Patterns Of Pregnant Women Research Articles

Medication use patterns in pregnant women with psoriasis: a nationwide study in Taiwan.

Psoriasis, an autoimmune skin condition, affects 2-4% of the global population, with significant prevalence among women of childbearing age. Pregnancy presents challenges in managing psoriasis because of hormonal changes and treatment safety concerns. Understanding treatment patterns in pregnant women is crucial, given limited real-world evidence. To explore the utilization patterns of medications among pregnant women diagnosed with psoriasis within real-world data, utilizing data sourced from a nationwide database in Taiwan. This nationwide study utilized Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) database and birth certificate application records. It included registered pregnant women diagnosed with psoriasis from 2005 to 2014. Medication usage was tracked 3 years before conception to 3 years after delivery. Medications were categorized based on Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes, and statistical analyses were conducted using SAS software. In total, 30 267 pregnant women with psoriasis were studied. In total, 11 651 (38.5%) mothers had received ≥ 1 prescription during follow-up (exposed group) and 61.5% (18 616) had never received medication (unexposed group). Demographics and comorbidities were similar between these two groups. Topical corticosteroids were the most prescribed treatment, followed by phototherapy, with systemic drugs and biologics less common. During the study period, 11 096 women with psoriasis had used topical corticosteroids, 3376 had used nonsteroidal topical agents, 218 had used systemic agents or biologics and 519 had received treatment with phototherapy. Medication usage declined during pregnancy, reaching its lowest in the third trimester but rebounded postpartum. Psoriasis medications, systemic, biological or topical, were largely discontinued during pregnancy, sometimes up to 2 years before and extending postpartum. Research is needed to understand its impact on maternal and child health.

Assessing the Role of Echocardiography in Pregnancy in First Nations Australian Women: Is it an Underutilised Resource?

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains prevalent within First Nations Australian communities. RHD is more common in females and peak prevalence corresponds with childbearing age. Significant valvular disease can complicate pregnancy. Current practice in Northern Australia is to refer pregnant women for echocardiography if there are signs or symptoms of possible cardiac pathology or a history of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) or RHD. It is not currently routine practice to offer echocardiographic screening for all pregnant women at high risk of RHD. This study aimed to assess the current referral practices for echocardiography and disease patterns in pregnant women in the Northern Territory, Australia-a region with a known high prevalence of RHD in the First Nations population. A retrospective analysis of all echocardiography referrals of pregnant women over a 4-year period was performed. Data included indication for echocardiography, clinical history, echocardiographic findings, and location of delivery. Comparisons were made using Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney U tests. A total of 322 women underwent echocardiography during pregnancy: 195 First Nations and 127 non-Indigenous women (median age, 25 vs 30 years, respectively; p<0.01). Indications for echocardiography differed by ethnicity, with history of ARF or RHD being the most common indication in First Nations women, and incidental murmur the most common in non-Indigenous women. First Nations women were more likely to have abnormal echocardiograms (35.9% vs 11.0% in non-Indigenous women; p<0.01) or a history of ARF or RHD (39.5% vs 0.8%; p<0.01), but less likely to have documented cardiac symptoms as an indication for echocardiography (8.2% vs 20.5%; p<0.01). New cardiac diagnoses were made during pregnancy in 11 (5.6%) First Nations and two (1.6%) non-Indigenous women (p=0.02). Moderate or severe valve lesions were detected in 26 (13.3%) First Nations women (all previously diagnosed), and 11 (5.6%) had previous cardiac surgery. No severe valve lesions were identified in the non-Indigenous group. Interstate transfer to a tertiary centre with valve intervention services was required during pregnancy or the puerperium for 12 (6.2%) First Nations women and no non-Indigenous women. Amongst pregnant women in the Northern Territory who had an indication for echocardiography, First Nations women were more likely to have abnormal echocardiograms. This was mainly due to valvular disease secondary to RHD. Cardiac symptoms were infrequently recorded as an indication for echocardiography in First Nations women, suggesting possible underappreciation of symptoms. Having a low threshold for echocardiographic investigation, including consideration of universal screening during pregnancy, is important in a high RHD-burden setting such as ours. A better understanding of the true prevalence and spectrum of disease severity in this population would enable health services to invest in appropriate resources.

