Flowering Patterns Research Articles

Conserved pigment pathways underpin the dark insectiform floral structures of sexually deceptive Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae).

Sexually deceptive plants achieve pollination by enticing specific male insects as pollinators using a combination of olfactory, visual, and morphological mimicry. The sexually deceptive orchid genus Chiloglottis is comprised of some 30 species with predominantly dull green-red flowers except for the dark insectiform calli/callus structure from the labellum lamina. This unique structure mimics the female of the pollinator and potentially enhances the visibility of the mimic. However, the chemical and genetic basis for the color of these structures remains poorly understood across the genus. The goal of this study was to investigate the flower color biochemistry and patterns of gene expression across the anthocyanin and flavonol glycoside biosynthetic pathway within the calli structures across the three distinct clades of Chiloglottis (Formicifera, Reflexa, and Valida) using chemical and transcriptome analysis. Our phylogenomic analysis confirmed the close sister relationship between the Reflexa/Formicifera clades and reaffirms the basal position of the Valida clade. Additionally, the biochemical basis of the dark calli/callus structures is conserved across the genus. Nonetheless, the proportion of methoxylated anthocyanin and flavonol glycoside derivatives and the mean gene expression levels appear to differentiate the Reflexa and Formicifera clades from the Valida clade. In future studies, it will be of interest to tease apart the role of phylogeny, environment, pollinators, and other factors as potential drivers of the observed biochemistry and gene expression differences. It will also be important to characterize the function of candidate genes such as DFR, LDOX, and FLS in this fascinating case of flower color mimicry.

Floral organ transcriptome in Camellia sasanqua provided insight into stamen petaloid

BackgroundThe cultivated Camellia sasanqua forms a divergent double flower pattern, and the stamen petaloid is a vital factor in the phenomenon. However, the regulation mechanism remains largely unclear.ResultsHere, a comprehensive comparative transcriptome analysis of the wild-type, “semi-double”, “peony double”, and “rose double” was performed. The cluster analysis of global gene expression level showed petal and stamen difficulty separable in double flower. The crucial pathway and genes related to double flower patterns regulation were identified by pairwise comparisons and weighted gene coexpression network (WGCNA). Divergent genes expression, such as AUX1 and AHP, are involved in plant hormone signaling and photosynthesis, and secondary metabolites play an important role. Notably, the diversity of a petal-specific model exhibits a similar molecular signature to the stamen, containing extensin protein and PSBO1, supporting the stamen petaloid point. Moreover, the expansion of class A gene activity influenced the double flower formation, showing that the key function of gene expression was probably demolished.ConclusionsOverall, this work confirmed the ABCE model and provided new insights for elucidating the molecular signature of double formation.

The flowering of SDP chrysanthemum in response to intensity of supplemental or night-interruptional blue light is modulated by both photosynthetic carbon assimilation and photoreceptor-mediated regulation.

The photoreceptor-mediated photoperiodic sensitivity determines the obligate short-day flowering in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) when the night length is longer than a critical minimum, otherwise, flowering is effectively inhibited. The reversal of this inhibition by subsequent exposure to a short period of supplemental (S) or night-interruptional (NI) blue (B) light (S-B; NI-B) indicates the involvement of B light-received photoreceptors in the flowering response. Flowering is mainly powered by sugars produced through photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Thus, the light intensity can be involved in flowering regulation by affecting photosynthesis. Here, it is elucidated that the intensity of S-B or NI-B in photoperiodic flowering regulation of chrysanthemums by applying 4-h of S-B or NI-B with either 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in a 10-h short-day (SD10) [SD10 + 4B or + NI-4B (0, 10, 20, 30, or 40)] or 13-h long-day (LD13) condition [LD13 + 4B or + NI-4B (0, 10, 20, 30, or 40)] provided by 300 ± 5 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD white (W) LEDs. After 60 days of photoperiodic light treatments other than the LD13 and LD13 + NI-4B (40), flowering with varying degrees was observed, although the SD10 gave the earliest flowering. And the LD13 + 4B (30) produced the greatest number of flowers. The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent as it was gradually promoted from 10 to 30 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD and inhibited by 40B regardless of the photoperiod. In SD conditions, the same intensity of S-B and NI-B did not significantly affect flowering, while differential flowering inhibition was observed with any intensity of NI-B in LDs. Furthermore, the 30 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD of S-B or NI-B up-regulated the expression of floral meristem identity or florigen genes, as well as the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and carbohydrate accumulation. The 40B also promoted these physiological traits but led to the unbalanced expression of florigen or anti-florigen genes. Overall, the photoperiodic flowering in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B of the SDP chrysanthemum suggests the co-regulation of photosynthetic carbon assimilation and differential photoreceptor-mediated control.

