Pattern Of Adipose Tissue Distribution Research Articles

The biology of human overfeeding: A systematic review.

This systematic review has examined more than 300 original papers dealing with the biology of overfeeding. Studies have varied from 1 day to 6 months. Overfeeding produced weight gain in adolescents, adult men and women and in older men. In longer term studies, there was a clear and highly significant relationship between energy ingested and weight gain and fat storage with limited individual differences. There is some evidence for a contribution of a genetic component to this response variability. The response to overfeeding was affected by the baseline state of the groups being compared: those with insulin resistance versus insulin sensitivity; those prone to obesity versus those resistant to obesity; and those with metabolically abnormal obesity versus those with metabolically normal obesity. Dietary components, such as total fat, polyunsaturated fat and carbohydrate influenced the patterns of adipose tissue distribution as did the history of low or normal birth weight. Overfeeding affected the endocrine system with increased circulating concentrations of insulin and triiodothyronine frequently present. Growth hormone, in contrast, was rapidly suppressed. Changes in plasma lipids were influenced by diet, exercise and the magnitude of weight gain. Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle morphology and metabolism are substantially altered by chronic overfeeding.

May gender influence the quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes?

IntroductionAppropriate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes constitutes one of the most important factors that determine treatment effectiveness. There are numerous studies which tackle the issue of the relationship between HRQOL and various clinical and demographic factors, including gender. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess HRQOL and identify factors by which it may be affected, with particular emphasis on gender.Material and methodsThe study group included 197 girls and boys (13.9±2.33 years old) with a history of type 1 diabetes (>1 year) treated with the use of insulin pumps. PedsQL Diabetes Module 3.0 questionnaire was used in the assessment of HRQOL. Multivariate linear regression with gender as a covariate was used to investigate the relationship between total PedsQL score and selected variables associated with patient characteristics, insulin dosage and the control of glycemia. Moreover, the presence of gender differences was verified in terms of variables which significantly affected HRQOL.ResultsSignificantly higher results were observed in boys as regards the total PedsQL score (70.8±11.91 vs 62.4±13.91; P<0.001) and individual subscales of the questionnaire (except “Worry”). Regression analysis demonstrated the presence of a significant negative relationship between HRQOL assessment and HbA1c concentrations, WHtR value and the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. However, it was noted that better HRQOL was observed in boys than in girls, regardless of the quality of the metabolic control of diabetes, regular pattern of adipose tissue distribution and experiencing hyperglycemic episodes.ConclusionFemale gender was an independent factor which adversely affected HRQOL. Other factors which negatively influenced HRQOL included poor metabolic control of diabetes, central distribution of adipose tissue and frequent episodes of hyperglycemia. It seems necessary to focus also on other factors that may potentially influence HRQOL of patients with type 1 diabetes.

Evaluation of the distribution of adipose tissues in fish using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Abstract The accumulation of excess fat in fish would impair fish health and has been a serious problem in cultured fishes. Adipose tissues are specific tissues for fat deposit in many fish species, therefore the knowledge of the anatomic distribution and total mass of adipose tissues is the basic premise to study the mechanism of fat accumulation in economic fishes. However, this issue has not been well documented. To investigate the morphology of adipose tissues in fishes, a T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique was developed to scan grass carp, turbot, tilapia, pompano and large yellow croaker. Three-dimensional (3-D) images that quantitatively integrated the total volumes of adipose tissues in these fish were constructed for the first time. From 2-D and 3-D MRI images, we identified two patterns of adipose tissue distribution in fish: visceral adipose tissue dominant (grass carp, tilapia, pompano and large yellow croaker) and subcutaneous adipose tissue dominant (turbot). The volumes of adipose tissues assessed by MRI were highly consistent with those obtained by traditional dissection. In a fasting experiment on tilapia, the MRI signal of mesenteric adipose tissues successfully distinguished between fish before and after 28-d starvation. Although our MRI technique has limitations for measuring lipid in organs not specifically dedicated to fat storage, e.g., liver, muscle and intestine, the method will help researchers to gain insights into the distribution, size, volume and shape of the adipose tissues in intact and live fish. This could be a powerful tool in future studies of fish lipid metabolism. Statement of relevance to aquaculture In aquaculture, the accumulation of excess fat in fish, which is mainly sourced from unbalanced diets or feeding strategy, would impair fish health and has been a serious problem in cultured fishes. Adipose tissues are specific tissues for fat deposit in many fishes, therefore the knowledge of the anatomic distribution and total mass of adipose tissues is the basic premise to study the mechanism of fat accumulation in economic fishes. However, this issue has not been well documented. Our present work investigated the distribution and content of adipose tissues in five economic fishes with different feed habits and farming environments by using the MRI technique. Through this work, we described the shape, distribution and mass of adipose tissues in different economic fishes for the first time. We also developed an ideal MRI scanning method for live fish, which largely expends the application of the MRI technique in nutrient physiological study in aquatic animals. Because the adipose tissue has been widely accepted to be closely related to nutrition status and diets in the most of farmed animals, including economic fishes in aquaculture, our present study has close relevance to aquaculture.

