion strategy. The poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film is stacked onto the hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resist using a dry peel and release technique, effectively circumventing the issue of HSQ solubilization by PMMA solvents typically encountered during conventional spin-coating procedures. Simultaneously, a dry lift-off technique can be implemented by eschewing the use of organic solvents during the wet process. This pioneering method enables the fabrication of high-resolution 3D free-standing plasmonic nanostructures and intricate 3D free-standing nanostructures. Finally, this study presents a compelling proof of concept, showcasing the integration of 3D free-standing nanostructures, fabricated via the described technique, into the realm of Fabry-Perot cavity resonators, thereby highlighting their potential for practical applications. This approach is a promising candidate for arbitrary 3D free-standing nanostructure fabrication, which has potential applications in nanoplasmonics, nanoelectronics, and nanophotonics.

27.09%-efficiency silicon heterojunction back contact solar cell and going beyond

Crystalline-silicon heterojunction back contact solar cells represent the forefront of photovoltaic technology, but encounter significant challenges in managing charge carrier recombination and transport to achieve high efficiency. In this study, we produced highly efficient heterojunction back contact solar cells with a certified efficiency of 27.09% using a laser patterning technique. Our findings indicate that recombination losses primarily arise from the hole-selective contact region and polarity boundaries. We propose solutions to these issues and establish a clear relationship between contact resistivity, series resistance, and the design of the rear-side pattern. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the wafer edge becomes the main channel for current density loss caused by carrier recombination once electrical shading around the electron-selective contact region is mitigated. With the advanced nanocrystalline passivating contact, wafer edge passivation technologies and meticulous optimization of front anti-reflection coating and rear reflector, achieving efficiencies as high as 27.7% is feasible.

Design of stimuli-responsive minimalist heptad surfactants for stable emulsions

Peptide surfactants have been extensively investigated with various applications in detergents, foods, and pharmaceutics due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and customizable structures. Traditional peptide surfactants are often designed in a head-to-tail fashion mimicking chemical surfactants. Alternatively, a side-by-side design pattern based on heptad repeats offers an approach to designing peptide surfactants. However, minimalist peptide design using a single heptad for stabilizing interfaces remains largely unexplored. Here, we design four heptad surfactants (AM1.2, 6H, 6H7K, and HK) responsive to metal ions and compare their emulsification performance with a three-heptad peptide, AM1. Among them, the HK peptide generates emulsions exhibiting good stability over months. We further optimize factors such as buffering salts, ionic strength, and emulsion dilutions to uncover their impacts on emulsion properties. Our findings deepen the understanding of emulsion properties and provide practical insights for characterizing peptide-based emulsions, paving the way for their broader utilization in diverse applications.

From Motivating to Manipulative: The Use of Deceptive Design in a Game's Free-to-Play Transition

Over the last decade, the free-to-play (F2P) game business model has gained popularity in the games industry. We examine the role of deceptive design during a game's transition to F2P and its impacts on players. Our analysis focuses on game mechanics and a Reddit analysis of the Overwatch (OW) series after it transitioned to an F2P model. Our study identifies nine game mechanics that use deceptive design patterns. We also identify factors contributing to a negative gameplay experience. Business model transitions in games present possibilities for problematic practices. Our findings identify the need for game developers and publishers to balance player investments and fairness of rewards. A game's successful transition depends on maintaining fundamental components of player motivation and ensuring transparent communication. Compared to existing taxonomies in other media, games need a comprehensive classification of deceptive design. We emphasize the importance of understanding player perceptions and the impact of deceptive practices in future research.