Metabolomic Biomarkers of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Dietary Patterns in Pregnant Women.

Objective: the aim of this study was to identify plasma metabolomic markers of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) dietary patterns in pregnant women. Methods: This study included 186 women who had both dietary intake and metabolome measured from a nested case-control study within the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons cohort (FGS). Dietary intakes were ascertained at 8-13 gestational weeks (GW) using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and DASH scores were calculated based on eight food and nutrient components. Fasting plasma samples were collected at 15-26 GW and untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the association of individual metabolites with the DASH score. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to select a panel of metabolites jointly associated with the DASH score. Results: Of the total 460 known metabolites, 92 were individually associated with DASH score in linear regressions, 25 were selected as a panel by LASSO regressions, and 18 were identified by both methods. Among the top 18 metabolites, there were 11 lipids and lipid-like molecules (i.e., TG (49:1), TG (52:2), PC (31:0), PC (35:3), PC (36:4) C, PC (36:5) B, PC (38:4) B, PC (42:6), SM (d32:0), gamma-tocopherol, and dodecanoic acid), 5 organic acids and derivatives (i.e., asparagine, beta-alanine, glycine, taurine, and hydroxycarbamate), 1 organic oxygen compound (i.e., xylitol), and 1 organoheterocyclic compound (i.e., maleimide). Conclusions: our study identified plasma metabolomic markers for DASH dietary patterns in pregnant women, with most of being lipids and lipid-like molecules.

Dietary Patterns and Factors Associated with Food Affinity in Pregnant Women from Quito, Ecuador.

Nutrition during pregnancy influences perinatal outcomes and predispositions to chronic diseases. A prospective cohort study was carried out with the objectives of describing the dietary patterns in the pregnant population in the city of Quito, Ecuador and analysing the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors that influence the adherence to each dietary pattern. The body mass index was calculated for each patient, and the patients were classified according to the Atalah criteria. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was also applied. The dietary patterns were assessed using a dietary survey with a 24 h recall on two occasions. A total of 535 pregnant women were included. A positive association was found between the pattern "dairy, salads and sweet snacks/dressings" and foreign nationality (β = 0.82 (0.43;1.21)). The "refined carbohydrates" pattern was negatively associated with education equal to or less than 7 years and an income of up to one basic salary (β = -0.59 (-1.05; -0.14)). The "traditional Ecuadorian" pattern showed a positive association with being born in the coastal region of Ecuador (β = 0.62 (0.22; 1.01)). This study identified three dietary patterns in pregnant women and their possible associations with certain sociodemographic factors. More studies are needed to better understand these patterns as well as to analyse their nutritional and caloric properties.

Analysis of factors related to medicine consumption pattern in pregnant women (Field study at Jagir Public Health Center, Surabaya in 2023)

Medications can have unintended effects on the fetus during pregnancy. During pregnancy, a woman may experience various complaints or health problems that require medication. Improper use of medication during pregnancy and inadequate nutrient intake can cause structural and functional abnormalities. Congenital anomalies occur in 3–4% of pregnancies, and in addition, improper medication use has been estimated to be the cause of abnormalities in 10% of births [1].This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with medication use patterns in pregnant women in the Jagir Public Health Centre Surabaya, in relation to the history of health problems experienced by the mother before pregnancy, complaints experienced by the mother during pregnancy, the status of consultation by pregnant women to health workers, and the status of recommendation of close people of pregnant women regarding the use of certain medications during pregnancy. The research method used was observational with a cross-sectional research design. Data collection was carried out in June-September 2023, using purposive sampling, with the research subjects being pregnant women in the working area of the Jagir Public Health Centre Surabaya. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire for the use of medication in pregnant women that has been tested for validity and reliability. Statistical data analysis used Chi-Square test with a significance level of 5% and the help of SPSS 25.0 software. The results of the study showed that of the total respondents of 122 pregnant women, 17.2% had a history of health problems before pregnancy, 49.2% had complaints experienced during pregnancy, but 91.8% of respondents had consulted with health workers and 56.6% had received recommendations from close people regarding the use of certain medications. Pregnant women who received and consumed prescription drugs were 16.4%, had consumed over-the-counter drugs 23%, consumed herbal 24.6%, and consumed supplements 97.5%. The results of the Chi-Square test showed that there was a significant effect on the relationship between the mother's medical history and the pattern of prescription drug consumption (p = 0.000), the complaints experienced by the mother during pregnancy with the pattern of prescription drug and over-the-counter drug consumption (p = 0.042; 0.000), the status of recommendation of close people of pregnant women with the pattern of over-the-counter drug and herbal consumption (p = 0.000; 0.001). From this study showed that the factors that influence the medication use patterns of pregnant women included the mother's history of health problems before pregnancy, the complaints experienced by the mother during pregnancy, and the status of recommendation from the close people of pregnant women.