Glucose-driven TOR-FIE-PRC2 signalling controls plant development.

Nutrients and energy have emerged as central modulators of developmental programmes in plants and animals1-3. The evolutionarily conserved target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a master integrator of nutrient and energy signalling that controls growth. Despite its key regulatory roles in translation, proliferation, metabolism and autophagy2-5, little is known about how TOR shapes developmental transitions and differentiation. Here we show that glucose-activated TOR kinase controls genome-wide histone H3 trimethylation at K27 (H3K27me3) in Arabidopsis thaliana, which regulates cell fate and development6-10. We identify FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM (FIE), an indispensable component of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which catalyses H3K27me3(refs.6-8,10-12), as a TOR target. Direct phosphorylation by TOR promotes the dynamic translocation of FIE from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Mutation of the phosphorylation site on FIE abrogates the global H3K27me3 landscape, reprogrammes the transcriptome and disrupts organogenesis in plants. Moreover, glucose-TOR-FIE-PRC2 signalling modulates vernalization-induced floral transition. We propose that this signalling axis serves as a nutritional checkpoint leading to epigenetic silencing of key transcription factor genes that specify stem cell destiny in shoot and root meristems and control leaf, flower and silique patterning, branching and vegetative-to-reproduction transition. Our findings reveal a fundamental mechanism of nutrient signalling in direct epigenome reprogramming, with broad relevance for the developmental control of multicellular organisms.

Beauty and the pathogens: A leaf-less control presents a better image of Cymbidium orchids defense strategy.

Biological control is a safe way of combating plant diseases using the living organisms. For the precise use of microbial biological control agents, the genetic information on the hypersensitive response (HR), and defense-related gene induction pathways of plants are necessary. Orchids are the most prominent stakeholders of floriculture industry, and owing to their long-awaited flowering pattern, disease control is imperative to allow healthy vegetative growth that spans more than 2 years in most of the orchids. We observed leaf-less flowering in three orchid species (Cymbidium ensifolium, C. goeringii and C. sinense). Using these materials as reference, we performed transcriptome profiling for healthy leaves from non-infected plants to identify genes specifically involved in plant-pathogen interaction pathway. For this pathway, a total of 253 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in C. ensifolium, 189 DEGs were identified in C. goeringii and 119 DEGs were found in C. sinense. These DEGs were mainly related to bacterial secretion systems, FLS2, CNGCs and EFR, regulating HR, stomatal closure and defense-related gene induction. FLS2 (LRR receptor-like serine/threonine kinase) contained the highest number of DEGs among three orchid species, followed by calmodulin. Highly upregulated gene sets were found in C. sinense as compared to other species. The great deal of DEGs, mainly the FLS2 and EFR families, related to defense and immunity responses can effectively direct the future of biological control of diseases for orchids.

Florivory in twoChamaecristaspecies: Are secretory trichomes effective against florivores?

