Natural Patterns Research Articles

Designing architecture with kombucha cellulose, case study: Building envelope

The green building phenomenon stimulates new green material production to optimize the sustainable design quality goal. While the issue lies in the limited exploration and production of local biomaterials, the acceptance is still problematic in actual practice mainly because of the unfamiliarity. One of the most promising green materials comes from household waste, especially food. Its availability, degradability, and low potential allergy gained popularity as it is user-friendly yet can be directly produced and used at home. Despite the common perception suggesting it is unrelated, odd, or less resilient, global trends have recommended otherwise. It is made from edible materials, and the movement includes kombucha cellulose to be potentially developed as a biomaterial. This research explores the kombucha sheets as a building envelope. The aim is to study its texture which exhibits a specific ambience. The method is customized traditional Indonesian tea fermentation to test sheet in mock-up; the steps are as follows; · The material production · Building the envelope · Capturing spatial experience The output is a miniature building enclosure using rigid, semi-rigid, and flexible structures; the result is atmospheres generated by translucent textures, natural patterns, and colours of kombucha. The novelty is the spatial experience constructed by the sheet.

KAJIAN MOTIF BATIK GONGGONG CV LAWANA DI TANJUNG PINANG

Gonggong CV Lawana in Tanjung Pinang using a textile design method approach. This research is formulated in one question "How is the design of the Batik Gonggong motif in the Production of Batik Gonggong CV Lawana, Tanjung Pinang with a textile design method approach through aesthetic, material, process, function, and fashion aspects?". This research uses a descriptive qualitative research method with a textile design method approach. Data analysis techniques using interactive analysis models include data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results of the research reveal the stages that are passed in designing based on aesthetic aspects, materials, process functions, and supporting aspects, namely fashion. (1) The aesthetic aspect that is considered in the main and supporting motifs, especially the main motif of Batik Gonggong CV Lawana has identical characteristics with the character of a snail shell that bulges in its belly. (2) The material aspect is a consideration in selecting the type of yarn fiber, the structure of the weave, nature and absorption capacity or suitability of the fabric as well as the different alternative fabrics for stamped and written batik products. (3) The process aspect of Batik Gonggong begins with determining the design from the main source of inspiration, the shell of the barking snail, the design will go through a sublimation process, then continue to be produced in certain quantities. (4) Functional aspects are related to consumers who use the product as a choice of use, as regional souvenirs, uniforms, and fashion. (5) The fashion aspect is found in the development of motifs through three periods ranging from natural suggestion patterns, creative patterns, and combined patterns. The development of the coloring technique, namely gradation is done by brushing using a sponge with a combination of giving light and dark colors which when soaked will fade and produce a gradation effect.

Through history to growth dynamics: deciphering the evolution of spatial networks

Many ramified, network-like patterns in nature, such as river networks or blood vessels, form as a result of unstable growth of moving boundaries in an external diffusive field. Here, we pose the inverse problem for the network growth—can the growth dynamics be inferred from the analysis of the final pattern? We show that by evolving the network backward in time one can not only reconstruct the growth rules but also get an insight into the conditions under which branch splitting occurs. Determining the growth rules from a single snapshot in time is particularly important for growth processes so slow that they cannot be directly observed, such as growth of river networks and deltas or cave passages. We apply this approach to analyze the growth of a real river network in Vermont, USA. We determine its growth rule and argue that branch splitting events are triggered by an increase in the tip growth velocity.

Approximating functions with multi-features by deep convolutional neural networks

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have achieved great empirical success in many fields such as natural language processing, computer vision, and pattern recognition. But there still lacks theoretical understanding of the flexibility and adaptivity of DCNNs in various learning tasks, and the power of DCNNs at feature extraction. We propose a generic DCNN structure consisting of two groups of convolutional layers associated with two downsampling operators, and a fully connected layer, which is determined only by three structural parameters. Our generic DCNNs are capable of extracting various features including not only polynomial features but also general smooth features. We also show that the curse of dimensionality can be circumvented by our DCNNs for target functions of the compositional form with (symmetric) polynomial features, spatially sparse smooth features, and interaction features. These demonstrate the expressive power of our DCNN structure, while the model selection can be relaxed comparing with other deep neural networks since there are only three hyperparameters controlling the architecture to tune.