Dietary patterns and socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related behaviors during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study.

The identification and understanding of dietary factors and other characteristics that influence gestational weight gain can contribute to the formulation of strategies to promote healthy eating habits before and during pregnancy. To investigate the association between dietary patterns, sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, and health-related behaviors in pregnant women. A cross-sectional study was conducted on women undergoing prenatal care in the Unified Health System of Colombo, Paraná, Brazil, from February 2018 to September 2019. A weekly food frequency questionnaire was administered, and dietary patterns were identified through factor analysis. Median regression models were constructed to identify the associations between dietary pattern scores and variables. Complete data were obtained from 495 pregnant women. Three dietary patterns were identified: 1) "healthy," with higher factor loadings for the weekly consumption of raw vegetables, cooked vegetables, and fresh fruits; 2) "Western," including soft drinks or artificial juice, candies, milk, and dairy products, and processed cold meat; and 3) "traditional," beans and meat. Pregnant women aged 30 years or older (coefficient [Coef.] 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38-1.33) with moderate/intense physical activity (Coef. 0.32, 95% CI 0.02-0.62) had higher adherence to the "healthy" pattern. Adolescents and smokers adhered more to the "traditional" pattern (Coef. 0.17, 95% CI 0.01-0.33). Age, smoking status, and physical activity were associated with dietary patterns in pregnant women.

Is glucose pattern of OGTT associated with late-onset gestational diabetes and adverse pregnant outcomes?

Background The heterogeneity of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) patterns during pregnancy remains unclear. This study aims to identify latent OGTT patterns in pregnant women and investigate the high-risk population for late-onset gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods This study including 17,723 participants was conducted from 2018 to 2021. Latent mixture modeling was used to identify subgroups. Modified Poisson regression was performed to explore the relationship between OGTT patterns and late-onset GDM or adverse perinatal outcomes. Results Three distinct glucose patterns, high, medium, and low glucose levels (HG, MG, and LG patterns) were identified. The HG pattern represented 28.5% of the participants and 5.5% of them developed late-onset GDM. A five-fold higher risk of late-onset GDM was found in HG pattern than in LG pattern (relative risk [RR]: 5.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.38-7.92) after adjustment. Participants in HG pattern were more likely to have macrosomia, large for gestational age, preterm birth, and cesarean deliveries, with RRs of 1.59 (1.31-1.93), 1.55 (1.33-1.82), 1.30 (1.02-1.64) and 1.15 (1.08-1.23), respectively. Conclusion Three distinct OGTT patterns presented different risks of late-onset GDM and adverse perinatal outcomes, indicating that timely monitoring of glucose levels after OGTT should be performed in pregnant women with HG pattern.

