Lithography Research Articles

Rubbish Printmaking

Rubber stamping, Tetra Pak print and kitchen sink lithography were some of the open-ended, exploratory processes, my inquisitiveness thrived upon during the printmaking MA at the University of the West of England. My curiosity always brought me back to exploring such techniques and material with no established orthodoxy or long tradition.
 On reflection, I believe the root of my practice was in part a response to the illustration/art history context in which I was first introduced to print. Art and technology were aligned; print was a commercial means to reproduce imagery. Slides of the technical accomplishments of master printmakers were projected each week, although inspiring they were also rather intimidating (how could we teenage students ever amount to such heights!) The philosophy of the Bauhaus-inspired books written by Peter Green, and published by Batsford, I found at the local library were more appealing and the printmaking within more attainable by comparison.
 During my MA second year along came Covid 19 and the lockdown. My printing practice was ideally suited to this new environment. I worked without a printing press, using pasta machines, spoons and rolling pins. Plastic 4-litre bottles instead of copper plates, cereal packets and coffee cups for collagraph print. Each outcome sparked further experiments.
 Whilst these experiments seemed outside the world of traditional print, they were, I reflected, informed by it. To create clear, readable print impressions I needed specific inks and paper. It required a knowledge of printing pressure in the pasta machine press for instance. Drypoint tools were purchased to create effective marks. There was a reciprocal relationship, in exploring print this way, it helped me to understand, and imbed traditional forms of printmaking. This alternative unorthodox form of print was my gateway into fully understanding and appreciating the field of printmaking.

Enhanced interfacial adhesion of patterned Cu-graphene nanolayered composite

In this study, graphene was physically patterned to allow for Cu-Cu contacts to serve as anchoring points, thereby preventing complete delamination at the interface, and the effect of the inclusion of Cu-Cu contacts on bending fatigue response was evaluated. Direct patterning and roll-based dry transfer process of CVD-grown graphene was used to fabricate patterned Cu-Gr nanolayered composites. Bending fatigue tests were performed to determine the optimal configuration of patterning that can lead to enhanced reliability. The graphene was shown to hinder crack formation and propagation, where the cracks were absorbed at the graphene interface through localized delamination while the patterned area with Cu-Cu contact served as anchoring points to prevent macroscopic delamination. Therefore, the optimized graphene patterning design proposed in this study was shown to provide a good balance in crack absorption at the interface and prevention of global delamination that can significantly enhance the reliability under bending fatigue.

Ultrahigh density InGaN/GaN nanopyramid quantum dots for visible emissions with high quantum efficiency

In this study, the selective area epitaxy (SAE) of InGaN/GaN nanopyramid quantum dots (QDs) on a block copolymer patterned (BCP) GaN template using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is reported. The pattern transfer process and SAE process are developed to enable a ultrahigh density of 7–9 × 1010 cm−2 QD formation with a feature size of 20–35 nm. The growth mechanism and geometrical properties of the QDs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, showing the nanopyramid QD structure with InGaN grown on semipolar {101¯1} planes. The optical characteristics of the nanopyramid QDs were examined by microphotoluminescence measurements. We observed QD emission centered at 488 and 514 nm, depending on the growth temperature employed. These emissions were found to be longer wavelength than those from a planar quantum well structure. This can be attributed to the combined effects of higher indium incorporation along the semipolar plane and a larger InGaN thickness. Furthermore, we also found that the QD emission intensity increases as the number of InGaN layers increases without wavelength shift, indicating a constant growth rate and indium incorporation along the semipolar plane after the formation of the nanopyramid structure. The internal quantum efficiency is estimated to be over 60% by comparing the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of QDs at low temperature and room temperature. PL emission wavelength shows an 11 nm blue shift, while the full width at half maximum decreases from 68 (351 meV) to 56 nm (303 meV) from room temperature to low temperature. By employing BCP lithography and SAE technique, we successfully demonstrated that ultrahigh density, small size InGaN/GaN nanopyramid QDs with visible emission were achieved, which could be a potential active region for QD light-emitting diodes and/or lasers.

Грошові перекази в Україні впродовж повномасштабної війни.

