Coordination Patterns Research Articles

Can training to dissociate trunk and pelvic motion influence thorax-pelvis coordination and lumbar spine dynamic stability?

BackgroundThe large number of articulating joints within the spinal column provides an abundance of options to control its movement. However, the ability of individuals to consciously manipulate these movement options is poorly understood. ObjectivesTo determine if short-term training can improve the ability to consciously dissociate motion between the pelvis and thorax during repetitive pelvic tilting movements. DesignCross-over design with young healthy individuals. MethodSeventeen participants performed trials consisting of 35 continuous lift/lowers followed by 35 continuous anterior/posterior pelvic tilts while spine kinematics were recorded. Participants then underwent a 20-min training protocol designed to improve the control of pelvic motion and in particular the dissociation of pelvic and trunk motion. Post-training, the continuous pelvic tilt and lift/lower trials were repeated. Thorax-pelvis movement coordination was analyzed via vector coding and lumbar spine local dynamic stability was analyzed via Lyapunov exponents. Participants were grouped as being either high or low skill movers based on their ability to perform the pre-training pelvic tilt movements. ResultsThe low skill movement group demonstrated statistically significant increases in the time spent using in-phase pelvic dominant (p = 0.028) and anti-phase pelvic dominant (p = 0.043) coordination patterns during the pelvic tilt movements after the completion of the training protocol. The high skill movement group showed no differences in their movement patterns post-training. ConclusionsShort-term training, targeted to improve the ability to dissociate pelvic from thorax motion, had a beneficial effect on the group of individuals who initially lacked skill performing the pelvic tilting task.

Covid-19 pasekmės transatlantinio saugumo bendruomenei

Although there were many disagreements in transatlantic relations before the COVIC-19, the pandemic accelerated tensions in transatlantic relations even more. The inauguration of the new US president Joe Biden, however, has been perceived as a new chapter in transatlantic relations. The paper aims to assess the COVID-19 pandemic implications to transatlantic relations and answer the question of whether the pandemic has strengthened or weakened the transatlantic security community? The paper stems from the idea that transatlantic countries compose a transatlantic security community. It examines the COVID-19 implications to several tiers of features that should be present in every security community: namely, implications to the perception of threats, patterns of communication and policy coordination, as well as to institutional framework. The paper argues that COVID-19 has not transformed the transatlantic security community; however, it highlighted certain problematic aspects of transatlantic relations.

Advancements in Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction: A Comprehensive Review of Single-Atom Catalysts for Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction technology seamlessly aligns with the principles of environmentally friendly chemical production. In this paper, a comprehensive review of recent advancements in electrocatalytic NH3 synthesis utilizing single-atom catalysts (SACs) is offered. Into the research and applications of three categories of SACs: noble metals (Ru, Au, Rh, Ag), transition metals (Fe, Mo, Cr, Co, Sn, Y, Nb), and nonmetallic catalysts (B) in the context of electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis is delved. In-depth insights into the material preparation methods, single-atom coordination patterns, and the characteristics of the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) are provided. The systematic comparison of the nitrogen reduction capabilities of various SAC types offers a comprehensive research framework for their integration into electrocatalytic NRR. Additionally, the challenges, potential solutions, and future prospects of incorporating SACs into electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction endeavors are discussed.

The effect of inherent and incidental constraints on bimanual force control in simulated Martian gravity