AbstractFlorivory inChamaecristavaries in occurrence, intensity, and the floral structures affected. As flowers are multifunctional units, the type of damage can impact reproductive success in different ways. Oil‐resin‐secreting trichomes, present in the sepals ofChamaecristaspecies, section Absus, are suggested to inhibit florivory. We recorded florivory inChamaecrista catharticaandChamaecrista catharticoidesin order to determine the frequency of damage, floral whorls most damaged, impact on reproduction, and effectiveness of secretory trichomes in inhibiting florivory. The study was conducted in the Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Brazil. Twenty individuals of each species were monitored monthly over two bloom periods to record the flowering intensity, rates of florivory, and fruit set and to determine the effectiveness of trichomes in inhibiting florivory. The two species had different flowering patterns, annual forC. catharticaand continuous forC. catharticoides, both more intense during summer. Florivory occurred mainly in the winter and affected floral structures unevenly, resulting in loss of different floral functions. Florivory reduced the fruit set of both species, butC. catharticoideswas considerably more impacted. The diversity of damaged structures inC. catharticoidesresulted in direct (reduced female and male fitness due to loss of ovules and pollen grains) and indirect (loss of floral resources and reduced floral attractiveness) impacts. Damage to the tubular petal could further result in loss of specialized pollination mechanisms mediated by this structure. Secretory trichomes on the abaxial surface of sepals inhibited florivory of buds and herbivory of early‐developing fruits.

The role of colour patterns for the recognition of flowers by bees.

Bees discriminate between many different colours of flower petals, but it is not well understood how they perceive and learn patterns frequently found in flowers with colourful structures. We used multi-spectral imaging to explore chromatic cues in concentric flower patterns as they are seen through the low-resolution eyes of the honeybee. We find a diversity of colour combinations, which suggests that plants might exploit the sensory capabilities of pollinators, like bees, that learn colours easily. A consistent feature is that the surround of the pattern has a stronger chromatic contrast to the foliage background than the centre. This can potentially facilitate the fast identification of floral objects within colourful scenes when a foraging bee moves through a flower patch. In behavioural experiments we trained and tested bees with three types of concentric patterns. They recognized and discriminated patterns accurately in most tests, relying flexibly on both chromatic and spatial cues. Only rarely, depending on the training stimulus, chromatic cues determined their choices whilst pattern cues were ignored. The variability of floral designs and the bees' flexibility in recalling colour and spatial information suggest a role for colour vision in pattern processing. Implications for the signalling strategies of flowers are discussed.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Understanding colour vision: molecular, physiological, neuronal and behavioural studies in arthropods’.

Profiling of the Candidate Interacting Proteins of SELF-PRUNING 6A (SP6A) in Solanum tuberosum

SELF-PRUNING 6A (SP6A), a homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), has been identified as tuberigen in potato. StSP6A is a mobile signal synthesized in leaves and transmitted to the stolon through phloem, and plays multiple roles in the growth and development of potato. However, the global StSP6A protein interaction network in potato remains poorly understood. In this study, BK-StSP6A was firstly used as the bait to investigate the StSP6A interaction network by screening the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) library of potato, resulting in the selection of 200 independent positive clones and identification of 77 interacting proteins. Then, the interaction between StSP6A and its interactors was further confirmed by the Y2H and BiFC assays, and three interactors were selected for further expression analysis. Finally, the expression pattern of Flowering Promoting Factor 1.1 (StFPF1.1), No Flowering in Short Days 1 and 2 (StNFL1 and StNFL2) was studied. The three genes were highly expressed in flowers or flower buds. StFPF1.1 exhibited an expression pattern similar to that of StSP6A at the stolon swelling stages. StPHYF-silenced plants showed up-regulated expression of StFPF1.1 and StSP6A, while expression of StNFL1 and StNFL2 was down-regulated in the stolon. The identification of these interacting proteins lays a solid foundation for further functional studies of StSP6A.

A genotype-specific architectural and physiological profile is involved in the flowering regularity of apple trees.