The article is dedicated to the study of the issues related to private money transfers to Ukraine from abroad and in the reverse direction after the onset of a full-scale invasion. The relevance of the research is explained by the dramatic changes in migration behavior of the Ukrainian population as a result of the full-scale attack by the aggressor country and the significant increase in population outflow beyond the country’s borders. As a result, it is necessary to identify the changes in the volumes and patterns of private transfers since these financial flows have been a source of well-being for their recipients and have significantly stimulated the development of the national economy. The aim of the article is to investigate money transfers to Ukraine from abroad and in the reverse direction after the full-scale invasion by the aggressor country. Methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, and selective observation were used. The novelty of the research lies in determining the significance of money transfers from Ukrainians during the full-scale war, identifying the resource potential of forced and voluntary migrants for conducting private transfers to Ukraine, and highlighting the theme of outbound financial flows from Ukraine. A full-scale war has led to a noticeable decrease in the overall volume of remittances to Ukraine. This has primarily occurred due to a reduction in the coverage area of data collection, as the aggressor occupied additional territories, and also due to possible changes in the remitters’ transfer behavior. Research has revealed a rapid decrease in the cost of conducting remittances to Ukraine following the onset of the full-scale invasion. Based on empirical data regarding the well-being of forced Ukrainian migrants abroad who left the country after the full-scale invasion, their potential for conducting private transfers to Ukraine is assessed as low. Migrants who left the country before the invasion have more opportunities for making transfers to Ukraine. The research has documented the widespread active use of funds accumulated in Ukraine abroad. This includes personal savings, pensions, and other types of payments, as well as infrequent remittances sent to forced migrants in their host countries.

Analysis of influence of inlet vapor quality on heat transfer and flow pattern in mini-channels during flow condensation process

Micro/mini-channel heat sinks are extensively utilized in heat dissipation systems that involve high heat flux components. These heat sinks are preferred due to their compact size and excellent heat transfer efficiency. The selection of a refrigerant condensation system for the heat dissipation system under vapor conditions is crucial. In order to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of flow condensation in a mini-channel, a visual experiment system was used with a hydraulic diameter of 2 mm and a volume flowrate of 30 mL/min, 60 mL/min, 90 mL/min, 120 mL/min respectively. The study focused on the effect of inlet vapor quality on the flow pattern and heat transfer characteristics of flow condensation in the mini-channel. The results indicate that the flow pattern in flow condensation process can be classified into annular flow, transition flow, slug flow and bubble flow in sequence along the flow direction. As the inlet vapor quality (xin) increases, the dominance of annular flow gradually increases, making it difficult to capture the bubble flow with high volume flowrate and high inlet vapor quality. This phenomenon is observed under experimental conditions when: 1) xin is equal to or greater than 0.75 at a volume flowrate of 60 mL/min, 2) xin is equal to or greater than 0.55 at a volume flowrate of 90 mL/min, and 3) xin is equal to or greater than 0.25 at a volume flowrate of 120 mL/min. The increase in inlet vapor quality is beneficial to the improvement of condensation heat transfer coefficient. In this experiment, it was observed that the local heat transfer coefficient was decreased by up to 83.7 % when comparing the lowest vapor quality to the highest at the same volume flowrate, emphasizing the significance of inlet vapor quality in the flow condensation during the heat transfer process.

Critical Pattern Selection Method Based on CNN Embeddings for Full-Chip Optimization

Source mask optimization (SMO), a primary resolution enhancement technology, is one of the most pivotal technologies for enhancing lithography imaging quality. Due to the high computation complexity of SMO, patterns should be selected by a selection algorithm before optimization. However, the limitations of existing selection methods are twofold: they are computationally intensive and they produce biased selection results. The representative method having the former limitation is the diffraction signature method. And IBM’s method utilizing the rigid transfer function tends to cause biased selection results. To address this problem, this study proposes a novel pattern cluster and selection algorithm architecture based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). The proposed method provides a paradigm for solving the critical pattern selection problem by CNN to transfer patterns from the source image domain to unified embeddings in a K-dimensional feature space, exhibiting higher efficiency and maintaining high accuracy.