Ultrasonido pulmonar: patrón pulmonar en preeclampsia con criterios de gravedad

Objective: To evaluate the pulmonary ultrasonographic pattern in pregnant women with a diagnosis of preeclampsia with severity criteria admitted to the Maternal Fetal Medicine Service of the Maternidad Concepción Palacios Hospital in the period between February and September 2020. Methods: The study will be prospective, descriptive, correlational and cross sectional, where patients with a diagnosis of severe preeclampsia will be included and lung ultrasound will be performed with convex transducer using the 8 quadrant technique to evaluate the B lines pattern. The pattern will be correlated with risk factors for preeclampsia and with the development of complications. The association between the number of B-lines and the diagnosis of pulmonary edema will be evaluated. Results: A group of 55 patients with preeclampsia with severity criteria was studied, 56,4 % had an airy lung pattern and 43,6 % a wet pattern. The relationship between the number of B lines and the development of pulmonary edema was statistically significant (p = 0.000) with an average of B lines of 23,3 ± 5,0. All patients who developed acute lung edema were postpartum. Conclusions: the predominant pulmonary pattern was the aerated or A-line pattern. HELLP syndrome may condition the development of a wet pattern and an increased risk of acute lung edema during the puerperium. The number of B lines is directly correlated with an increased risk of developing acute lung edema.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in a tertiary hospital, South-South Nigeria

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a common problem in pregnancy and is associated with the risk of preterm birth and pyelonephritis if untreated. This study aims to determine the prevalence and aetiology of asymptomatic bacteriuria and the susceptibility pattern in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in a tertiary hospital in South-South Nigeria. Urine samples from 30 pregnant women were analysed using conventional microbiology techniques, and the mean age of the respondents was 29.57±5.89 years. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in this study is 66.6%, with a higher prevalence in the third trimester (73.3%). The subjects aged 31-35 had the highest prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae as the common isolate, followed by Escherichia coli at 45% to 40%, respectively. Reflacine was more susceptible to Escherichia coli (87.5%), while ciprofloxacin was more susceptible to Klebsiella pneumoniae (88.8%) in this study. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is not uncommon among antenatal patients in the population studied. Routine urine culture tests should be conducted on all antenatal patients to identify any unsuspecting infection. This measure will go a long way in reducing maternal and obstetric complications associated with pregnancy, such as preterm labour and low birth weight babies.

Antibiotic Use during Pregnancy in South Korea Using 2011-2020 National Health Insurance Claims Data.

Since antimicrobial overuse and misuse can have substantial impacts on both public health and fetal well-being, it is essential to gain comprehensive insights into antimicrobial consumption patterns in pregnant women. This study aims to demonstrate antimicrobial utilization in pregnant women. We conducted a population-based cohort study using National Health Insurance claims data from January 2009 to December 2020 in South Korea. The target population was pregnancies in women aged 15-45 years who gave birth between 2011 and 2019. The outcome measure was the percentage of antibiotic prescriptions by trimester, subgroup, diagnostic category, and therapeutic category. Antibiotics were defined as J01 in the WHO ATC/DDD classification. To analyze the factors that influenced antibiotic prescriptions, we conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis. Antibiotics were prescribed at least once in 1,808,588 (50%) of the 3,614,478 pregnancies. The proportion of deliveries with exposure to antibiotic therapy during pregnancy increased from 48% in 2011 to 54.8% in 2020. The prescription rate of antibiotics was highest in mothers younger than 25 years old, and it was lowest in participants aged 30-34 years. Also, antibiotic use was highest in the first trimester (30%) and lowest in the second trimester (18.2%). The most commonly used class was J01D (other beta-lactam antibacterials), which includes cephalosporins, and it accounted for 57% of the prescribed antibiotics. An increased probability of being prescribed antibiotics was associated with those younger than 25 years old, insurance (Medical Aid), hospitalization experience, an increase in physician visits, and comorbidities. For comorbidities, the OR was higher for respiratory tract infection (RTI), sexually transmitted infection, and urinary tract infection compared to those without disease, whereas it was decreased for diabetes and epilepsy. The prescribing rate of antibiotics to pregnant women in South Korea has remained stably high. Also, an increase in the use of broad-spectrum beta-lactam penicillin was noted. It is necessary to monitor antibiotics in pregnant women generally in accordance with recommendations.