Detection of Mental Fatigue in the General Population: Feasibility Study of Keystroke Dynamics as a Real-world Biomarker

Background Mental fatigue is a common and potentially debilitating state that can affect individuals’ health and quality of life. In some cases, its manifestation can precede or mask early signs of other serious mental or physiological conditions. Detecting and assessing mental fatigue can be challenging nowadays as it relies on self-evaluation and rating questionnaires, which are highly influenced by subjective bias. Introducing more objective, quantitative, and sensitive methods to characterize mental fatigue could be critical to improve its management and the understanding of its connection to other clinical conditions. Objective This paper aimed to study the feasibility of using keystroke biometrics for mental fatigue detection during natural typing. As typing involves multiple motor and cognitive processes that are affected by mental fatigue, our hypothesis was that the information captured in keystroke dynamics can offer an interesting mean to characterize users’ mental fatigue in a real-world setting. Methods We apply domain transformation techniques to adapt and transform TypeNet, a state-of-the-art deep neural network, originally intended for user authentication, to generate a network optimized for the fatigue detection task. All experiments were conducted using 3 keystroke databases that comprise different contexts and data collection protocols. Results Our preliminary results showed area under the curve performances ranging between 72.2% and 80% for fatigue versus rested sample classification, which is aligned with previously published models on daily alertness and circadian cycles. This demonstrates the potential of our proposed system to characterize mental fatigue fluctuations via natural typing patterns. Finally, we studied the performance of an active detection approach that leverages the continuous nature of keystroke biometric patterns for the assessment of users’ fatigue in real time. Conclusions Our results suggest that the psychomotor patterns that characterize mental fatigue manifest during natural typing, which can be quantified via automated analysis of users’ daily interaction with their device. These findings represent a step towards the development of a more objective, accessible, and transparent solution to monitor mental fatigue in a real-world environment.

Design Patterns for Connected Learning at Scale

Design patterns make hidden knowledge explicit and shareable. They are a tool to reflect on and communicate practical educational strategies for solving recurring problems. In this workshop we will explore and share educational design patterns for connected learning at scale that use educational technology to help students build connections with educators, peers and purpose. Participants will engage in object-based learning at the Chau Chak Wing Museum to consider and reflect on the nature of patterns and discuss how patterns are present in their educational work. After collectively identifying educational challenges related to ‘problems of scale’ in teaching and learning practice, we will use a design pattern template to discuss and capture potential technology-enabled solutions to challenges relevant to individual participants’ contexts. To support this process, existing design patterns from the University of Sydney Business School’s Connected Learning at Scale Project (CLaS) will be shared and discussed, with participant feedback contributing to the further shaping and improvement of these ‘live’ patterns.

Study on the Characteristics and Evolution Trends of Global Uranium Resource Trade from the Perspective of a Complex Network

With consensus on the climate issue, most countries have successfully put forward their carbon emission targets. Due to low carbon and mature technology, nuclear energy has become the focus of scholars. The development of nuclear energy is inseparable from the support of uranium resources. Due to the geographically uneven distribution of uranium resources, the flow of resources across the globe satisfies both supply and demand. Therefore, research on the characteristics of the global uranium resource trade and its evolution trends can provide a reference for decision-makers to formulate relevant uranium resource trade policies to ensure the security of the national uranium resource trade. Based on the perspective of the industry chain, this paper constructed an upstream natural uranium trade complex network (upstream) and an enriched uranium trade complex network (downstream) to analyze the characteristics and evolution trends of GURTNs at the global, community, and national levels. The results show that: (1) The trade of enriched uranium is mainly concentrated between developed countries such as European and North American countries. Natural uranium is a raw material, and its trade characteristics are greatly affected by uranium price fluctuations. (2) The evolution of the global natural uranium trade community is dominated by the significant uranium-resource-demanding countries. The global natural uranium trade pattern will be difficult to change in the short term. (3) With the expiration of the USA–Russia enriched uranium trade agreement, this will become an uncertain factor affecting the evolution of the global enriched uranium trade pattern. (4) Since the United States and France are deeply involved in the global uranium resources trade, both have a higher ability of anti-control and control in GURTNs, which is inseparable from the uranium resource trade strategies of the two countries. The paper concludes by suggesting corresponding policy recommendations that can inform policymakers in formulating relevant trade policies.