The Transfer Patterns of Vulnerable Populations with Acute Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases

Abstract Background In Korea, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CCDs) are the second leading cause of death. As providing appropriate treatment within the golden hour is crucial for managing acute onset CCDs, health outcomes vary depending on the accessibility of hospital. This study aimed to investigate the healthcare accessibility of vulnerable populations based on the transfer patterns with acute CCDs. Methods We analyzed the transfer times to final treatment hospital using the Korean National Health Insurance claim database from 2016 to 2021. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis on whether patients were transferred between hospitals after adjusting for age, gender, income level, and residence. Results The risk of transfer between hospitals was lower in socially vulnerable groups (elderly, low-income groups, and people with disabilities) compared to other groups (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]=0.65; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.64-0.67 for people with disabilities vs people without disabilities), while it was higher in geographically vulnerable groups (rural) compared to other groups (aOR=2.05; [CI] 2.01-2.09 for rural vs metropolitan). Additionally, people with mild disabilities and those with visual, hearing, language, or physical disabilities showed higher transfer risk compared to other groups. Conclusions The risk of transfer showed opposite patterns between the two vulnerable groups with high mortality rates. The geographically vulnerable group had a higher risk due to absence treatable hospitals, while the socially vulnerable group might not have transferred even when it was necessary due to economic and physical constraints. The possibility of transfer was higher among the high-income group, which was assumed to be transferred to hospitals with better medical services. In fact, among patients hospitalized at teaching hospitals, 40% belong to the top 20% of income level. Efforts to improve accessibility for all in medical services should be continued. Key messages • The risk of being transferred between hospitals showed opposite patterns between socially vulnerable and geographically vulnerable groups with high mortality rates. • Measures are needed to improve access to quality hospitals, and monitoring is necessary for situations where necessary transfers are not carried out.

Microelectronics-compatible reduced graphene oxide based nanomechanical resonators capable of all-electrical actuation and read-out

Photolithographic patterning and deterministic transfer of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are key innovations that can give way to cost-effective batch processing of nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS)-based resonators with high throughput. Here, by implementing the same, we report a facile fabrication process for NEMS-based resonators consisting of rGO as the active material for the structural layer. The structural properties of rGO thin film are confirmed using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Temperature-dependent current–voltage characteristics of rGO film ensure the typical 2D Mott variable range hopping (VRH) transport with ambipolar charge conduction, further supporting the effectiveness of the fabrication process. All-electrical actuation and readout of the fabricated resonators are performed using both frequency modulation (FM) downconversion and piezoresistive mixing methods adeptly to achieve a resonance frequency of around 28–32 MHz. The fabrication process is compatible with the current microelectronic technology and can foster the prospect of on-chip implementation of rGO NEMS toward possible applications such as molecular sensors, mass detectors, etc.

Estimating Yangtze River basin's riverine N2O emissions through hybrid modeling of land-river-atmosphere nitrogen flows

Riverine ecosystems are a significant source of nitrous oxide (N2O) worldwide, but how they respond to human and natural changes remains unknown. In this study, we developed a compound model chain that integrates mechanism-based modeling and machine learning to understand N2O transfer patterns within land, rivers, and the atmosphere. The findings reveal a decrease in N2O emissions in the Yangtze River basin from 4.7 Gg yr−1 in 2000 to 2.8 Gg yr−1 in 2019, with riverine emissions accounting for 0.28% of anthropogenic nitrogen discharges from land. This unexpected reduction is primarily attributed to improved water quality from human-driven nitrogen control, while natural factors contributed to a 0.23 Gg yr−1 increase. Notably, urban rivers exhibited a more rapid N2O efflux (FN2O), with upstream levels nearly 3.1 times higher than rural areas. We also observed nonlinear increases in FN2O with nitrogen discharge intensity, with urban areas showing a gradual and broader range of increase compared to rural areas, which exhibited a sharper but narrower increase. These nonlinearities imply that nitrogen control measures in urban areas lead to stable reductions in N2O emissions, while rural areas require innovative nitrogen source management solutions for greater benefits. Our assessment offers fresh insights into interpreting riverine N2O emissions and the potential for driving regionally differentiated emission reductions.

Recommendations for Dynamic Treatment of Identity-Based Trauma: Opening the "I" to Reflection.

Current treatments for trauma are ineffective for many patients. For traumas involving violence that targets aspects of patients' identities, treatments that do not address systemic factors involved in the trauma (e.g., past and ongoing experiences of identity-based oppression and marginalization, developmental sequelae of invalidation or policing of identity, and identity-related patterns of transference and countertransference) may be ineffective. Psychodynamic approaches can flexibly address the identity-related dynamics between therapist and patient and incorporate patients' experiences of their various identities, in the context of trauma, into clinical formulation and treatment. The authors present concepts relevant to the dynamics of intersectional identities that may arise between therapist and patient and provide a case study illustrating how a patient's various identities affect their symptom manifestation and treatment course. The authors advocate for cultural humility and self-exploration of biases and assumptions among clinicians, because therapists do not hold expert knowledge of their patients' cultural experiences.