Electrocardiographic Pattern of Pregnant Women with Advanced Maternal Age

Background: Advanced maternal age (AMA) is becoming increasingly common and is associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Around 22,2% of maternal deaths were found to be from cardiovascular disease, and women with higher cardiovascular mortality were likely older. Electrocardiography (ECG) is a simple tool for detecting cardiovascular problems. Though there are many studies of the ECG in normal pregnant women, there is still limited data on the ECG pattern in pregnant women with AMA.Objective: Describe the characteristics of the ECG pattern in woman with AMA.Methods: This study used data retrospectively from medical records of patient in Kariadi General Hospital Semarang from 1st to 30th October 2018. The inclusion criteria were advanced age ³ 35 years, in the last trimester. Demography, clinical, laboratory , and 12-lead ECG data were collected and reported.Results: Thirteen patients were obtained, with mean age of 38,3 years. Majority of patients had preeclampsia (61,5%) and superimposed preeclampsia (15,4%). Mean systolic blood pressure was 168 mmHg. All of the patients was sinus rhythm, with a mean heart rate 92,5 bpm. Mean QTc was 430,7ms, with 3 patients (23,1%) having borderline prolongation grade. Another abnormality was a left atrial abnormality in 3 patients (23,1%), poor R wave progression in 2 patients (15,4%), and a pathological Q wave in 1 patients (7,7%).Conclusion: ECG abnormalities are seen in 38,4% of pregnant women over 35 years old. The performance of an ECG in AMA may be a first step toward improved pregnancy outcomes since it is widely available and easily interpreted by general practitioners.

Spatiotemporal Gait Changes During Pregnancy: A Literature Review

Background: Pregnant women experience several changes that can be seen from a spatiotemporal perspective and the parameters are stride length, stride width, walking speed, walking cadence, cycle time, step time. The importance of knowing changes in gait patterns in pregnant women in order to reduce the risk of falling and improve the quality of life of pregnant women. Purpose: The purposes of the study were to know the measurement or instrument used as a spatiotemporal parameter, the results of the changes and the factors that influence changes in gait patterns in pregnant women from a spatiotemporal point of view. Method: The study using the literature review method by assessing articles with critical appraisal on six articles using JBI's Critical Appraisal. The databases were Google Scholar, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), PubMed, Science Direct, Garuda Portal, InaBJ with keywords, “pregnancy” OR “pregnant women” OR “pregnant” AND “gait” OR “biomechanics” OR “spatiotemporal”. All articles would be organized, remove duplicate articles using EndNote, appraisal, and quality assessment for the risk of bias. Results: based on the finding the result from databases, there were 6 articles used for assessment and appraisal. Conclusion: increased lumbar lordosis, decreased stride length, decreased walking rhythm, decreased duration of single support, increased duration of double support, increased COP/COG angle were the determinant factors of the spatiotemporal gait changes during pregnancy. Keywords: pregnancy, spatiotemporal, gait

Towards Precision Medicine in Gestational Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Glycemic Patterns in Pregnant Women With Obesity.

Precision medicine has revolutionized our understanding of type 1 diabetes and neonatal diabetes but has yet to improve insight into gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the most common obstetric complication and strongly linked to obesity. Here we explored if patterns of glycaemia (fasting, 1 hour, 2 hours) during the antenatal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), reflect distinct pathophysiological subtypes of GDM as defined by insulin secretion/sensitivity or lipid profiles. 867 pregnant women with obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) from the UPBEAT trial (ISRCTN 89971375) were assessed for GDM at 28 weeks' gestation (75 g oral glucose tolerance test OGTT; World Health Organization criteria). Lipid profiling of the fasting plasma OGTT sample was undertaken using direct infusion mass spectrometry and analyzed by logistic/linear regression, with and without adjustment for confounders. Insulin secretion and sensitivity were characterized by homeostatic model assessment 2b and 2s, respectively. In women who developed GDM (n = 241), patterns of glycaemia were associated with distinct clinical and biochemical characteristics and changes to lipid abundance in the circulation. Severity of glucose derangement, rather than pattern of postload glycaemia, was most strongly related to insulin action and lipid abundance/profile. Unexpectedly, women with isolated postload hyperglycemia had comparable insulin secretion and sensitivity to euglycemic women, potentially indicative of a novel mechanistic pathway. Patterns of glycemia during the OGTT may contribute to a precision approach to GDM as assessed by differences in insulin resistance/secretion. Further research is indicated to determine if isolated postload hyperglycemia reflects a different mechanistic pathway for targeted management.