In polycarpic plants, meristem fate varies within individuals in a given year. In perennials, the proportion of floral induction (FI) in meristems also varies between consecutive years and among genotypes of a given species. Previous studies have suggested that FI of meristems could be determined by the within-plant competition for carbohydrates and by hormone signaling as key components of the flowering pathway. At the genotypic level, variability in FI was also associated with variability in architectural traits. However, the part of genotype-dependent variability in FI that can be explained by either tree architecture or tree physiology is still not fully understood. This study aimed at deciphering the respective effect of architectural and physiological traits on FI variability within apple trees by comparing six genotypes with contrasted architectures. Shoot type demography as well as the flowering and fruit production patterns were followed over 6 years and characterized by different indexes. Architectural morphotypes were then defined based on architectural traits using a clustering approach. For two successive years, non-structural starch content in leaf, stem and meristems, and hormonal contents (gibberellins, cytokinins, auxin and abscisic acid) in meristems were quantified and correlated to FI within-tree proportions. Based on a multi-step regression analysis, cytokinins and gibberellins content in meristem, starch content in leaves and the proportion of long shoots in tree annual growth were shown to contribute to FI. Although the predictive linear model of FI was common to all genotypes, each of the explicative variables had a different weight in FI determination, depending on the genotype. Our results therefore suggest both a common determination model and a genotype-specific architectural and physiological profile linked to its flowering behavior.

Exploring Soybean Flower and Pod Variation Patterns During Reproductive Period Based on Fusion Deep Learning.

The soybean flower and the pod drop are important factors in soybean yield, and the use of computer vision techniques to obtain the phenotypes of flowers and pods in bulk, as well as in a quick and accurate manner, is a key aspect of the study of the soybean flower and pod drop rate (PDR). This paper compared a variety of deep learning algorithms for identifying and counting soybean flowers and pods, and found that the Faster R-CNN model had the best performance. Furthermore, the Faster R-CNN model was further improved and optimized based on the characteristics of soybean flowers and pods. The accuracy of the final model for identifying flowers and pods was increased to 94.36 and 91%, respectively. Afterward, a fusion model for soybean flower and pod recognition and counting was proposed based on the Faster R-CNN model, where the coefficient of determinationR2 between counts of soybean flowers and pods by the fusion model and manual counts reached 0.965 and 0.98, respectively. The above results show that the fusion model is a robust recognition and counting algorithm that can reduce labor intensity and improve efficiency. Its application will greatly facilitate the study of the variable patterns of soybean flowers and pods during the reproductive period. Finally, based on the fusion model, we explored the variable patterns of soybean flowers and pods during the reproductive period, the spatial distribution patterns of soybean flowers and pods, and soybean flower and pod drop patterns.

한국 전통 민화의 화문을 활용한 여성 레깅스 디자인 개발

초록 · 키워드 목차 오류제보하기 The purpose of this study was to develop and suggest a women"s leggings design applying the floral patterns of Korean traditional folk paintings of the Joseon Dynasty. The study was analyzed using literature and web sites regarding the flower patterns of Korean folk paintings, athleisure-look with leggings, and floral print design of leggings. The development tools of leggings designs used design CAD programs. The results of the study are as follow. First, the floral patterns of Korean traditional folk paintings had symbolic meanings expressed splendidly and richly. Second, the athleisure look was fashion that suited the lifestyle of modern people in pursuit of well-being and work-life balance. Leggings as the athleisure look was sportswear and daily wear. Third, as a result of examining floral leggings sold at the top five domestic online shopping malls, the main print design of floral leggings was totally printed with one type of floral. Fourth, five peony and five chrysanthemum paintings were selected for the leggings design. Leggings designs were tied to colorway with black color and four chromatic colors on the background. Leggings designs were developed applying items with beautiful floral patterns. The floral patterns of Korean traditional folk paintings were very aesthetic and unique resources that could be applied as print designs of leggings. #Floral patterns of Korean traditional folk paintings #Peony painting #Chrysanthemum painting #Leggings design development #Athleisure look #민화의 화문 #모란도 #국화도 #레깅스 디자인 개발 #애슬레저룩 AbstractⅠ. 서론Ⅱ. 한국 전통 민화의 화문Ⅲ. 레깅스 패션 현황Ⅳ. 화문을 활용한 레깅스 디자인 개발Ⅴ. 결론REFERENCES

Effect of Trichoderma-Based Biofertilizers on the Flower and Fruit Pattern of Horned Melon (Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey. ex Naudin)