Adipose tissue content and distribution in children and adolescents with bronchial asthma

The excess of adipose tissue and the pattern of adipose tissue distribution in the body seem to play an important role in the complicated dependencies between obesity and risk of developing asthma. The aim of the present study was to determine nutritional status in children and adolescents with bronchial asthma with special emphasis on adipose tissue distribution evaluated on the basis of skin-fold thicknesses, and to determine the relationships between patterns of adipose tissue distribution and the course of the disease. Anthropometric data on height, weight, circumferences and skin-fold thicknesses were extracted from the medical histories of 261 children diagnosed with asthma bronchitis. Values for children with asthma were compared to Polish national growth reference charts. Distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue was evaluated using principal components analysis (PCA). Multivariate linear regression analyses tested the effect of three factors on subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution: type of asthma, the severity of the disease and the duration of the disease. Mean body height in the children examined in this study was lower than in their healthy peers. Mean BMI and skin-fold thicknesses were significantly higher and lean body mass was lower in the study group. Excess body fat was noted, especially in girls. Adipose tissue was preferentially deposited in the trunk in girls with severe asthma, as well as in those who had been suffering from asthma for a longer time. The type of asthma, atopic or non-atopic, had no observable effect on subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution in children examined. The data suggest that long-treated subjects and those with severe bronchial asthma accumulate more adipose tissue on the trunk. It is important to regularly monitor nutritional status in children with asthma, especially in those receiving high doses of systemic or inhaled glucocorticosteroids, and long-term treatment as well.

A Lifetime on the Hips: Programming Lower-Body Fat to Protect Against Metabolic Disease

In the 60 years since Vague (1) described that an “android” pattern of adipose tissue (AT) distribution was associated with diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and kidney stones, many of the physiological mechanisms underlying this relationship have been illuminated. To date, most of the effort has been directed at understanding how accumulation of intra-abdominal fat, also known as visceral AT (VAT), promotes insulin resistance (IR). IR is the common defect underlying glucose intolerance, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. This phenotypic cluster, called the metabolic syndrome, is associated with a doubling of cardiovascular disease risk and a fivefold increased risk of type 2 diabetes (2). VAT is likely to promote IR in several ways. Enlarged adipocytes in VAT were originally thought to promote hepatic, and eventually systemic, IR via increased portal free fatty acid (FFA) flux (3). Other factors are likely to be involved, however, because although FFA flux from VAT does increase in obesity, it is not the major determinant of portal FFA concentrations (4). In obesity, VAT also may contribute to IR via alterations in its secreted products (adipokines), as well as proinflammatory molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (5). Independently of VAT, parallel studies have established that a gynoid pattern of AT distribution, characterized by greater amounts of subcutaneous AT (SAT) in the lower body, is associated with improved glucose tolerance and lipid profile and that this fat pattern may protect against cardiovascular disease (6,7). These protective effects often vary with sex, but …

Abnormal adipose tissue distribution with unfavorable metabolic profile in five children following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a new etiology for acquired partial lipodystrophy.