The ability to coordinate actions between the limbs is important for many operationally relevant tasks associated with space exploration. A future milestone in space exploration is sending humans to Mars. Therefore, an experiment was designed to examine the influence of inherent and incidental constraints on the stability characteristics associated with the bimanual control of force in simulated Martian gravity. A head-up tilt (HUT)/head-down tilt (HDT) paradigm was used to simulate gravity on Mars (22.3° HUT). Right limb dominant participants (N = 11) were required to rhythmically coordinate patterns of isometric forces in 1:1 in-phase and 1:2 multifrequency patterns by exerting force with their right and left limbs. Lissajous displays were provided to guide task performance. Participants performed 14 twenty-second practice trials at 90° HUT (Earth). Following a 30-min rest period, participants performed 2 test trials for each coordination pattern in both Earth and Mars conditions. Performance during the test trials were compared. Results indicated very effective temporal performance of the goal coordination tasks in both gravity conditions. However, results indicated differences associated with the production of force between Earth and Mars. In general, participants produced less force in simulated Martian gravity than in the Earth condition. In addition, force production was more harmonic in Martian gravity than Earth gravity for both limbs, indicating that less force distortions (adjustments, hesitations, and/or perturbations) occurred in the Mars condition than in the Earth condition. The force coherence analysis indicated significantly higher coherence in the 1:1 task than in the 1:2 task for all force frequency bands, with the highest level of coherence in the 1–4 Hz frequency band for both gravity conditions. High coherence in the 1–4 Hz frequency band is associated with a common neural drive that activates the two arms simultaneously and is consistent with the requirements of the two tasks. The results also support the notion that neural crosstalk stabilizes the performance of the 1:1 in-phase task. In addition, significantly higher coherence in the 8–12 Hz frequency bands were observed for the Earth condition than the Mars condition. Force coherence in the 8–12 Hz bands is associated with the processing of sensorimotor information, suggesting that participants were better at integrating visual, proprioceptive, and/or tactile feedback in Earth than for the Mars condition. Overall, the results indicate less neural interference in Martian gravity; however, participants appear to be more effective at using the Lissajous displays to guide performance under Earth's gravity.

Quantifying coordinative patterns in steady‐state running: The impact of footwear and foot strike on joint coupling variability

AbstractIn this study, we aimed to compare and contrast the intralimb coordinative patterns of habitual forefoot strikers (FFS) and rearfoot strikers (RFS) during steady‐state running across three different shoe types: minimalist, neutral and cushioned shoes. To describe these coordinative patterns, we implemented the concept of the ‘preferred movement path’ which represents the movement path that runners naturally select in response to their physical capacity and external environment. We quantified cycle‐to‐cycle consistency (ACC) and within‐trial variance in coordination patterns (SoV) using joint angle data from the ankle and knee for ankle‐knee coupling and from the knee and hip for knee‐hip coupling. Additionally, we calculated the measure of shape difference in joint coupling as the sum of squared distances (SSD) between/within conditions and groups. The percentage of runners who displayed shape differences below certain SSD thresholds was also evaluated. Our findings revealed no significant group or shoe type effect on any of the variability measures (ACC: p = 0.460 for ankle‐knee and p = 0.832 for knee‐hip; SoV: p = 0.345 for ankle‐knee and p = 0.755 for knee‐hip). However, there was a significant (p < 0.001) shape difference observed between the most extreme shoe conditions. Despite this, when runners switched shoes, 70%–90% of them maintained their original coordinative pattern across both joint couplings, indicating a strong adherence to their preferred movement path. This suggests that while shoe type can influence the shape of the coordinative pattern, the inherent movement tendencies of the runners remain largely consistent.

Clause-linkage, Embeddedness, and Nominalizations in Chácobo (Pano)

As with all Pano languages, Chácobo links clauses together through an elaborate system of switch reference clauses. This paper provides a detailed description of switch reference and clause linkage in Chácobo (Pano) from a typological perspective. While previous work on Chácobo and Pano languages in general describes such clause-linkage strategies as involving subordination, no work has provided a detailed description of the diagnostics for classifying clause-linkage types with clause-linkage strategies in Pano. If these variables are relied on, nearly all clause-linkage strategies in Chácobo fall outside of typical coordination and subordinate patterns. There is also little reason to adopt such a distinction on language-internal grounds.

Variability of Muscle Coordination Patterns in Human Movement

Variability of Muscle Coordination Patterns in Human Movement

Functional movement variability to maintain delivery speed in cricket fast bowling

AbstractFast bowling in cricket involves a complex multiarticular action performed at high speed. Functional movement variability plays an important role in helping the performer to maintain the consistency of performance outcomes, although this has not previously been examined in cricket fast bowling in relation to maintaining consistent delivery speed. Therefore, this study investigated how variability of delivery stride movement timings contributes to maintaining consistent bowling speed. Footage of six deliveries from 92 male fast bowlers were analyzed. Delivery speed was recorded, and the time of back foot contact, front foot contact and ball release were identified. The variability of movement timings and the delivery speed were determined using the coefficient of variation. Results showed greater variability in delivery stride movement timings compared to delivery speed. These findings suggest that bowlers may use movement variability to adjust their functional movement coordination pattern during the bowling action to achieve consistent bowling speed.