Coaching Method For Pregnant Women To Prevent Stunting Risk In Banyumas

Background Based on the 2021 Indonesian Toddler Nutrition Status Survey (SSGBI), the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia is still high, namely 24.4 percent or 5.33 million toddlers (1). One of the causes of stunting is malnutrition when the baby is in the womb and in the early stages of the baby's birth. The problem of malnutrition in pregnant women can cause low birth weight babies (LBW), malnutrition in toddlers and predispose to edit(2). One of the efforts to prevent stunting during pregnancy is through nutrition education and coaching for pregnant women. The coaching method improves the healthy lifestyle of pregnant women. improve the ability of pregnant women to regulate their nutritional patterns and nutrition during pregnancy&#x0D; Objective To explore coaching methods for pregnant women to increase knowledge about stunting prevention.&#x0D; Method This research method is a qualitative research using a phenomenological design. The research was conducted in Banyumas Regency. Selection of purposive sampling informants. Data collection through in-depth interviews and analyzed using the Miles and Huberman method&#x0D; Result The results of this study explored the nutritional coaching educational model for pregnant women, which is an educational model that combines education through pregnant women classes, home visits and the use of WhatsApp groups as an educational tool. Material development includes the concept of self-management, setting goals, planning, actions related to the nutritional status of pregnant women towards balanced nutrition, and explaining healthy eating patterns in pregnant women. Information about healthy sanitation. the importance of exclusive breastfeeding and healthy parenting for toddlers&#x0D; Conclusion The conclusion of the nutritional coaching educational model for pregnant women requires a joint commitment from midwives as coaches and pregnant women so that the main goal of increasing stunting prevention knowledge on healthy nutritional status during pregnancy can be achieved.&#x0D; Keywords: Coaching Education Model, Stunting Prevention.&#x0D;

Evaluation of the Drug Utilization Pattern among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital to evaluate the drug utilization pattern in pregnant women. A total of 876 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. Parameters such as demography, gravidity, comorbid illness, neonatal outcome, drugs prescribed and their utilization details were collected. The mean age of the study population was found to be 29.4±4.4 y (mean±standard deviation). Majority of them underwent caesarean section (68.2 %) compared to normal vaginal delivery (31.8 %). Most of the neonates were healthy (94.3 %) whereas 0.8 % of the neonates expired during the postnatal period. Diabetes mellitus (33.6 %) was the most common comorbidity, followed by hypertension (28.3 %) and thyroid disorders (18.3 %). Folic acid (15.7 %) and calcium (15.2 %) were the most prescribed drugs, followed by ferrous fumarate (7.1 %), vitamin B12 (5.3 %) and vitamin B6 (3.4 %). In terms of defined daily dose/100 bed d, levothyroxine (369.3) was the most frequently utilized drug, followed by digoxin (53.6), dydrogesterone (27.4) and salbutamol (20.5). Estradiol was only the food and drug administration pregnancy category X drug prescribed, as estradiol supplement as this was required to improve pregnancy rates after in vitro fertilization.

The Influence of Sociodemographic Factors, Lifestyle, and Risk Perception on Dietary Patterns in Pregnant Women Living in Highly Contaminated Areas: Data from the NEHO Birth Cohort

During pregnancy, maternal nutrition and lifestyle play a critical role in influencing fetal development and newborn health outcomes. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors influencing the adherence to dietary patterns in pregnant women living in highly contaminated areas, and whether women with higher environmental risk perception manifest different nutritional behaviors during pregnancy. Food consumption data on 816 pregnant women from the Neonatal Environment and Health Outcomes (NEHO) residential birth cohort were analyzed. Dietary patterns were computed by principal component analysis. A multinomial logistic regression was also applied to identify sociodemographic, lifestyle, and pregnancy-related determinants of adherence to dietary patterns during pregnancy. Three patterns of food consumption—explaining 24.9% of the total variance—were identified as “prudent”, “high energy”, and “vegetarian” patterns. Results suggest that food choices during pregnancy follow a social gradient and align with other health behaviors during pregnancy: older, better educated, and physically active women with higher risk perception are more likely to follow healthier dietary patterns. Knowledge about what is eaten can contribute to dietary choices. Interventions to improve the prenatal nutrition knowledge of pregnant women are needed, especially concerning younger mothers and those with lower educational levels.

