Sediment Distribution Patterns Research Articles

Linking regional unconformities in the Barents Sea to compression-induced forebulge uplift at the Triassic-Jurassic transition

The Triassic-Jurassic transition marks an important change in the basin configuration of the Greater Barents Sea. A contiguous basin with km-thick sedimentary successions changed into a partitioned basin with uplift in the west and foreland basins in the east with significant implication for the basin infill history. Our study employs a range of different high-resolution datasets from a distal part of the basin which unravels the complex pattern of differential uplift and erosion in the basin during this period.We record for the first time distinct angular unconformities between Upper Triassic strata and overlying Lower Jurassic strata within the basin, showing that large parts of it formed topographic highs. Our study links these angular unconformities to compression induced by the Novaya Zemlya Fold and Thrust Belt. A heterolithic basement below a thick sedimentary succession where the fold belt developed created a complex uplift pattern in the basin, at the same time similar to but different from typical forebulge areas. Compression caused inversion of older basement rooted faults defining platforms and graben systems throughout western parts of the Barents Sea basin, in addition to salt remobilization that resulted in differential uplift and erosion. These local zones of uplift controlled the sediment distribution pattern to the basin at a time when the most important reservoir units in the basin were deposited. This new understanding of the basin development explains hitherto enigmatic sequence boundaries that has inspired complex paleogeographic models in the past.

The sediment distribution based on types of grain size in the Cirebon and Demak waters

Research on the sediment distribution based on types of grain size in the Cirebon and Demak waters has been conducted. The purposes of this research were to analyze the pattern of sediment distribution based on types of sediment grain size associated with the ocean surface current and rainfall patterns. The research was conducted in January, February, and March 2017 in the waters of Cirebon and Demak. Primary data used in this research was seabed sediment data, while secondary data included daily surface current data from HYCOM (HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model) with resolution 0.080 and rainfall data. Sediment samples were taken by purposive sampling method at three point stations from each location. Sediment samples were analysed using wet sieving method at Marine Geology Laboratory of Diponegoro University, Semarang. The results showed that sediment texture in the Cirebon and Demak waters were dominated by sand, silt, and clay. The type of sediment in Demak waters was dominated by sand, whereas in the Cirebon region Was dominated by sandy silt. The pattern of sediment distribution was generally parallel to the coastline. Current velocity affected the sediment distribution, where larger types of sedimentary grains were found in areas with higher current velocities. Demak waters with strong current velocity was dominated by sand originating from various sources in the oceans which are carried by the currents and deposited on the coast. Cirebon waters with weaker current velocity and higher rainfall was dominated by sandy silt originating from the rivers that flow into the sea.

The sediment budget and dynamics of a delta‐canyon‐lobe system over the Anthropocene timescale: The Rhone River delta, Lake Geneva (Switzerland/France)

AbstractDeltas are important coastal sediment accumulation zones in both marine and lacustrine settings. However, currents derived from tides, waves or rivers can transfer that sediment into distal, deep environments, connecting terrestrial and deep marine depozones. The sediment transfer system of the Rhone River in Lake Geneva is composed of a sublacustrine delta, a deeply incised canyon and a distal lobe, which resembles, at a smaller scale, deep‐sea fan systems fed by high discharge rivers. From the comparison of two bathymetric datasets, collected in 1891 and 2014, a sediment budget was calculated for eastern Lake Geneva, based on which sediment distribution patterns were defined. During the past 125 years, sediment deposition occurred mostly in three high sedimentation rate areas: the proximal delta front, the canyon‐levée system and the distal lobe. Mean sedimentation rates in these areas vary from 0·0246 m year−1 (distal lobe) to 0·0737 m year−1 (delta front). Although the delta front–levées–distal lobe complex only comprises 17·0% of the analysed area, it stored 74·9% of the total deposited sediment. Results show that 52·5% of the total sediment stored in this complex was transported toward distal locations through the sublacustrine canyon. Namely, the canyon–levée complex stored 15·9% of the total sediment, while 36·6% was deposited in the distal lobe. The results thus show that in deltaic systems where density currents can occur regularly, a significant proportion of riverine sediment input may be transferred to the canyon‐lobe systems leading to important distal sediment accumulation zones.