Natural Convective Nanofluid Flows Immersed in Oscillating Magnetic Fields Simulated by a Sub-Continuous Lattice Boltzmann Model

Abstract Natural convective nanofluid flows immersed in oscillating magnetic fields are simulated with a sub-continuous nondimensional lattice Boltzmann model. The effective electrical conductivity model is built including coupled effects of nanoparticle concentrations and two Knudsen numbers. Effects of directions, frequencies, and strength amplitudes of the magnetic fields are studied in wide ranges of Hartmann numbers (0.1≤Haf,L≤600) and Rayleigh numbers (103≤Raf,L≤107). To achieve higher values of cycle averaged Nusselt numbers Nu¯̂f,L, optimal magnetic directions are along or opposite from the gravity directions. Effects of the magnetic frequency f˜B are negligible, in the conduction dominating lower Rayleigh number regime of Raf,L<104. In the convection dominating regime, Nu¯̂f,L increase with Raf,L in orders of Raf,L0.48 and Raf,L0.45 for vertical and horizontal magnetic directions, respectively, and maximum values of Nu¯̂f,L appear at the optimal magnetic frequency of f˜B=1/5cs*MaL(L/UL) for all magnetic directions. With Raf,L as high as 106, the oscillating amplitudes of the transient wall mean Nusselt numbers Nu¯f,L increase with increasing Haf,L, but the cycle averaged Nusselt numbers Nu¯̂f,L decrease from 9.35 to 1.42 with increasing Haf,L in the transient regime of 5≤Haf,L≤500. Meanwhile, heat transfer patterns transit back from convection to conduction dominating patterns with increasing Haf,L, as illustrated by transient streamlines and isotherms.

Occurrence and Trophic Transfer of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes (PCNs) in the Arctic and Antarctic Benthic Marine Food Webs.

Information about the occurrence and trophic transfer of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in polar ecosystems is vital but scarce. In this study, PCNs were analyzed in benthic marine sediment and several biological species, collected around the Chinese polar scientific research stations in Svalbard in the Arctic and South Shetland Island in Antarctica. Total PCNs in biota ranged from 28 to 249 pg/g of lipid weight (lw) and from 11 to 284 pg/g lw in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, respectively. The concentrations and toxic equivalent (TEQ) of PCNs in polar marine matrices remained relatively low, and the compositions were dominated by lower chlorinated homologues (mono- to trichlorinated naphthalenes). Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were calculated for congeners, homologues, and total PCNs in the polar benthic marine food webs. Opposite PCN transfer patterns were observed in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, i.e., trophic dilution and trophic magnification, respectively. This is the first comprehensive study of PCN trophic transfer behaviors in remote Arctic and Antarctic marine regions, providing support for further investigations of the biological trophodynamics and ecological risks of PCNs.

Transfer of embodied carbon emissions from provincial transportation industry in China

This study employs a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model to measure these emissions and examines the growth and transfer patterns of embodied carbon in the transportation sector across different regions of China. Then we utilize Structure Decomposition Analysis (SDA) to identify the driving factors behind the observed emissions patterns. The findings of the study indicate that the transfer of inter-provincial transportation embodied carbon emissions follows a general trend of shifting from economically developed areas to underdeveloped areas along the industrial chain. The study also highlights that the per capita demand structure plays a crucial role in driving the increase in transportation embodied carbon emissions. On the other hand, the study identifies the direct carbon emission coefficient as a key factor that inhibits the rise in transportation embodied carbon emissions.

Towards tailored surface topography on electrospun wound dressings for exudate absorption

Since electrospinning can generate micro- to nanometre-scale fibres, it is widely used for fabricating wound dressings. Electrospun scaffolds with defined three-dimensional patterns at the mat surface can be efficiently fabricated using textured collectors that transfer the topography during the manufacturing process. However, the efficacy of surface pattern transfer from the collector to the mat, the correlation between the topography and the absorption capability and the effect of sterilisation on absorption have not yet been analysed. In this study, textured patterns were imprinted over polycaprolactone electrospun mats using textured collectors. The successful transferability of the patterns was quantified through height, hybrid and functional surface topography parameters. Additionally, ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ultraviolet (UV) sterilisation methods were tested, of which only UV preserved the morphological and functional integrity of the mat. Finally, fibroblasts were used to analyse the cytotoxicity and cellular response of the dressings, verifying their biocompatible nature. This study demonstrates that absorption capacity can be modulated by the surface texture of the wound dressing. The S dq and S dr parameters were identified as key surface characteristics for enhancing absorption capacity and yielded an increase of up to 176.76% compared with the non-textured control, thus revealing the potential of surface functionalisation for increasing exudate absorption.