The Launch of Two Sub-Studies of the Peak Registry, a Global, Longitudinal Study of Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

Background: Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is a rare, glycolytic enzymopathy caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the PKLR gene, which leads to lifelong hemolytic anemia and potentially serious complications such as extramedullary hematopoiesis, pulmonary hypertension, and iron overload. The Peak Registry (NCT03481738) was initiated in 2018 as a global, retrospective and prospective, observational study of pediatric and adult patients with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of PK deficiency to better understand the natural history, treatment patterns, and burden of disease. The registry aims to enroll 500 patients at approximately 60 sites in up to 20 countries over 7 years, with at least 2 and up to 9 years of follow-up. In 2021, two sub-studies were initiated to obtain additional information on the patient experience with PK deficiency, with a specific focus on 1) patient-reported health-related quality of life, including impact on work productivity and activity impairment (NCT04964323) and 2) the impact of PK deficiency on cognitive performance (NCT04995315). Unlike the core registry where data reporting is managed by sites via electronic case report forms, the sub-studies utilize an innovative decentralized design. The core registry and both sub-studies are currently open for enrollment. Methods: The design of the core registry has been previously described1. Both sub-studies are managed via a decentralized model using a web-based portal (N of 1 Health Research Platform; Digital Infuzion, Inc.). The patient-reported outcomes sub-study is open to adult (≥18 years) Peak participants in the US, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and the UK with a target enrollment of 75 patients. Assessments include the PK Deficiency Diary (PKDD), PK Deficiency Impact Assessment (PKDIA), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia (FACT-An, anemia subscale only), and the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire. All assessments are completed electronically (computer, tablet, or mobile phone) at baseline and every 3 months thereafter (every 6 months for PKDD) over a 24-month period. The cognition sub-study is open to adult Peak participants in the US, Netherlands, and Italy with a target enrollment of 33 patients. Participants are required to use a desktop computer or laptop to complete a battery of self-administered cognitive assessments of psychomotor speed, attention, visual learning, and working memory utilizing the Cogstate Brief Battery (CBB). The assessments are completed at baseline and Day 90. Eligible patients can opt into sub-study participation through the platform's online Peak Patient Community Portal and begin the informed consent form (ICF) process which is managed by regional coordinating centers in each respective country. Once the ICF process has been completed, participants have access to the study surveys via the online portal. Data collected from both sub-studies will be summarized descriptively. Ethics approval has been received from all participating countries, and all stored data is de-identified. Results: Sites in the US were approved for sub-study enrollment on a rolling basis between July 2021 and May 2022, and had enrolled 5 patients as of 07Jul2022. Enrollment opened in Spain in April 2022, the Netherlands in May 2022, and in Italy and the UK in July 2022. As of 07Jul2022, 252 patients had enrolled in the core registry, of whom approximately 100 are adults in countries participating in the sub-studies and thus potentially eligible for sub-study participation. Summary: The Peak Registry provides a unique and impactful opportunity to enhance our understanding of PK deficiency. Two complementary sub-studies on health-related quality of life and cognition have recently been developed to obtain additional information on the patient experience with PK deficiency that has not been systematically captured or reported elsewhere. Further information is available at https://peakregistry.com and www.clinicaltrials.gov, and from medinfo@agios.com. 1Grace RF et al. Blood (2019) 134 (Supplement_1): 2223.

Insights into the Natural History and Treatment Outcomes of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH): The into-HLH Registry