The Characteristics of Urinary Tract Infection and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Patterns in Pregnant Women

Objective: To determine the comparison of uropathogenic patterns and antimicrobial sensitivity tests in pregnant women in Manado.&#x0D; Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study on 28 pregnant women with UTI who presented to Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou General Central Hospital, Pancaran Kasih Hospital, and Manado City Bhayangkara Hospital in Manado from February 2021 to April 2021. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software.&#x0D; Results: Most pregnant women with UTI were within the age range of 20-35 years, namely 16 subjects (57.14%). Most had parity status of multipara, namely 15 subjects (53.57%). For the history of UTI, most subjects had no history of UTI, namely 16 subjects (57.14%), and had no history of contraception uses, namely 20 subjects (71.43%). Most subjects also had no history of vaginal discharge, namely 18 subjects (64.29%). Of 28 pregnant women with UTI, 23 (82.14%) were asymptomatic, while 5 (17.86%) were symptomatic. E.coli was the most commonly found pathogen and was still sensitive to most antibiotics.&#x0D; Conclusion: The description of pregnant women with UTI in Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou General Central Hospital, Pancaran Kasih Hospital, and Bhayangkara Hospital in Manado City was pregnant women aged 17-34 years, multigravida, in the 3rd trimester, had an education level of Elementary-High school, unemployed, under the minimum wage, had no history of UTI or contraception uses and had a history of vaginal discharge. Most pregnant women with UTI were asymptomatic. The most common bacterial growth was in E.coli, and it was still sensitive to most antibiotics.&#x0D; Keywords: antimicrobial, microorganism, pregnancy, UTI.&#x0D; &#x0D; Abstrak&#x0D; Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perbandingan pola uropatogen dan uji kepekaan antimikroba pada perempuan hamil di kota Manado.&#x0D; Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan potong lintang terhadap 28 perempuan hamil dengan ISK yang datang memeriksakan diri di RSUP Prof dr. R. D. Kandou Manado, RS Pancaran Kasih, dan RS Bhayangkara kota Manado dari Februari 2021 hingga April 2021. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan program Microsoft Excel.&#x0D; Hasil: Kelompok usia terbanyak dengan ISK pada ibu hamil adalah 20-35 tahun sebanyak 16 orang (57,14%). Karakteristik graviditas paling banyak adalah pada kelompok multipara yaitu sebanyak 15 orang (53,57%). Hasil karakteristik kelompok tanpa riwayat ISK merupakan yang paling banyak yaitu sebanyak 16 orang (57,14%). Mayoritas peserta penelitian tidak mempunyai riwayat pemakaian KB yaitu sebanyak 20 orang (71,43%). Mayoritas peserta penelitian mempunyai riwayat flour albus yaitu sebanyak 18 orang (64,29%). Hasil sebaran distribusi ibu hamil dengan ISK, didapatkan dari 28 subyek, terdapat 23 orang (82,14%) yang tidak memiliki gejala, sedangkan 5 orang (17,86%) memiliki gejala. Hasil sebaran jenis mikroorganisme yang tumbuh pada kultur paling banyak adalah E. coli dan mikroorganisme ini masih sensitif terhadap mayoritas antibiotik.&#x0D; Kesimpulan: Gambaran sebaran perempuan hamil dengan ISK di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou, RS pancaran Kasih, dan RS Bhayangkara di kota Manado adalah pada perempuan hamil dengan usia 17-34 tahun, multigravida, hamil trimester 3, berpendidikan SD-SMA, tidak bekerja, memiliki penghasilan di bawah UMR, tidak memiliki riwayat ISK, tidak memiliki riwayat KB, dan memiliki riwayat fluor albus. Mayoritas perempuan hamil dengan ISK tidak memiliki gejala Pertumbuhan bakteri terbanyak adalah E.coli dan mikroorganisme tersebut masih sensitif terhadap mayoritas antibiotik.&#x0D; Kata kunci: antimikroba, ISK, kehamilan, mikroorganisme.