Consideration of modern sendimentary processes of the Evros river delta front and prodelta, NE Aegean sea

Gravity cores data from the Evros River delta front and prodelta confirm the aspect that the Evros River deltaic deposits tend to west-northwest, along the main direction of the local hydrodynamic regime, preventing the construction of a symmetrical Holocene prism. In the delta front, the terrigenous sediment consists mostly of fine-grained material. Its vertical succession is monotonous with slight differences in grain size or colour, and lack of internal structure or current-produced laminae, indicating almost immutable sedimentary processes as well as long-term discharge fluctuations. The river-borne sand is limited because of its entrapment in the river mouth but sometimes, during extreme conditions (periods of high river discharge, short-lived catastrophic events etc.), can be transported seawards covering an extensive area of the Alexandroupolis Gulf. The negligible biogenic content and the absence of bioturbation effects are attributed to the high rates of deposition. Some bioturbated horizons are produced when sedimentation rates decrease temporarily. The prodelta sediment distribution patterns occur a distinctive zonation along an east-southeast to westnorthwest trend. In the central part, mud dominates, while on both sides of this area, the content of sand gradually increases and becomes the prevalent facies near the coast and in the outer plateau of the gulf. The vertical facies sequences of the upper sedimentary cover are complicated, with many variations in grain size, colour and biogenic content reflecting a complicated manner of deposition. The major feeder of this area is the Evros River providing great amounts of suspended load. Another remarkable source of sand is derived from the coastline, which during storm conditions provides coarse-grained material in the shoreface area. Finally, a sediment supplier of local importance, Loutros River, affects the eastern area of Alexandroupolis building up a small subaqueous fan. In the open sea, the consequences of the modern sedimentation are negligible. The sandy character of the surface and sub-surface sediments, the analysis of biogenic fragments, the long distance from the present-day terrigenous sources are some evidences which lead to the view that the upper sediment body of the southwestern part of the study area has a presumable relict origin. 210Pb profiles are, more of less, consistent showing a sedimentation rate more than 2 cm/yr in the delta front, which decreases to 0.2 cm/yr at about 8 km seaward.

The influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on grain size distribution along the southeastern Baltic spits

The influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the distribution of sand grain size along sandy beaches is assessed, based on study of three spits of the southeastern Baltic Sea: the Curonian, Vistula and the Hel. 330 sand samples were collected from the beach and foredune at 1 km intervals. Our findings show that although the three spits have some characteristics in common, e.g. a predominance of fine- and medium-grained marine sand on their beaches and foredunes, the grain size distribution patterns of the recent sediments along these spits differ significantly. The key factors determining the grain size distribution include the dominant hydrometeorological regime, anthropogenic activity and geological framework. Trends in the mean grain size differentiation along the Vistula and Curonian spits directly correlate with the direction of the longshore sediment transport: as the distance from sources of the longshore sediment transport increases, the size of sand particles, both on the beach and the foredune, decreases. By contrast, on the Hel Spit, this pattern is disturbed in areas of hydrotechnical construction and artificial beach nourishment. Sand differentiation along the beach can also be predetermined by the geological framework, particularly in lithologically anomalous sections, such as the JuodkrantĹ settlement on the Curonian Spit.

Stratigraphy and distribution pattern of volcanogenic sediments beneath downtown Mashiki, Kumamoto, SW Japan, seriously damaged by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake

Stratigraphy and distribution pattern of volcanogenic sediments beneath downtown Mashiki, Kumamoto, SW Japan, seriously damaged by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake

Heavy metals in coastal sediments of South Caspian Sea: natural or anthropogenic source?