Purpose: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a complex, hyperinflammatory syndrome resulting from the interplay of genetic predisposition and various environmental factors. In the last 25 years, scientific insights and treatments have evolved substantially with novel targeted therapies. However, approximately 30% of patients do not respond to therapy despite available treatment options. Thus, there is an unmet need for a deeper understanding of the natural history, clinical/ etiologic diversity, complications, and treatment outcomes of HLH patients, specifically from North America. Therefore, we established a robust registry to better understand the natural history, treatment patterns, and outcomes of HLH syndrome. Methods: To address these knowledge gaps, we established a non-interventional, observational study with a dual-enrollment method for maximum engagement (NCT05277272) modeled after the ACCELERATE Castleman disease natural history registry. Patients are consented and enrolled in the study via the traditional Physician Driven Arm (PDA) and a Patient-Powered Arm (PPA), in which patients are directly recruited through the Registry's website (www.hlhregistry.org). The Registry is a collaboration between Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (the academic sponsor), Texas Children's Hospital, The North American Consortium for Histiocytosis (NACHO), and Sobi Inc. (the industry sponsor). Anticipated enrollment is > 200 patients with clinically suspected or confirmed HLH, including familial and all other subtypes of HLH. Medical records are acquired and abstracted by the INTO-HLH Registry Team (IHRT) at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center into pre-specified electronic case report forms (eCRF). HLH-related data is abstracted from initial disease presentation to diagnosis, through treatment until Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) or end of HLH-directed treatments. Patients are followed for at least five years to assess short- and long-term outcomes. Discrete HLH episodes are captured separately. Physicians at the PDA sites perform minimal data abstraction reflecting their subjective narrative regarding patients' treatments and responses. In addition, the patients are offered to answer optional patient-reported outcomes questionnaires and participate in correlative biology studies. The INTO-HLH steering committee adjudicates specific diagnoses and reviews adverse treatment events and causes of mortality. Results: Enrollment is ongoing with pediatric patients with familial HLH and adult patients with other subtypes of HLH already consented. The primary objective of the research is to describe the natural history of patients with HLH, and the secondary objective is to describe treatment patterns, responses, and outcomes. In addition, health-related quality of life, disease-related health burden, and the relationship between biologic variability and clinical outcomes will be assessed as exploratory objectives. Conclusion: The INTO-HLH Registry aims to advance clinical understanding and improve treatment outcomes in patients with HLH. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

The effects of voice qualities in mindfulness meditation apps on enjoyment, relaxation state, and perceived usefulness.

In recent years, mindfulness meditation apps—which offer voice-guided exercises for relaxation—have been promoted as an effective tool for self-managing stress. This study examines how the type of voice—human male, human female, synthetic male, or synthetic female—can impact users’ levels of relaxation, perceived usefulness, and enjoyment when following a guided meditation. Participants listened to a guided meditation and then evaluated their feelings toward both the voice and the meditation exercise. Those who listened to a human voice rated the voice as more enjoyable than those who listened to a synthetic voice. Additionally, respondents in the human voice conditions rated the meditation exercise itself as more enjoyable and useful and themselves as more relaxed than did participants guided by a synthetic voice. Finally, the effect of voice human-likeness on perceived usefulness was significantly more pronounced with female voices. These findings suggest that natural-sounding speech is preferable for individuals completing guided mindfulness exercises. In turn, to enhance users’ enjoyment and perceptions of meditation effectiveness, generated speech used in such apps should sound human-like and utilize natural speech patterns.

Supplemental Material for The effects of voice qualities in mindfulness meditation apps on enjoyment, relaxation state, and perceived usefulness.

In recent years, mindfulness meditation apps—which offer voice-guided exercises for relaxation—have been promoted as an effective tool for self-managing stress. This study examines how the type of voice—human male, human female, synthetic male, or synthetic female—can impact users’ levels of relaxation, perceived usefulness, and enjoyment when following a guided meditation. Participants listened to a guided meditation and then evaluated their feelings toward both the voice and the meditation exercise. Those who listened to a human voice rated the voice as more enjoyable than those who listened to a synthetic voice. Additionally, respondents in the human voice conditions rated the meditation exercise itself as more enjoyable and useful and themselves as more relaxed than did participants guided by a synthetic voice. Finally, the effect of voice human-likeness on perceived usefulness was significantly more pronounced with female voices. These findings suggest that natural-sounding speech is preferable for individuals completing guided mindfulness exercises. In turn, to enhance users’ enjoyment and perceptions of meditation effectiveness, generated speech used in such apps should sound human-like and utilize natural speech patterns.

Typist Experiment: an Investigation of Human-to-Human Dictation via Role-play to Inform Voice-based Text Authoring

Voice dictation is increasingly used for text entry, especially in mobile scenarios. However, the speech-based experience gets disrupted when users must go back to a screen and keyboard to review and edit the text. While existing dictation systems focus on improving transcription and error correction, little is known about how to support speech input for the entire text creation process, including composition, reviewing and editing. We conducted an experiment in which ten pairs of participants took on the roles of authors and typists to work on a text authoring task. By analysing the natural language patterns of both authors and typists, we identified new challenges and opportunities for the design of future dictation interfaces, including the ambiguity of human dictation, the differences between audio-only and with screen, and various passive and active assistance that can potentially be provided by future systems.