Hydrocarbon condensation flow and heat transfer in wave helical pipes: Effect of structure parameters

In this study, two types of wave-structured pipes for heat exchangers that are easy to process are proposed, and the condensation pressure drop and heat transfer performances for hydrocarbon refrigerant upward flow in wave helical pipes are investigated. A numerical method based on the inhomogeneous two-fluid model is introduced and validated by experimental data in literature. The effect of wave parameters (wave height and wave length) on heat transfer, pressure drop and flow patterns are studied. At lower vapor quality conditions, it is found that as wave height increases, frictional pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient exhibit a trend of initially increasing, followed by decreasing, and then increasing again. However, under higher vapor quality conditions, frictional pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient continue to increase. Besides, both the frictional pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient increase with the decrease of wave length. The averaged enhancement on frictional pressure drop for vertical wave pipes and horizontal wave pipes are respectively 1.279–5.148 and 1.238–5.808 times, while the average augmentation in heat transfer coefficient is 1.243–3.006 and 1.316–3.579 times, respectively. The comprehensive thermal performance of wave pipes was assessed using the performance evaluation criterion. The range of averaged performance evaluation criteria (under different vapor qualities) in vertical wave pipes and horizontal wave pipes are respectively 1.150–1.737 and 1.230–2.026. The horizontal wave pipe when the wave height is 5 mm and wave length is 5.24 mm shows the best overall thermal performance, with an averaged performance evaluation criterion of 2.026. The two types of wave-structured pipes proposed in this paper can increase the pipe length of the spiral-wound heat exchanger at the same volume, while also improving the performance of the spiral-wound heat exchanger. The outcomes of the study can offer some assistance in creating simple but effective spiral wound heat exchangers.

Spatio-temporal distribution and dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes in a water-diversion lake, China

The distribution and dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in water-diversion lakes are poorly understood. In this study, two comparative in situ investigations of ARG profiles targeting water diversion (DP) and non-diversion periods (NDP) were conducted in Luoma Lake, a vital transfer node for the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. The results demonstrated significant spatiotemporal variations in ARG contamination and notable differences in the co-occurrence patterns of ARGs and bacterial communities between DP and NDP. Correlations among ARGs with the 16 S rRNA, and mobile genetic elements indicate that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and vertical gene transfer (VGT) in NDP, but only HGT in DP, were the primary mechanisms of ARG proliferation and spread, implying that water diversion could be an essential control of the transfer pattern of ARGs in a lake environment. The null model analysis indicated that stochastic processes, with predominant driver of ecological drift in the lake mainly drove the assembly of ARGs. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was developed to analyze the causal effects of the factors in shaping ARG dynamics and identify the major driving forces in the DP and NDP.

Experimental study on heat transfer and flow pattern transition for R1233zd/FC72 mixtures across tube bundles

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the heat transfer and two-phase flow patterns of pure R1233zd and non-azeotropic R1233zd/FC72 mixtures (0.75/0.25, 0.5/0.5, and 0.25/0.75 by mass) across tube bundles. The test section of tube bundles was transparent to observe the flow pattern. The flow boiling heat transfer was measured. The experiments were carried out with vapor qualities of 0.1–0.9, mass flow rates of 3–5 kg/h and heat fluxes of 3000–7000 W/m2. Falling film flow, bubbly flow, bubbly-shear flow, and shear flow were observed. The flow pattern transition maps were presented for various conditions. Increasing the mass fraction of the volatile component R1233zd causes the flow pattern transitions occurring at lower vapor qualities. The heat transfer coefficient of mixtures is lower than that of pure R1233zd. With increasing vapor quality, the heat transfer coefficient increases for both pure R1233zd and the mixture with a R1233zd mass fraction of 75 %. However, for mixtures with R1233zd mass fractions of 50 % and 25 %, the heat transfer coefficient initially increases and then decreases with increasing vapor quality. For vapor qualities higher than 0.5, increasing the volatile component, R1233zd, significantly enhances heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing mass flow rate and heat flux. The experimental data were compared with correlations in the literature with poor agreement. An improved heat transfer correlation for non-azeotropic mixtures flowing across tube bundles was proposed, which effectively predicted the experimental data.