The lack of agronomic information is one of the various reasons given for the failure of indigenous vegetables to move from subsistence plants of restricted use to vegetables that are considerably researched, utilized, available, and commercially aggressive. A greenhouse study was conducted at Midlands State University’s Department of Horticulture and Agronomy to consider the impact of Trichoderma biofertilizer at different stages on the overall performance of horned melon (Cucumis metuliferus). A complete randomized block design (CRBD) was used for this greenhouse experiment. Four Trichoderma-based biofertilizer treatments (0.1 g/pot, 0.2 g/pot, 0.3 g/pot, and 0.4 g/pot) and a control treatment (0.0 g/pot) in four replications were laid down. Inoculation by way of biofertilizer registered significant ( p < 0.05 ) results as a greater number of male flowers were recorded. Higher rates of biofertilizers of 0.3 g/pot and 0.4 g/pot gave more flowers, 10.75 and 12.25, respectively, versus lower application rates of 0.1 g/pot and 0.2 g/pot with 6.25 and 6.50 flowers, respectively. The days to flowering increased from 0.0 g/pot (44.75 days) to 0.4 g/pot (49.00 days). Time taken to fruiting was affected significantly ( p < 0.05 ) with the application of the biofertilizer. The number of fruits per plant followed the same trend of number of female flowers along the main stem. The number of small fruits increased numerically from 0.0 g/pot (0.5 fruits) to 0.4 g/pot (1.5 fruits) but did not differ ( p > 0.05 ) statistically between all treatments. The results of this current study indicate that the Trichoderma-based biofertilizer significantly affects the flowering pattern and fruiting characteristics of horned melon at different application rates. Further investigations need to be conducted to reveal the potential derived from the Trichoderma-based biofertilizer in the production of horned melon.

High-density genetic mapping identified a major locus for environmental sex expression in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.)

Long-day length and high temperature inhibit sex expression in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.), and therefore directly impact the production potential. In this study, female flowering patterns in photoperiod-insensitive (PPIS) and photoperiod-sensitive (PPS) germplasms differed significantly in a moderately long day and high temperature environment. However, both germplasms exhibited a similar response in short day with either low temperature or high temperature environment. Photoperiod sensitivity led to this difference in sex expression between the germplasms. For the traits of 1st female flowering node (FFFN) and number of female flowers (NFF), high-density linkage map construction and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping were performed using SLAF-seq technology and 162 F2 individuals generated from PPIS and PPS. In total, 4 655 SLAFs were selected and mapped on 20 linkage groups (LGs). The total map length was 2 502.01 cM with an average interval distance of 0.75 cM. Major QTLs for both FFFN and NFF were detected on LG6 with intervals of 7.89 and 17.67 cM and PVE values of 30.5% and 22.9%, respectively. Further analyses of the major locus for FFFN revealed 73 protein-coding genes. Among them, 4 were related to sex expression, photoperiod flowering, and hormone response. An InDel (insertion and deletion) marker partially correlated with FFFN of the F2 population was also developed. Our study identified the QTL for the sex expression response to environmental factors using the high-density linkage map. The identified candidate genes and markers will provide useful information about the molecular interaction between the environment and sex expression and for marker-assisted selection of pumpkin environment-insensitive resources.

Flowering time regulation by the miRNA156 in the beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima)

Successful reproduction of the plants is considered as a critical challenge in meeting the nutritional needs of the growing world population. A major significant change in the plant's life cycle is the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase. The flowering and bolting processes are influenced by several genetic and physiological factors. Molecular and genetic studies have identified key factors in age-dependent gene regulatory pathways such as miR172-miR156-SPLs module in phase transition in plants. Unlike in model plants, the role of miR172-miR156-SPLs like regulatory networks remains unexplored in crops such as Beta vulgaris. In the present study, for the first time, miR156 from Beta vulgaris was identified and characterized. miR156 gene from Beta vulgaris was cloned and ectopically overexpressed under the control of strong 35S promoter in sugar beet explants. Subsequently, transcript levels of the miR156 and its known targets (SPL4 and SPL9) were quantified in the transgenic and control plants. Consistent with reported role of mir156 in downregulation of SPL4 and SPL9, miR156 overexpression plants exhibited delayed flowering and atypical rooting pattern indicative of abnormal root development and poor root foraging performance. Altogether, our results suggest that Beta vulgaris miR156 modulate phase transition by acting as negative regulator of SPL4 and SPL9.