Genetic Behavior of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Germplasm Governing Heavy Metal Tolerance and Yield Traits under Wastewater Irrigation.

Wastewater irrigation is a substitute for surface water scarcity, but traces of heavy metals (HMs) result in deleterious implications for soil, crop productivity, and in humans. Crops presenting HMs tolerance in genetic behavior are important for producing tolerant genotypes cultivated under wastewater irrigation. In the first part of this experiment, the results obtained previously are re-assessed in a hydroponic system and similar patterns and concentrations of HMs are found in different tomato organs. Following this trial, the tomato's (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genetic basis of traits conferring HMs tolerance and yield are assessed when irrigated with waste or canal water. The North Carolina Mating II analysis illustrate the amount of gene action, nature, and inheritance pattern. Genetic components depict the involvement of non-additive, additive, and maternal genetic effects in HMs tolerance inheritance and yield. A noticeable increase in cumulative additive variance for the number of flowers (11,907.2) and the number of fruits (10,557.9) is recorded for tomato plants irrigated with wastewater, illustrating additive gene action. However, female and male (MSf/MSm) square ratios also show an association with cytoplasmic inheritance. For HMs tolerance, both additive and dominant variances appeared to be significant; cumulative dominance variance (4.83, 16.1, 4.69, 76.95, and 249.37) is higher compared to additive variance (0.18, 2.36, 0.19, -0.27, and 14.14) for nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), respectively, indicating dominance gene action. The genotype RIOGRANDI accumulated and translocated fewer HMs to the aerial part of the plant compared to CLN-2418A and PB-017906, thus presenting a tolerant tomato genotype according to the hydroponic experiment. This also exhibited a differential pattern of gene action for HMs tolerance, suggesting that genotypes possess significant differences for HMs tolerance.

Method to Develop Legs for Underwater Robots: From Multibody Dynamics with Experimental Data to Mechatronic Implementation.

Exploration of the seabed may be complex, and different parameters must be considered for a robotic system to achieve tasks in this environment, such as soil characteristics, seabed gait, and hydrodynamic force in this extreme environment. This paper presents a gait simulation of a quadrupedal robot used on a typical terrigenous sediment seabed, considering the mechanical properties of the type of soil, stiffness, and damping and friction coefficients, referenced with the specialized literature and applied in a computational multibody model with many experimental data in a specific underwater environment to avoi hydrodynamic effects. The requirements of the positions and torque in the robot's active joints are presented in accordance with a 5R mechanism for the leg and the natural pattern shown in the gait of a dog on the ground. These simulation results are helpful for the design of a testbed, with a leg prototype and its respective hardware and software architecture and a subsequent comparison with the real results.

Process Metaphysics and Mutative Life: Sketches of Lived Time

Process Metaphysics and Mutative Life: Sketches of Lived Time

Does shading on great argus Argusianus argus feathers create a three-dimensional illusion?

Many animals use shading to infer the three-dimensional (3D) shape of objects, and mimicking natural shading patterns can produce the illusion of 3D form on a flat surface. Over 150 years ago, Charles Darwin noted that the ocelli (eyespots) on the feathers of the great argus Argusianus argus, when held vertically during courtship displays to females, were perfectly shaded to resemble 3D hemispheres to human viewers. We tested whether these ocelli appear 3D to birds by training chickens Gallus gallus domesticus to select images of either convex or concave shapes using shading cues, and then presenting them with images of great argus ocelli. Chickens successfully learned how to discriminate between convex and concave shapes, and treated the great argus pheasant ocelli in the same way as convex training stimuli. Our findings are consistent with previous studies that birds can perceive 3D shape from shading cues in a similar manner to humans. The perception of great argus ocelli as consistent with 3D shape by avian viewers suggests that shape illusions can play a role in male courtship.