Iron Status in Pregnant Women in Latvia: An Epidemiological, Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study According to WHO and UK Criteria.

Background and Objectives: During pregnancy, iron deficiency anaemia is a common problem associated with health risks for both the mother and her foetus/infant. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of iron deficiency, iron deficiency anaemia, and related dietary patterns in pregnant women in Latvia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, multicentre study included pregnancy data from 974 women. The sample selection was based on the stratification principle (population of women of childbearing age in regions of Latvia). Maternal demographic details, anthropometric measurements, iron status, dietary patterns, and supplementation information were obtained from maternal files and during interviews held in eight outpatient departments of medical institutions and maternity departments. The prevalence was assessed. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to identify associations between iron deficiency and sociodemographic characteristics, dietary patterns, and iron supplement intake during pregnancy. The criterion used for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia is a Hb level < 110 g/L in the 1st and 3rd trimesters and <105 g/L during the 2nd trimester as recommended by the WHO. However, the UK guideline was used for borderline iron deficiency, which is an SF level < 30 μg/L in all trimesters. Results: The observed prevalence of anaemia was 2.8% in the first trimester, 7.9% in the second trimester, and 27.0% in the third trimester. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 46.7% in the first trimester, 78.1% in the second trimester, and 91.7% in the third trimester. No associations with dietary patterns were found. Single women had 1.85 times the odds (95% CI 1.07 to 3.18) of being anaemic than married women. Conclusions: Iron deficiency affects a large proportion of pregnant women in Latvia in all trimesters, with iron deficiency anaemia affecting pregnant women in the third trimester. Monitoring and intervention should be performed in a timely and more targeted manner.

Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens causing urinary tract infection among pregnant women in Ujjain M.P. (India)

Urinarytract infection is one of the most prevalent frequently found disorders in pregnant women caused by bacteria and if it is not diagnosed then untreated UTI can causes serious maternal and fetal complications. The purpose of this work was to study the prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women of Ujjain and to identify uropatogens and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in pregnant women of Ujjain. A total of 120 midstream urine samples of pregnant women were collected aseptically and cultured on different growth media. The isolated bacteria were identified by standard microbiological procedure and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern was recorded using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Out of 120 urine samples, 78 samples tested positive for UTI suggesting that (65%) of pregnant women suffered from UTI and most prevalent bacterial pathogen was (41.0%) followed by (23.0%), (11.5%), (14.1%) and (10.2%). Majority of the isolated uropathogens were showing high sensitivity towards Doripenem, Meropenem and Imipenem while very less sensitivity towards Ampicillin and Penicillin. The study shows high prevalence of UTI among pregnant women and occurrence of high resistance towards antibiotics. So routine screening of the pregnant women having UTI and proper selection of antibiotic for treatment is needed for reducing the risk of serious complications during pregnancy.

BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH OVERVIEW OF THEIR ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTS

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common health problems among pregnant women and the reason for morbidity during pregnancy in worldwide, most of them in developing countries. The causative agents include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococci, Proteusmirabilis, Enterococcus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species, streptococci, and Citrobacter species. Risk factors in pregnant women is more in urinary tract infection (UTI). This current research aimed that which drug is resistance for pathogenic bacteria and their resistance gene patterns in pregnant women. The altogether predominance of urinary tract infections in pregnant women is approximately 13-18% overall. Gram-positive and gram-negative both bacteria were isolated. Which shows gram-negative bacteria (85%) and gram-positive bacteria were only 15%. E. coliis the most predominant bacteria among the study. And the antimicrobial susceptibility patters of these isolates showed high resistance towards nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin. More sensitive towards amoxiclav, cefuroxime, etc., Pregnant women with Asymptomatic UTI consider E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus arlettae, Enterococcus faecalis and showed resistance to most drugs. The frequent appearance of isolates from urine sample along with their resistance capability tests. The antibiotics can be prescribed based on side effect to prevent pregnant women in case of empirical treatment. In order to overcome the problem of UTI in pregnant women many researches are going on, currently, the drug resistant of UTI is leading to the new technologies and identification method of drug-resistant UTI helps to overcome the infection.