A novel cross-disciplinary approach for estimating spatio-temporal pattern and drivers of pollution transfer caused by industrial transfer processes

Food security is the basic requirement for human health and social stability. However, food pollution risk caused by economic development models, e.g., industrial transfer, is poorly understood. In this study, we developed and tested a point-area-domain cross-disciplinary approach to quantitatively estimate patterns and processes of soil and rice heavy metal (Pb, Hg and Cd) pollution risk caused by the fourth global industrial transfer process in CG Province of China. Our results indicate that the industrial transfer policy caused obvious cross-regional soil Pb, Hg and Cd pollution and industrial transfer. Industrial transfer process largely exacerbated rice Hg pollution risk in industrial transfer undertaking areas, mainly in the west (29.18%), periphery (28.38%) and south (25.88%) regions. The concentration increase in the west ranged from 0.0001 to 0.0775 mg/kg (mean±S.D. 0.00327 ± 0.00447, median 0.0026 mg/kg). The most important industries regarding rice Hg pollution in industrial transfer undertaking areas included special equipment (26.53%)>metal processing (11.93%)>communication equipment (11.25%)>chemical product (10.90%)> electrical machinery and equipment (9.59%). The pollution transfer was mainly attributed to environmental regulations, factor endowment and industrial structure. Our study highlights the importance for the integration of industrial transfer into food security and poverty reduction plans in the developing regions. Environmental implicationFood security is the basic requirement for human health and social stability. However, food pollution risk caused by economic development models, e.g., industrial transfer, is poorly understood. We developed and tested a point-area-domain cross-disciplinary approach to quantitatively estimate patterns and processes of soil and rice heavy metal pollution risk caused by the fourth global industrial transfer process. Our results suggest that industrial transfer process largely exacerbated soil and rice Hg pollution risk in the southeast coastal areas of China. Our study highlights the importance for the integration of industrial transfer into food security strategies in developing countries.

Changes in Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Livestock Production, Meat Consumption and Trade in China

Livestock sector are the primary sources of non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, animal-based foods play a significant role in ensuring nutrition security and mitigating climate change. This study calculated the non-CO2 GHG emissions from livestock production (include poultry) and meat consumption (beef, pork, mutton and poultry), and simulated the trade pattern of meat by the Sino-TERM, to identify the transfer emissions from meat trade. The results showed that the non-CO2 GHG emissions from livestock production has maintained a steady decline at approximately 170 Mt CO2-eq in recent years and the non-CO2 GHG emissions from meat consumption has rapidly increased to 89.5 Mt CO2-eq. Interprovincial meat trade facilitated the transfer of 1275 Mt CO2-eq non-CO2 GHG, the characteristic of emissions in the central and the southwestern while consumption in the southeast was evident in the emissions transfer pattern. International meat trade resulted in 96 Mt CO2-eq non-CO2 GHG emissions export, with annual exports representing only 3 % to 9 % of production. Reducing food waste and ensuring equitable regional emission responsibilities is imperative for mitigating non-CO2 GHG emissions from the livestock sector.

The ‘Autographic Self’: Facsimile Signatures and Lithographic Portraiture at the Crossroads of Liberalism, Romanticism and Nationalism, c. 1800–60

This article traces the cultural history of a portrait format popularised through the global expansion of lithographic printing. This format combined a traditional portrait vignette with a lithographic facsimile of the sitter’s signature. Such ‘facsimile-autographed’ portraits evoked the notion that sitters had physically signed their own likenesses – testifying not only to the veracity of the depiction, but displaying an indexical trace of embodied agency. The article argues that this format afforded a particularly cogent way to conceptualise and communicate ideas about selfhood and society in liberal, romantic, and nationalist political programmes. Such lithographic portraits did not simply ‘encode’ or ‘reflect’ these new ideas, however, but were part of a technological revolution that decentralised the production of mass media and thereby reshaped the societies in which such novel ideas flourished. By connecting the various expressions of public selfhood found in facsimile-autographed portraits to the way lithography expanded audiences and reshaped modes of conceptualising public and private life over the course of the nineteenth century, this article argues that established scholarly concepts like the ‘romantic self’ or ‘liberal self’ might be reconsidered through a new, technomaterial heuristic: the ‘lithographic self’.