The Application of RBF Neural Network Model Based on Deep Learning for Flower Pattern Design in Art Teaching.

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence technology has been deployed in art teaching and learning. Radial basis function (RBF) networks have a completely different design compared to most neural network architectures. Most neural networks consist of multiple layers that can introduce nonlinearity by repetitive application of nonlinear activation functions. In this research, people will study the application of the RBF neural network model based on deep learning in flower pattern design in art teaching. The image classification process is finding and labeling groups of pixels or vectors inside an image based on rules. Deep learning is a type of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks to replicate the structure and function of the human brain. The proposed model uses the RBF neural network-based deep learning model in flower pattern design in art teaching and provides efficient results.

Size of dislocation patterns induced by Vickers indentation in hydride vapor-phase epitaxy GaN

3D dislocation structures induced by Vickers indentation depending on the imprint size are precisely investigated using an alternation of cathodoluminescence and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), multiphoton excitation photoluminescence, and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy under a load range within a constant Vickers hardness. The dislocation structures are composed of a rosette pattern, a flower pattern, and a triangular area. The flower pattern distribution is dispersive along the z direction. The determined penetration depth of the dislocations by practical CMP is almost the same as the length of the imprint diagonal (d1). The dimensions of the individual patterns in the dislocation structure can be described as multiples of d1. That is, the geometric similarity between the imprint size and the dimensions of the dislocation structure is confirmed. This suggests that the dimensions of the dislocation structures induced under scratch can be estimated by measuring the width of the scratch. This shows that a simple method may be developed to determine the maximum thickness of the affected layer over the entire wafer area and the ability to develop low-cost GaN wafers free of affected layers.

Validating local meteorological forecast knowledge in the Bolivian Altiplano: moving toward the co-production of agricultural forecasts

ABSTRACT This study validates local forecast indicators used by indigenous Aymara in Bolivia’s Northern and Central Altiplano. In Bolivia, the use of traditional forecasting methods is declining even though climate services cannot provide useful forecasts because of a low density of stations and lack outreach services. Validating local knowledge can reduce the erosion of local knowledge by resolving debates over their utility within communities and by gaining support of public agencies charged with promoting indigenous knowledge. The research had three phases, first key informants identified forecast indicators, then 95 farmers were asked to evaluate their reliability. In the North, four indicators were rated as highly reliable and in the Central region, three. Finally, a seasonal forecast indicator and two indicators of the onset of rains were evaluating using historical meteorological data. The seasonal indicator was the minimum temperature on the Fiesta de San Juan, and the rainy season onset was the flowering pattern of two plant species. The minimum temperature explained 55.5% of the variance in growing season precipitation. Flowering patterns are affected by severe frosts, and there was a correlation between frosts and later rains. Results show local knowledge’s potential for improving agrometeorological forecasts and for managing weather-related risks.

Why Black Flowers? An Extreme Environment and Molecular Perspective of Black Color Accumulation in the Ornamental and Food Crops.

Pollinators are attracted to vibrant flower colors. That is why flower color is the key agent to allow successful fruit set in food or ornamental crops. However, black flower color is the least attractive to pollinators, although a number of plant species produce black flowers. Cyanidin-based anthocyanins are thought to be the key agents to induce black color in the ornamental and fruit crops. R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs) play key roles for the tissue-specific accumulation of anthocyanin. MYB1 and MYB11 are the key TFs regulating the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes for black color accumulation. Post-transcriptional silencing of flavone synthase II (FNS) gene is the technological method to stimulate the accumulation of cyanidin-based anthocyanins in black cultivars. Type 1 promoter of DvIVS takes the advantage of FNS silencing to produce large amounts of black anthocyanins. Exogenous ethylene application triggers anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit skin at ripening. Environment cues have been the pivotal regulators to allow differential accumulation of anthocyanins to regulate black color. Heat stress is one of the most important environmental stimulus that regulates concentration gradient of anthocyanins in various plant parts, thereby affecting the color pattern of flowers. Stability of black anthocyanins in the extreme environments can save the damage, especially in fruits, caused by abiotic stress. White flowers without anthocyanin face more damages from abiotic stress than dark color flowers. The intensity and pattern of flower color accumulation determine the overall fruit set, thereby controlling crop yield and human food needs. This review paper presents comprehensive knowledge of black flower regulation as affected by high temperature stress, and the molecular regulators of anthocyanin for black color in ornamental and food crops. It also discusses the black color-pollination interaction pattern affected by heat stress for food and ornamental crops.