This paper focuses on heavy metal distribution patterns in sediments of central Guilan (CG) and east Mazandaran (EM) in the south Caspian Sea coasts, north of Iran. Sediment sub-samples were retrieved from core and surficial samples in different environments of marine and coastal lagoons as well as coastal outcrops. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-MS and ICP-AES) analysis were used to determine the metal chemistry. Concentration of the selected heavy metals exhibited variations through sediment samples which are partially related to grain size and organic matter content. Geoaccumulation index and statistical procedures have been implemented for analyzing the absolute metal values. Result of the geoaccumulation index demonstrated that the metal distribution reflects the influence of geological background of the watershed area. Some elements including Pb, Ni, Cu, Sr and Ba showed elevated concentration in the CG that could be attributed to development of industrial activities. A comparison of the metal concentration in the marine sediments and the Late Holocene outcrops revealed that the level of the metals concentration at the sea generally corresponds to natural background. The northern part of Iranian multi-lithological catchments basin is the main source for the sediments that drained by the rivers to the South Caspian Sea basin

Wave–beach sediment interaction with shoreline changes along a headland bounded pocket beach, West coast of India

Grain size analysis was carried out to understand the behavior of sediment distribution in a pocket beach and to examine the relationship between the sediment distribution on surficial beach sediments with the wave energy and shoreline changes. Three seasons surficial beach sediment were sampled, and statistical characteristics were analyzed for September 2014, February 2015, and July 2015. The Mike-21 spectral wave model was utilized to estimate the wave energy distribution and shoreline changes were also mapped using Resourcesat-2 (LISS IV) satellite images and net shoreline movement method was adopted for shoreline change analysis. Because, shoreline changes directly indicate the erosion and accretion pattern of coastal zones. The analyzed sediment statistical parameters were correlated with the wave energy and shoreline changes. Based on the correlation, it was found that wave determines the sediment distribution pattern on Vengurla sandy beach. The result suggests that the beach sediment was mostly medium sand with moderately well sorted, fine skewed to coarse skewed with platykurtic, mesokurtic, and leptokurtic characteristics. The study area was under influenced medium wave to high wave action. The backshore samples have an average skewness of 0.030 Φ, which suggests depositional settings, whereas the bermline and foreshore have an average skewness of − 0.392 and −0.075 Φ, respectively, illustrating the erosional conditions. The sediment categorization results indicated that the backshore is stable, while the bermline is partly eroded as well as accreting in nature. The results show that the wave energy is playing a vital role in sediment distribution and transportation.

Simulation Model Pattern Distribution Sediment at Ambon Bay, Indonesia

The sedimentation occurring in the outer Ambon bay as a result of the effluent from Way Ruhu river causes the reduction the mouth of the outer Ambon Bay, so that it influences the current movement pattern and sediment distribution. This research aimed at analyzing the current movement pattern and sediment distribution pattern in the outer Ambon bay using two scenarios: with the reclamation and without reclamation. The research used the numerical model of MIKE 21DHI with modules of the hydrodynamic and mud transport. The research result indicates that the simulation current velocity with the absence of reclamation ranged from 0.0-0.4 m/s, while with the presence of the reclamation, the current velocity is slightly higher that is between 0.0 - 0.6 m/s the various velocity patterns. The sediment distribution pattern in the outer Ambon bay as the result of the effluent from the way Ruhu river follows the current movement. If the conditions leading to the tide and the highest tide, the sediment going out from way Ruhu river is pushed into the bay and vice versa, when the condition leading to the recede and lowest recede, the sediment concentration is pulled out from the bay. The suspended sediment concentration is between 0.002 kg/m3 - 0.030 kg/m3 with the various patterns. The suspended sediment concentration to the condition without reclamation is more collecting if compared with the suspended sediment concentration by the presence of the distributing reclamation because of current velocity effect.