The Effect of Pyramid and Reverse Pyramid Loadings on Spine and Pelvis Coordination Variability During Squat

Background and Aims Pyramid and reverse pyramid loading patterns are used to increase the training load in resistance training. Although physiological studies have attempted to compare the two patterns, the difference between the two loading patterns on the biomechanics of the spine and pelvis has not been determined. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pyramid and inverted pyramid loadings on spinal and pelvic coordination variability in squat movement. Methods Twelve bodybuilding athletes in Tehran City, Iran, voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects performed squat movements as the pyramid and reverse pyramid at intensities of 50%, 70%, and 90% of ten maximum repetitions. Then, the kinematic information of the three segments of their spine and pelvis was recorded. Coordination and variability coordination were calculated using a modified vector coding method. Results The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the coordination pattern for pelvic-lower back coordination, lower-back to lower-trunk spine, and lower-trunk-to-upper-trunk spine in the intensity of 50%. A significant difference was observed in the coordination pattern, with an intensity of 70% for the lower back and lower trunk spine. Also, no statistical significance was observed between the pyramidal and inverted pyramidal loading types for spine and pelvis coordination. Conclusion According to the results of increasing the load in pyramid loading and decreasing the load in reverse loading, the coordination of distal couplings affected the sagittal plane more than the proximal one. It is recommended to use the reverse pyramid method for exercises and be more careful when performing pyramid exercises.

Evaluation of national fitness and national health development and coupling and coordination in 11 provinces and cities in Eastern China.

Under the influence of development strategies with regard to national fitness and health in China, the interactive development between national fitness and national health is becoming increasingly strong. To explore the coupling and coordination relationship between national fitness and national health, this paper conducts an empirical analysis of the coupling and coordination relationship between national fitness and national health in 11 provinces and cities in Eastern China using the entropy weight method, a coupling coordination model, spatial visualization of the coupling coordination degree and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The research confirms that the comprehensive development level of national fitness and national health in Eastern China shows a steady upward trend, with a lag in national fitness as a whole, and that the growth rate of national fitness development is faster than that of national health development. The coupling coordination degree of the two systems of national fitness and national health in Eastern China shows a slow upward trend, and the coupling coordination degree rises from barely coordinated to primary coordination. There are significant differences in the spatial pattern of coupling coordination: the spatial pattern from north to south generally shows 'low-high-high-low-high-low' characteristics, and the spatial spillover effect of coupling coordination in various regions has not yet appeared. The revised GM(1.1) prediction results indicate that the level and improvement rate of coupling coordination will accelerate significantly in the next 10 years, but the spatial differences will still exist. Finally, suggestions are proposed to optimize the coupling and coordinated development of national fitness and national health based on policy guarantees as well as strengthening and cross-regional cooperation.

You good?: Examining the role of intonation and eyebrow movements in sentence type distinction

By analyzing the pitch accents, edge tones, and eyebrow movements of African American English (AAE) speakers, this study examines the coordination of prosody and co-speech gestures. Twelve self-identified AAE speakers engaged in scripted dialogues with an AAE-speaking confederate via Zoom. Half of the dialogues contained the polysemous AAE idiomatic phrase “you good” which has declarative and interrogative forms hypothesized to be distinguished by various eyebrow and intonation patterns. The other dialogues included non-idiomatic phrases semantically related to their “you good” equivalents. These dialogues were designed to explore whether the coordination patterns for the idioms occur with non-idiomatic utterances of the same sentence type. Acoustic data is prosodically annotated using the MAE-ToBI transcription system and visual eyebrow data is tracked using OpenFace 2.0, a facial landmark detection toolkit. The derived eyebrow movement trajectories are time-aligned with the pitch trajectories for the semi-automatic labeling of multimodal signals. The temporal relationship between eyebrow movement landmarks, pitch accents, and edge tones is examined to investigate how different meanings and sentence types are created through their coordination. Preliminary examination indicates intonationally similar contours for the idiomatic and non-idiomatic interrogative phrases, but shared and consistent intonational contours are not evident in the declarative data.