Fern diversity in altitude and anthropogenic gradients in a temperate forest in Mexico City, Mexico

Natural diversity and composition patterns of ferns depend highly on environmental conditions such as moisture, temperature, and light imposed by altitudinal gradients. Currently, the main factor that causes changes in the diversity patterns of plants at different altitudes is the increased intensity of human activities. This research analyzed the response in the composition and diversity of terrestrial fern species in an Abies religiosa forest to the altitude and magnitude of anthropogenic disturbance. The effect of human disturbance and altitude on the composition and abundance of ferns was evaluated through Generalized Linear Models, a Structural Equations Model (SEM), and a Canonical Correspondence Analysis. The community of terrestrial ferns was found to be composed of ten species belonging to five families. The SEM showed that anthropogenic factors affect the richness and abundance patterns of ferns in the studied area. We suggest that Dryopteris wallichiana could be an indicator of open and most anthropogenically disturbed sites in temperate forest.

«Мой стих… полон движения и жара, свойственных жизни»: тема любви в лирике Форуг Фаррохзад

The article deals with forms of representation of love theme in lyrics by F. Farrokhzad. It considers the fact that interpretation of love in Farrokhzad’s lyrics differs from traditional perception of love in oriental poetry. Hence the authors prove that F. Farrokhzad has broken the traditional circle of associations in oriental love lyrics and has rethought it by adding new “bodily” signs of love. Love in Farrokhzad’s lyrics is shown through the prism of everyday, natural and existential patterns. Love as an event serves as a core for the poetess’ lyrics and displaces the generic features of the lyrics itself. Love lyrics by F. Farrokhzad demonstrates the features of the narrative text combining lyrical and epic pictures of the world in poem’s structure, so narrativeness is one of the key parameters of F. Farrokhzad’s poetics. The authors conclude that poetess tends to concentration of everyday details and to eventful measure of the reality.

Environmental Factors Associated with Fish Diversity in Two Tributaries of River Chittar, Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India

In the present research, we examined Ichthyofaunal diversity, habitat preferences, and environmental variables in the Chittar River tributaries in Tamilnadu, India. The species composition is comprised of 14 species representing 4 orders, 6 families, and 12 genera. Cyprinids were the most abundant group in the assemblage composition of fishes, which was approximately 61.5%-83.33%. According to the Shannon-diversity index of fish populations in the study streams, the upstream of New Falls and the Harihara river reveal a high species richness. Among the recorded fish species, Puntius arenatus, belonging to the family Cyprinidae, is in the vulnerable categories of the IUCN List. However, the fish species exhibited a higher density in the headwaters upstream and the density decreased in the downstream. However, bedrock and boulders were observed as the predominant substrates in upstreams (sites 1 and 3) throughout the seasons. The results of Principal Component analysis of water quality factors and fish abundance and species richness revealed that dissolved oxygen, total hardness, and alkalinity have less impact on fish abundance, whereas TDS and conductivity had a substantial correlation in all downstreams. Fish were influenced by a diverse natural and anthropogenic longitudinal pattern, as well as regional disturbances induced by adjacent land users.

Ventricular Flow Dynamics With an Intra-Ventricular Balloon Pump: An In Vitro Analysis.

Due to the high treatment costs associated with durable ventricular assist devices, an intra-ventricular balloon pump (IVBP) was developed to provide low-cost, short-term support for patients suffering from severe heart failure. It is imperative that intraventricular flow dynamics are evaluated with an IVBP to ensure stagnation points, and potential regions for thrombus formation, are avoided. This study used particle image velocimetry to evaluate flow patterns within the left ventricle of a simulated severe heart failure patient with IVBP support to assess left ventricle pulsatility as an indicator of the likelihood of flow stasis. Two inflation timings were evaluated against the baseline severe heart failure condition: IVBP co-pulsation and IVBP counter-pulsation with respect to ventricular systole. IVBP co-pulsation was found to have a reduced velocity range compared to the severe heart failure condition (0.44 m/s compared to 0.54 m/s). IVBP co-pulsation demonstrated an increase in peak velocities (0.25 m/s directed toward the aortic valve during systole, as opposed to 0.2 m/s in severe heart failure), indicating constructive energy in systole and cardiac output (1.7 L/min increase with respect to severe heart failure baseline - 3.5 L/min) throughout the cardiac cycle. IVBP counter-pulsation, while exhibiting the greatest peak systolic velocity directed to the aortic valve (0.4 m/s) was found to counterasct the natural vortex flow pattern during ventricular filling, as well as inducing a secondary ventricular pulse during diastole and a 23% increase in left ventricle end-diastolic volume (indicative of dilation). Ideal IVBP actuation timing did not result in reduced intraventricular pulsatility, indicating promising blood washout.