The numerical model of the sediment distribution pattern at Lampulo National fisheries port

The spatial distribution of sediment pattern was studied at Lampulo Fisheries Port, Krueng Aceh estuarial area, Banda Aceh. The research was conducted using the numerical model of wave-induced currents at shallow water area. The study aims to understand how waves and currents react to the pattern of sediment distribution around the beach structure in that region. The study demonstrated that the port pool area had no sedimentation and erosion occurred because the port was protected by the jetty as the breakwater to defend the incoming waves toward the pool. The protected pool created a weak current circulation to distribute the sediments. On the other hand, the sediments were heavily distributed along the beach due to the existence of longshore currents near the shoreline (outside the port pool area). Meanwhile, at the estuarial area, the incoming fresh water flow responded to the coastal shallow water currents, generating Eddy-like flow at the mouth of the river.

The Spatial Distribution of Bed Sediments at Krueng Cut Estuary: The Sieve Analysis Approach

This research studied the characteristic of bed sediment in the estuary of Krueng Cut, Banda Aceh. Analyzing the field samples from different site of stations along the channel from upstream to estuary shows different pattern and profile of deposited bed sediment. Therefore, sorting the size of sediment is important spatially because pattern of its deposition and characteristic will illustrate how distribution patterns indicate the nature of the channel. Hence, the study aims to determain the pattern of bed sediment distribution as well as its profile spatially. To implement the intended purpose, the coring method was employed by using purposive random sampling for 15 stations of taken sampling. The sample of sediment was proceeded by using a 2,5 cm diameter of PVC paralon at the depth of 25 cm from the bathymetry base. Sample was analyzed using wet sieve analysis method. The result informed that the dominant of bed sediment size are medium sand found around the mouth of the river, fine sand existed along the mixing area, and very fine sand occurred in the transition zone. Inthe region of coastal dynamic, the sediment was dominated by medium sand size, meanwhile in the area of river dominated flow, the sediment is subject to fine sand size.Thus, the fraction of very fine sand size of sediment was found in the zona of transition.

Surficial sediments of the Paraná Inner Continental Shelf, Southern Brazil

This study examines surficial sediment distribution patterns, slope and morphological characteristics of the Parana inner continental shelf. Parana inner continental shelf is located on the southern Brazilian continental shelf, a wide and low gradient shelf, in the vicinity of two large unfilled estuaries and the Serra do Mar mountain range. It is characterized as a wave/storm dominated continental shelf with microtidal, semidiurnal regime and a small supply of recent continental sediments. We analyzed grain-size parameters and sediment composition of 875 grab samples and investigated the inner continental shelf morphology and slope through a digital bathymetric model built from regional nautical charts. We combined and evaluated the characteristics of grain-size curves, the spatial distribution of sediments, and the morphology and slope of the inner continental shelf to identify different sedimentary facies. Sediment distribution patterns change from the coast seaward and between three defined sectors along the coastline: south, central and north inner continental shelf. This variation seems to be related to recent sediment sources and to the presence of deposits from ancient coastal plain and inner continental shelf environments formed before the last Holocene sea-level highstand. Sediments with mean diameter of fine to very fine sands prevail at all depths. Deposits of sediments with mean diameter of silt and medium to coarse sands are significant in particular areas, generally associated with steep slopes, troughs, and sand ridges. Possible causes of sedimentary patchiness are the outcropping of medium to coarse sand and the supply of recent estuarine muddy sediments provided by large estuarine complexes to the Parana inner continental shelf. The results obtained contribute to the knowledge about the sediment dynamics of Parana inner continental shelf.

Effects of Zostera marina on the patterns of spatial distribution of sediments and macrozoobenthos in the boreal lagoon of Furen (Hokkaido, Japan)