Lumbopelvic movement coordination during walking improves with transfemoral bone anchored limbs: Implications for low back pain

BackgroundLow back pain (LBP) is more prevalent in patients with transfemoral amputation using socket prostheses than able-bodied individuals, in part due to altered spinal loading caused by aberrant lumbopelvic movement patterns. Early evidence surrounding bone-anchored limb functional outcomes is promising, yet it remains unknown if this novel prosthesis influences LBP or movement patterns known to increase its risk. Research questionHow are self-reported measures of LBP and lumbopelvic movement coordination patterns altered when using a unilateral transfemoral bone-anchored limb compared to a socket prosthesis? MethodsFourteen patients with unilateral transfemoral amputation scheduled to undergo intramedullary hardware implantation for bone-anchored limbs due to failed socket use were enrolled in this longitudinal observational cohort study (7 F/7 M, Age: 50.2±12.0 years). The modified Oswestry Disability Index (mODI) (self-reported questionnaire) and whole-body motion capture during overground walking were collected before (with socket prosthesis) and 12-months following bone-anchored limb implantation. Lumbopelvic total range of motion (ROM) and continuous relative phase (CRP) segment angles were calculated during 10 bilateral gait cycles. mODI, total ROM, CRP and CRP variabilities were compared between time points. ResultsmODI scores were significantly reduced 12-months after intramedullary hardware implantation for the bone-anchored limb (P = 0.013). Sagittal plane trunk and pelvis total ROM during gait were reduced after implantation (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). CRP values were increased (more anti-phase) in the sagittal plane during single limb stance and reduced (more in-phase) in the transverse plane during pre-swing of the amputated limb gait cycle (P << 0.001 and P = 0.029, respectively). No differences in CRP values were found in the frontal plane. SignificanceDecreases in mODI scores and lumbopelvic ROM, paired with the changes in lumbopelvic coordination, indicate that bone-anchored limbs may reduce LBP symptoms and reduce compensatory movement patterns for people with unilateral transfemoral amputation.

Data‐Driven Screening of Pivotal Subunits in Edge‐Anchored Single Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Reactions

AbstractOxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are key reactions in diverse energy conversion devices, highlighting the importance of efficient catalysts. Edge‐anchored single atom catalysts (E‐SACs) emerge as a special class of atomic structure, but the detailed configuration and its correlation with catalytic activity remain little explored. Herein, a total of 78 E‐SACs (E‐TM‐Nx‐C) have been constructed based on 26 transition metal (TM) species with three coordination patterns. Using structural stability and ORR/OER catalytic activity as the evaluation criteria, a few catalytic structures comparable to Pt (111) for ORR and IrO2 (110) for OER are screened based on high‐throughput calculations. The screening results unveil that the E‐Rh‐N4‐C configuration exhibits most efficient bifunctional activity for both ORR and OER with an overpotential of 0.38 and 0.61 V, respectively. Electronic structure analysis confirms the distinctive edge effects on the electronic properties of TM and N species, and the feature importance derived from machine learning illustrates the efficacy of E‐TM‐Nx subunit configuration in determining the catalytic activity of E‐SACs. Finally, the trained Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR) model exhibits acceptable accuracy in predicting the OH intermediates adsorption strength for E‐SACs, thereby paving the way for expanding catalytic structures based on E‐SACs.

Changes in muscle coordination patterns during 400‐m sprint: Impact of fatigue and performance decline