신한복 온라인 플랫폼 구축을 위한 추천 치마디자인 개발

This study establishes an online customization platform for New-hanbok based on analyzing the hanbok brands and the preference for new-hanbok skirts. This study aims to develop a design that can recommend a modern hanbok skirt so that customers can purchase it online. Design elements according to body parts of each age group were extracted in two-dimensional and three-dimensional techniques, and short, medium, and long skirt designs were selected. The pattern for the selected design was made through YUKA Apparel CAD, and the design was confirmed by simulating by using a CLO 3D program. Pattern production dimensions were produced by substituting the dimensions of women in their early 20s from the 7th body dimension survey report of Size Korea. The applied dimensions are 161.0 ㎝ in height, 71.0 ㎝ in waist circumference, and 93.0 ㎝ in hip circumference. The exact dimension was applied to the virtual model for 3D simulation. As a result of examining design elements for 3-Dimension, young people in their 20s and 30s preferred long skirts of around 80㎝, and older people preferred medium-length (60㎝). Except for those in their 20s, short length (45㎝) was the least preferred, so skirt length was found to be related to age. Regardless of age group, the waist width was about 5㎝, which was the most preferred. Next, it seems that the simple shape of the skirt was designed with a change in the waist of the skirt, preferring a wide width. The most preferred length was an average length of about 60㎝, followed by about 100 ㎝. Young people preferred monochromatic colors for skirts, and older people preferred chromatic colors such as red and blue. Patterns were preferred more in the older age group than in the younger age group, and flower patterns were preferred the most. Among the developed skirt designs, the top three types with high preference seem to be related to individual tastes and age. Customers can purchase a recommended skirt simultaneously or re-recommendation for a new skirt by revising design components.

From flowering to foliage: Accelerometers track tree sway to provide high-resolution insights into tree phenology

Trees are bioindicators of global climate change and regional urbanization, but available monitoring tools are ineffective for fine-scale observation of many species. Using six accelerometers mounted on two urban ash trees (Fraxinus americana), we looked at high-frequency tree vibrations, or change in periodicity of tree sway as a proxy for mass changes, to infer seasonal patterns of flowering and foliage (phenophases). We compared accelerometer-estimated phenophases to those derived from digital repeat photography using Green Chromatic Coordinates (GCC) and visual observation of phenophases defined by the USA National Phenology Network (NPN). We also drew comparisons between two commercial accelerometers and assessed how placement height influenced the ability to extract seasonal transition dates. Most notably, tree sway data showed a greenness signal in an urban environment and produced a clear flowering time-series and peak flowering signal (PF), marking the first observations of a flower phenophase using accelerometer data. Estimated start of spring (SOS) from accelerometers and time-lapse GCC were more similar than start of autumn (SOA); accelerometers lagged behind the time-lapse camera dates by three and four days for SOS and 13 and 14 days for SOA for each tree. Estimates for SOS and SOA from accelerometers and time-lapse cameras aligned closely with different NPN phenophases. The two commercial accelerometers produced similar season onset: a difference of 2.4 to 3.8 days for SOS, 2.1 days for SOA, and 0.5 to 2.0 days for PF. Accelerometers placed at the main crown branch point versus higher in the canopy showed a difference of 0.2 to 4.9 days for SOS and -1.5 to 1.7 days for PF. Our results suggest accelerometers present a novel opportunity to objectively monitor reproductive tree biology and fill gaps in phenology observations. Furthermore, widely available accelerometers show promise for scaling up from individual trees to the landscape level to aid forest management and assessing climate change impacts to tree phenology.