Understanding patterns of spatial variations in benthic seagrass assemblages is a central issue in seagrass ecology. However, how patterns of spatial variations in macrozoobenthos and associated sediments differ between vegetated and unvegetated areas remain largely unexplored. In the present study, two different habitats represented by dense Zostera marina beds (Zostera) and unvegetated sediments (Bare) were compared at three locations, 100's meters apart, located at progressive distance from the Furen river in the boreal lagoon of Furen (Hokkaido, Japan). We tested the hypothesis that Z. marina influences the patterns of spatial distribution of abiotic and biotic components along an environmental (estuarine) gradient. The results showed considerable differences between Zostera and Bare, as well as between and within locations, in the distribution of both sediment variables (mud, total organic carbon [TOC] and total nitrogen, acid volatile sulfide, chlorophyll-a and pheopigments) and macrozoobenthic assemblage metrics (total number of species [S], Shannon-Weiner diversity index [H′], total abundance and abundance of dominant species). TOC content, associated to a high mud content, was highest in Bare irrespective of differences between locations (all being above a critical TOC threshold of 3.6%), while S and H′ were higher in Zostera than in Bare at all locations. Significant location x habitat effects were found in the abundance of dominant species, represented mainly by mollusks and crustaceans. Furthermore, the proportions of spatial variance were greater at the scale of replicates (meters apart) than at the scale of stations (10's meters apart) for both sediment variables and the dominant species. Importantly, for the dominant species the spatial variance at the smaller scale was much higher in Zostera than in Bare, indicating that at the scale of meters Zostera beds increase the patchiness in the spatial distribution of individuals compared to bare sediments. Overall, our results demonstrate that Z. marina has a strong effect on the spatial heterogeneity in the intensity of the ecological processes influencing patterns of sediment and macrozoobenthos distribution along an environmental gradient. The present study provides a general framework to evaluate patterns of spatial distribution across various scales within several hundreds of meters in seagrass-dominated, eutrophic coastal lagoons.

The significance of Upper Cretaceous hardgrounds and other discontinuity surfaces for basin-wide correlations, based on drillcore data from boreholes in northern Poland

The paper presents the hardgrounds and some other correlative discontinuity surfaces found in Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Maastrichtian) borehole sections of northern Poland. They were briefly described, and depositional environment was identified for both the underlying deposit (UD) and the overlying deposit (OD). The significance of these features for both basin-wide correlations and broadly understood sequence stratigraphic techniques is highlighted. They were correlated with other major discontinuity surfaces identified in boreholes of northern Poland in both drill cores and well logs if such identification was reliable based on geophysical borehole data. All these discontinuity surfaces were referred to the boundaries of the individual depositional cycles determined within the Upper Cretaceous succession: K3-II/K3-III, K3-III/K3-IV, K3-IV/K4-I, K3-IV/K4-II, K4-I/K4-II (or II or IV or V), K4-III/K4-IV (or V), K4-IVa/K4-IVb, probably K4-IVb/K4-V, and K4-V/Pc-I. The discontinuity surfaces can be related to both sea level fluctuations and tectonic activity during the Subhercynian phases. Most of them developed in relatively calm sedimentary conditions, outside the central part of the Mid-Polish Trough. The exceptions are three hardgrounds from the Czlopa–Szamotuly Zone, which seem to be associated mainly with the Late Cretaceous tectonic (including salt tectonics) activity of this zone. The most common UD/OD configuration of sedimentary environments is the open-marine carbonate shelf both beneath and above the discontinuity surface. The second most common situation is the open-marine carbonate shelf beneath and the open-marine shelf with carbonate-siliceous sedimentation above. The gaps at the surfaces span variously long intervals, ranging from short periods (spanning a fraction of a depositional cycle) to long periods (comprising one or more depositional cycles). The position of the discontinuity surfaces facilitates searching for any possible hiatuses in the sections of other boreholes, and paying attention to local changes in sediment distribution patterns, and local tectonic activity.

Diatoms, Spatial Distribution and Physicochemical Characteristics of the Wular Lake Sediments, Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir

ABSTRACT Lakes and wetlands are dynamic geomorphic units of a landscape that hold geochemical signatures of sediment provenance and paleo-environmental shifts and are major sinks for organic matter accumulation. The source of organic matter is diverse in lake sediments and varies widely with the type and size of the lake and hence it is important to understand the source of organic carbon (terrestrial or in situ) in lake systems in order to monitor the health of the lake. Wular lake, located in north Kashmir, is one of the largest fresh water lake in India, situated at an average elevation of 1580m ASL. The lake is fed by a number of watersheds that bring a diverse type of sediments and organic matter and thus deposit them into the Wular lake basin. In order to understand sediment distribution pattern, content and source of organic matter, sediment provenance and the persisting environment in the Wular lake, 32 lake floor sediment samples covering the entire lake were collected and analyzed for organic element analysis, CaCO3, organic matter, sediment texture and diatom analysis. The results indicated that sediments in the lake are dominated by silt and silty clay. The organic carbon in the lake ranged from 0.83%-4.52% and nitrogen varied from 0.06%-0.5%. The Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) ratios (9.04 to 22.03) indicate a mixed source of organic carbon but dominated by in situ lake sources from the vascular and lake biota accumulation. The diatom analysis revealed the occurrence of a diverse type of species along the sampling sites present within the lake. The wide distribution of the diatom species such as Cymbella, Cyclotella and Tabularia etc. in the lake indicate high organic pollution and alkaline fresh water environment prevailing in the lake.

Historical changes in organic matter input to the muddy sediments along the Zhejiang-Fujian Coast, China over the past 160 years

The burial of sedimentary organic matter (SOM) in large river-influenced estuarine-coastal regions is affected by hydrodynamic sorting, diagenesis and human activities. Typically, the inner shelf region of the East China Sea is a major carbon sink for the Yangtze River-derived fine-grained sediments. Most of the previous work concentrated on studies of surface sediments or used a single-proxy in this region. In this study, two cores from the Zhejiang-Fujian Coast were analyzed using bulk (TOC, TN and δ13CTOC) and molecular biomarker (n-alkane, brassicasterol, dinosterol and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids) techniques to clarify the sources, spatiotemporal distribution and fate of SOM in the Yangtze River Estuary and adjacent shelf. Results indicated that the effects of diagenesis and diffusion on different sedimentary biomarkers resulted in overestimation of the relative contribution of terrestrial organic matter (%OMterr), compared with those based on δ13CTOC. The amount of terrestrial plant organic matter (OMplant) and %OMterr in sediments decreased offshore. In contrast, the amount of marine organic matter (OMmarine) increased offshore, but closer to the Yangtze River mouth, the amount of soil organic matter (OMsoil) increased. Moreover, the amounts of TOC, OMplant and OMmarine biomarkers increased, but OMsoil and %OMterr decreased over time in recent decades. Our study suggests that spatial OM distribution patterns in marine shelf sediments were controlled primarily by hydrodynamic sorting and nutrient concentration, and temporally diverse patterns were controlled predominantly by anthropogenic influence (e.g. dam construction and soil conservation, reclamation and agricultural plantations, anthropogenic nutrient input, dust storms, eutrophication, etc.) and climate events (e.g. interdecadal climatic jump and heavy rain events) in the geological period.

Magnetic properties indicate sediment provenance and distribution patterns in the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China

The sources, transport pathways and main distribution limitations of surface sediments were clearly identified in the Bohai Sea (BS) and Yellow Sea (YS) by combining the particle size and magnetic property distribution characteristics. The sediment distribution pattern on shelves is mainly controlled by the sediment sources, which include Huanghe-derived sediments, coastally eroded sediments, old Huanghe and old Changjiang subaqueous delta sediments, and mixed sediments transported by the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC). The distribution pattern of silt reflects the transport pathway and limitation of the Huanghe- and old Huanghe-derived sediments, and the sand distribution reflects the final distribution of the coastally eroded sediments, including the eroded old Changjiang subaqueous delta sediments. In addition to the sediment sources, the complex hydrodynamic pattern on the shelves has an important influence on sediment distribution and transport. The sediment particle size and topography of shelves exert limited control over the sediment distribution. Surface sediment sources in the central South YS (SYS) were identified, with the most important contribution being from mixed sediment sources and a convergence area of finer sediment located at approximately 123°E, 36°N.