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the muscle synergies extracted from 14 unilateral lower‐limb and trunk muscles between the first and final parts of a 400‐m sprint in experienced sprinters to understand neuromuscular coordination of multiple muscles in the fatigued condition sprint. Nine male 400‐m sprinters (400‐m personal record: 48.11 ± 1.6 s) performed 400‐m sprints as with the real competition strategy. We defined the first part (100–150 m section) and the final part (350–400 m section), and obtained mean spatiotemporal variables (e.g., running speed, step frequency, and step length) for both parts. Electromyography (EMG) signals were obtained using wireless EMG sensors (2000 Hz) from 14 lower‐limb and trunk muscles. Non‐negative matrix factorization was performed to extract the muscle synergies for both parts. We observed significantly declined spatiotemporal variables in the final part induced by fatigue. The extracted number of synergies was 7.0 ± 0.7 (mean ± SD) for the first part and 7.2 ± 0.4 for the final part with no significant differences between parts. However, we identified specific muscle synergy, and alterations in the individual muscle weightings of several hip muscles (rectus femoris: RF, tensor fasciae latae: TFL, and glutes maximus: Gmax muscles) while there was no change in the muscle weighting of shank muscles and the temporal patterns of all muscles even following fatigue in the 400‐m sprint. Fatigue‐induced performance decline in a 400‐m sprint corresponds to alterations in muscle synergies, particularly in hip muscles, with notable shifts in RF, TFL, and Gmax activation.

Competition for epidermal area, instead of coordination, between stomata and vein patterns in Ficus (Moraceae) with different growth forms

Competition for epidermal area, instead of coordination, between stomata and vein patterns in Ficus (Moraceae) with different growth forms

Last‐minute coordination: Adapting to demand to support last‐mile operations

AbstractIn the highly competitive e‐commerce industry, customer‐facing warehouses are crucial as the “order penetration points” for e‐commerce last‐mile operations. This research examines how warehouses use last‐minute coordination, an unstructured mechanism, to ensure sufficient inventory at the order penetration points. Previous research has focused on structured mechanisms like contracts and inventory management systems to enhance warehouse performance. However, these mechanisms can be ineffective when faced with unforeseen local contingencies. To adjust inventory and adapt to changes in supply and/or demand, warehouses need to engage in unstructured, last‐minute coordination with other warehouses. Using coordination and loose coupling theories, we find that coordinating with many warehouses (i.e., large coordination scope) reduces the operational efficiency of individual warehouses. At the network level, we find that a centralized coordination structure improves the operational efficiency of the entire network. We also show that demand uncertainty reinforces the existing last‐minute coordination patterns, using the Separable Temporal Exponential Random Graph Model (ST‐ERGM). This research highlights the importance of last‐minute coordination and reveals its effects on both individual warehouses and the overall network.

Promoting Exploration During Learning: Effect of Imposed and Self-Controlled Practice Schedules on Learners’ Behavioral Flexibility

ABSTRACT Purpose: Enriching learners’ motor repertoires in a complex pluri-articular task, such as climbing, could help learners’ adaptation to various sets of task constraints. Promoting exploration with variable practice conditions is one solution recurrently proposed. However, recent studies have shown that a too elevated exploration-exploitation ratio during practice could impair learning. A proposed solution is to give learners some control over their practice schedule, which appeared to better respect the individual learning dynamic in comparison to the usual experimenter-imposed practice schedule. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate whether giving learners the possibility of controlling when to confront to new climbing routes would result in greater flexibility in their motor repertoire compared to giving them an imposed schedule of climbing routes or a constant practice condition. Method: Participants were assigned to either a constant practice group (CPG), an imposed-variability group (IVG) or a self-controlled variability group (SVG) to carry out a climbing task. To assess participants’ behavioral flexibility, a scanning procedure was conceived by manipulating the route design and the instructions. Results: Participants showed an initial lack of flexibility as they strongly relied on a single coordination pattern. At posttest and retention, the three groups more frequently used a new hand coordination pattern and more often showed coordination patterns associated with high climbing fluency. Results suggest that the individualized rate of exploration in the self-controlled practice condition may have helped the learners improve their flexibility, whereas forcing exploration did not seem more beneficial than constant practice in this complex pluri-articular task.

Abnormal interlimb coordination of motor developmental delay during infant crawling based on kinematic synergy analysis