We report five consecutive patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to treat leukemia or neuroblastoma early in their lives and later manifested abnormal patterns of adipose tissue distribution. Lipoatrophy was remarkable in the gluteal regions and extremities, whereas subcutaneous fat was preserved in the cheeks, neck, and abdomen. In addition, visceral fat deposition, fatty changes in the liver, and metabolic derangements such as insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia were evident. These features resemble Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy, which is a rare condition caused by LMNA gene mutation. These patients shared a common medical history involving HSCT, including conditioning with total body irradiation (TBI). They also received intensive chemotherapy because of multiple metastases (n = 3), relapse (n = 3), and repetitive HSCT (n = 3). We propose HSCT as a new etiology for acquired partial lipodystrophy and recommend that patients who undergo HSCT with TBI and intensive chemotherapy early in their lives must receive careful observation for the possible development of lipodystrophy and metabolic complications.

Abnormal Adipose Tissue Distribution with Unfavorable Metabolic Profile in Five Children Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A New Etiology for Acquired Partial Lipodystrophy

We report five consecutive patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to treat leukemia or neuroblastoma early in their lives and later manifested abnormal patterns of adipose tissue distribution. Lipoatrophy was remarkable in the gluteal regions and extremities, whereas subcutaneous fat was preserved in the cheeks, neck, and abdomen. In addition, visceral fat deposition, fatty changes in the liver, and metabolic derangements such as insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia were evident. These features resemble Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy, which is a rare condition caused by LMNA gene mutation. These patients shared a common medical history involving HSCT, including conditioning with total body irradiation (TBI). They also received intensive chemotherapy because of multiple metastases (n = 3), relapse (n = 3), and repetitive HSCT (n = 3). We propose HSCT as a new etiology for acquired partial lipodystrophy and recommend that patients who undergo HSCT with TBI and intensive chemotherapy early in their lives must receive careful observation for the possible development of lipodystrophy and metabolic complications.

Growth and development of female dancers aged 8–16 years

Little data are available on the growth and development of young female dancers. The objective of this study was to determine whether the body structure and adipose tissue distribution of dancers aged 8-16 years differ from that of non-dancer girls. Our cross-sectional study included a group of 1,482 female dancers, aged 8-16 years, and a control group of 226 female non-dancers of similar age cohorts. Fourteen anthropometric measurements were recorded and 15 indices calculated. In none of the linear anthropometric measures, were significant differences found between the two groups. The only significant difference relates to the extent and distribution of adipose tissue: At age 8, both groups show similar weight while at age 13 non-dancers are significantly heavier than dancers (48.4 +/- 9.8 kg for non-dancers and 40.6 +/- 8.7 kg for dancers). At age 15, weight differences between the two groups decrease to only 2 kg. The differences in weight are also expressed in skinfold thickness and chest circumference. Patterns of adipose tissue distribution differ between the two groups. Mean age at menarche was 13.1 years among dancers and 12.3 years in non-dancers. In conclusion, musculoskeletal development was found to be very similar in dancers and non-dancers. The specific body type reported for professional dancers is more likely acquired via "teacher's selection" and not training programs. Parents should not dread the possibility that dance training will delay the growth or reduce the height of their daughters.

Secular changes in body fat patterning in children and adolescents of Zaragoza (Spain), 1980-1995.

To examine whether children and adolescents of Zaragoza (Spain) are becoming centrally obese to a greater extent than would be predicted by their relative body weights. Two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 1980 and 1995. The samples selected for the 1980 and 1995 surveys comprised 1553 and 701 male children, and 1311 and 659 female children, respectively, with ages ranging from 6.0 to 14.9 y. We measured four skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac) and calculated some indices of fat patterning: triceps/subscapular skinfolds (T/SS), biceps+triceps/subscapular+suprailiac skinfolds (B+T/SS+SI), and (subscapular+suprailiac/biceps+triceps+subscapular+suprailiac skinfolds)x100 (trunk-to-total skinfolds %). In males, B+T/SS+SI, and trunk-to-total skinfolds % showed a significant trend to a central pattern of fat distribution from 1980 to 1995, at the ages of 6.5-11.5 y. In females, B+T/SS+SI and trunk-to-total skinfolds % showed a significant trend to a central pattern of fat distribution from 1980 to 1995, at the ages of 6.5 and 7.5 y. Similar results were obtained when we adjusted for BMI values. We have observed a trend to a central pattern of adipose tissue distribution, especially in males and at the youngest ages studied (6-11 y in males, and 6-7 y in females). These observations were independent of trends in BMI.