Ecological and taphonomical influences on coccoliths in surface sediments in the shelf of the Yellow and East China Seas

Coccoliths, combined with sediment grain size, carbonate calcium and organic matters content, were analyzed to assess the ecological and taphonomical influences on coccolith distribution patterns in surface sediments in the continental shelf of the Yellow and East China Seas. Coccolith abundances ranged from 0 to 2.08×109 coccoliths g−1 sediment. The increasing abundance from the coastal inner shelf to the seaward middle shelf generally reflects the ecological fact that living coccolithophores are more abundant in the mesotrophic shelf waters than in the eutrophic coastal waters, although their deposits are still controlled by taphonomical effects, such as bottom (tidal) currents and calcite preservation conditions. Most abundant coccoliths are found in the fine-grained sediments of southwestern Cheju Island, where both ecology and taphonomy favor coccolith preservation. Still, large densities of coccoliths (>108 coccoliths g−1 sediment) are also found in coarse-grained relict sediments in the middle shelf. Coccolith assemblages were predominated by Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Emiliania huxleyi. The relative abundance of E. huxleyi, in addition to ecological reasons, may relate to selective post-mortem dissolution, since small E. huxleyi coccoliths are more susceptible to dissolution. Coccolith calcite has minor contributions (<1% to 12%) to total sediment CaCO3, and the main parts are attributed to terrigenous CaCO3 debris and relict shell fragments.

COHESIVE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODELING ON INNER AMBON BAY

&lt;em&gt;The presence of&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; cohesive sediment in the water column can reduce light penetration and affect photosynthesis process, and it can be disrupted the primary productivity of aquatic, and sedimentation of coastal waters. The objective of this research was to determine the cohesive sediment distribution pattern and the relationship with sedimentation. MIKE 3 FM modeling was used to understand the process of sediment transport and sedimentation on Inner Ambon Bay. Sediment transport modeling method was divided into two stages: the hydrodynamic modeling (baroclinic) and sediment transport (mud transport) modeling. The model results indicate current patterns in the Inner Ambon Bay is influenced by the tidal factor. Suspended sediment dispersed vertically from the surface to a depth of 30 m with concentration of about 3.5-15 Kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. The maximum consentration of the suspended sediment occurs at head of the bay (around Waiheru, Passo, and Lateri). Model simulations for 30 days showed the rate of erosion is about 1.04-6.15 Kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/s, while in Inner Ambon Bay the erosion about 9.07x10&lt;sup&gt;-8&lt;/sup&gt;Kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/s only occurred in T1 station. Sedimentation associated with the cohesive sediment accumulation and it was shown by bed level. In addition, the simulation showed bed level in sill ranged at 0.01-0.19 cm and 0.47 mm/day on average, while in the Inner Ambon Bay it ranged from 1.75-10.01 cm, and the sedimentation rate was approximately 39.9 mm/day.&lt;/em&gt;

COHESIVE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODELING ON INNER AMBON BAY

The presence of cohesive sediment in the water column can reduce light penetration and affect photosynthesis process, and it can be disrupted the primary productivity of aquatic, and sedimentation of coastal waters. The objective of this research was to determine the cohesive sediment distribution pattern and the relationship with sedimentation. MIKE 3 FM modeling was used to understand the process of sediment transport and sedimentation on Inner Ambon Bay. Sediment transport modeling method was divided into two stages: the hydrodynamic modeling (baroclinic) and sediment transport (mud transport) modeling. The model results indicate current patterns in the Inner Ambon Bay is influenced by the tidal factor. Suspended sediment dispersed vertically from the surface to a depth of 30 m with concentration of about 3.5-15 Kg/m3. The maximum consentration of the suspended sediment occurs at head of the bay (around Waiheru, Passo, and Lateri). Model simulations for 30 days showed the rate of erosion is about 1.04-6.15 Kg/m2/s, while in Inner Ambon Bay the erosion about 9.07x10-8Kg/m2/s only occurred in T1 station. Sedimentation associated with the cohesive sediment accumulation and it was shown by bed level. In addition, the simulation showed bed level in sill ranged at 0.01-0.19 cm and 0.47 mm/day on average, while in the Inner Ambon Bay it ranged from 1.75-10.01 cm, and the sedimentation rate was approximately 39.9 mm/day.