BackgroundPrevious studies have reported that abnormal interlimb coordination is a typical characteristic of motor developmental delay (MDD) during human movement, which can be visually manifested as abnormal motor postures. Clinically, the scale assessments are usually used to evaluate interlimb coordination, but they rely heavily on the subjective judgements of therapists and lack quantitative analysis. In addition, although abnormal interlimb coordination of MDD have been studied, it is still unclear how this abnormality is manifested in physiology-related kinematic features.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate how abnormal interlimb coordination of MDD during infant crawling was manifested in the stability of joints and limbs, activation levels of synergies and intrasubject consistency from the kinematic synergies of tangential velocities of joints perspective.MethodsTangential velocities of bilateral shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and ankle over time were computed from recorded three-dimensional joint trajectories in 40 infants with MDD [16 infants at risk of developmental delay, 11 infants at high risk of developmental delay, 13 infants with confirmed developmental delay (CDD group)] and 20 typically developing infants during hands-and-knees crawling. Kinematic synergies and corresponding activation coefficients were derived from those joint velocities using the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm. The variability accounted for yielded by those synergies and activation coefficients, and the synergy weightings in those synergies were used to measure the stability of joints and limbs. To quantify the activation levels of those synergies, the full width at half maximum and center of activity of activation coefficients were calculated. In addition, the intrasubject consistency was measured by the cosine similarity of those synergies and activation coefficients.ResultsInterlimb coordination patterns during infant crawling were the combinations of four types of single-limb movements, which represent the dominance of each of the four limbs. MDD mainly reduced the stability of joints and limbs, and induced the abnormal activation levels of those synergies. Meanwhile, MDD generally reduced the intrasubject consistency, especially in CDD group.ConclusionsThese features have the potential for quantitatively evaluating abnormal interlimb coordination in assisting the clinical diagnosis and motor rehabilitation of MDD.

Digital Public Relations Communication Strategy in Swadaya Gunung Jati University, Indonesia dan Thai Global Bisnis Administration Technological College, Thailand

One part of the practice of digital public relations (PR) is conveying information and communication in an effort to maintain reputation, so the performance and ability of PR practitioners are needed to make the best use of digital media. Research objectives: 1. Segmentation of the digital public relations audience at TGBC based on students from Thailand, England, Myanmar, China, and other international students. Because non-Thai students cannot understand Thai, they have versions of Facebook for English, Chinese, Thai, and Myanmar. Swadaya Gunung Jati University (UGJ) processes, analyzes, and evaluates based on students, prospective students, the academic community, international students, alumni, parents, and stakeholders. Determining the message at TGBC is based on age and nationality, while at UGJ, it is determined who the target is and what the media trends are. The method used at TGBC is feedback from students, which is persuasive and informative, while at UGJ, it uses preferred media and audiences depending on the activities and media displayed. At UGJ, it is based on appropriate communication media. 2. The obstacles faced at TGBC require a larger number of viewers and followers and limited human resources, whereas, at UGJ, they consist of message delivery, physical, semantic, and psychosocial obstacles, as well as equipment and patterns of institutional coordination and human resources. 3. Efforts made at TGBC to collaborate with parents, universities, and other companies, while at UGJ, expand promotions to every high school, getting to know the audience, goals, messages, and methods, and choosing the media used as well as making plans and evaluations of programs.

Towards Human-like Walking with Biomechanical and Neuromuscular Control Features: Personalized Attachment Point Optimization Method of Cable-Driven Exoskeleton.

The cable-driven exoskeleton can avoid joint misalignment, and is substantial alterations in the pattern of muscle synergy coordination, which arouse more attention in recent years to facilitate exercise for older adults and improve their overall quality of life. This study leverages principles from neuroscience and biomechanical analysis to select attachment points for cable-driven soft exoskeletons. By extracting key features of human movement, the objective is to develop a subject-specific design methodology that provides precise and personalized support in the attachment points optimization of cable-driven exoskeleton to achieve natural gait, energy efficiency, and muscle coordination controllable in the domain of human mobility and rehabilitation. To achieve this, the study first analyzes human walking experimental data and extracts biomechanical features. These features are then used to generate trajectories, allowing better natural movement under complete cable-driven exoskeleton control. Next, a genetic algorithm-based method is employed to minimize energy consumption and optimize the attachment points of the cable-driven system. This process identifies connections that are better suited for the human model, leading to improved efficiency and natural movement. By comparing the calculated elderly human model driven by exoskeleton with experimental subject in terms of joint angles, joint torques and muscle forces, the human model can successfully replicate subject movement and the cable output forces can mimic human muscle coordination. The optimized cable attachment points facilitate more natural and efficient collaboration between humans and the exoskeleton, making significant contributions to the field of assisting the elderly in rehabilitation.