Pattern Of Menstruation Research Articles

An integrative literature review of menstruation patterns in people with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) encompasses a range of inherited autosomal recessive enzyme conditions that impact steroid hormone production. This lifelong condition has associated health risks for some individuals, including adrenal crisis, and menstruation and fertility issues. Health literacy materials focused on the physical and pharmacological aspects of managing menstruation (i.e., treatment to initiate or maintain menses for those with CAH) are scarce. This article addresses this gap by exploring menses patterns in people with CAH. An integrative literature review searched articles published between 2005 and 2020, and 30 articles met inclusion criteria. Study findings indicated that while menarche seems to occur at an average age for people with CAH, menstruation is commonly disrupted and irregular. Several studies reported individuals achieving regular menses and pregnancy, while others noted individuals consistently showing poor control, irregular menses, and infertility despite ongoing treatment. A few studies reported such individuals as “non-adherent” or worse “non-compliant” with their medication regimens when health outcomes were lower than expected. We emphasize that such fault finding by health service providers around adherence acts as a barrier to communication with people with CAH. We argue that a sustained and coordinated person-centred approach focusing on communication and education across situational, developmental, and organizational transitions, can promote health literacy, foregrounding individuals’ health and bodily autonomy across their life span. Future research needs to address gaps in knowledge translation that supports menstrual education for individuals with CAH. Studies should also address how medication management is assessed and adherence negotiated with individuals with CAH.

Lifestyle and Prevalence of Menstrual Disorders among Undergraduate Medical and Nursing Students: Can We Bring a Change?

Menstruation is a normal physiological phenomenon, but sometimes the abnormalities and pain associated with it can severely affect the daily routine of women and may create a stressful environment for them. The objective of this study was to conduct a comparative evaluation of the pattern of menstruation, lifestyle and the outlook toward menstruation among undergraduate female medical and nursing students. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among the undergraduate medical and nursing students of a tertiary care Institute. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Of the 400 students approached, 188 completed the questionnaire. The mean age of the participants was 21.23 ± 1.47years. The mean age of menarche was 12.65 ± 1.24years among the medical students and 13.69 ± 1.38years among the nursing students (P < 0.05). Overall, the common menstrual abnormalities observed were dysmenorrhea (71.2%) and premenstrual syndrome (70.2%) followed by menstrual irregularity (14.8%). On correlating lifestyle with menstrual abnormalities, no significant association was found. However, the most common reason for college absenteeism in both groups was dysmenorrhea and fear of unexpected heavy bleeding. Despite having a medical background and knowledge about the physiology of menstruation, medical and nursing students do carry certain myths regarding menstruation which are being carried forward in society. Small roleplays in the OPD (Outpatient Department) area and public awareness lectures should be planned. They will not only develop confidence and better understanding among the students but also create social awareness.

The effect of chamomile on menstruation pattern and serum androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with menstrual disorders and hyperandrogenism, which is considered to be a common cause of hirsutism and infertility. Chamomile has been used as a medicinal herb known for its menstrual property. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chamomile on the menstruation pattern and serum androgens in PCOS women. This study was a randomized clinical trial, conducted on 80 women during their reproductive age with PCOS from April 2014 to August 2015. They were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received a chamomile capsule (containing 370 mg dried powder of German chamomile flower) three times a day for 12 weeks, while the control group received placebo (starch-based capsules) with the same prescription order. Menstrual questionnaires as well as the androgens of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were examined before and after 3 months. The primary outcome in the chamomile capsules user group, the number of participants with normal menstrual cycles significantly increased (p<0.001). In addition, a significant improvement in the number of menstrual cycles after the chamomile therapy was observed. A significant decrease was observed in testosterone levels in the intervention group. However, there was no significant change in the level of hormone dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in both intervention and control groups (P = 0.423). Chamomile can have a significant impact on menstrual regulation and decrease the total testosterone levels in women of reproductive age with polycystic ovary syndrome. It is recommended that careful, large randomized controlled trials should be conducted to understand the mechanisms of action of chamomile and its effects on menstruation process.

Comparison of tamoxifen and hormone replacement cycle (HRT) in frozen embryo transfer. A randomized controlled trial.

The use of frozen embryos in the treatment of infertility with assisted reproductive techniques has been increased. Different methods are used to prepare the endometrium for frozen embryo transfer (FET). The aim of this study was to compare pregnancy outcomes after treatment with tamoxifen and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) in FET. This randomized clinical trial was carried out with 214 infertile women in the infertility research center of Milad Hospital in Mashhad during 2018-2020. We had 84 patients receiving tamoxifen and 92 took HRT. Endometrial thickness (ET) and pregnancy outcome were measured in both groups. Mean infertility duration (p=0.328), number of embryos (p=0.649), FSH (p=0.390), LH (p=0.051) and LH/FSH ratio (p=0.287) as well as type of infertility (primary or secondary) (p=0.295), causes of infertility (p=0.750) and pattern of menstruation (p=0.676) were not significantly different in the two groups. Mean ET in the TMX and HRT groups were 8.72±1.45mm and 9.00±1.69mm, respectively (p=0.423). There was no statistically significant difference between chemical pregnancy (p=0.663), clinical pregnancy (p=0.994) and ongoing pregnancy (p≥0.999) in the TMX and HRT groups. Treatment with tamoxifen can be as effective as GnRH agonist for endometrial preparation in FET.

Relationship of Menstrual Patterns with Serum Ferritin Levels in Brides-to-Be in Padang City

Background: Among the causes of high Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in Indonesia is anemia. Iron deficiency anemia, the most common type of anemia, frequently occurs in women of childbearing age because they experience menstruation each month. To diagnose iron deficiency, serum ferritin level could be used as one of the indicators. This study aims to know whether there is an association between menstruation patterns and serum ferritin level in brides-to-be in Padang. Method: This study was conducted using an analytic observational method with a cross-sectional design. A Total of seventy samples of brides-to-be aged 20-30 years were gathered using a consecutive sampling technique. This study was conducted from November 2019 until April 2020. Data on menstruation patterns were collected through a questionnaire. Data of serum ferritin levels were acquired from venous blood sampling and measurement of serum ferritin levels with The Electro Chemiluminescence Immuno Assay (ECLIA) method. Bivariate analysis of this study used Independent T-test. Results: This study showed sixty-eight point six percent of respondents were experiencing abnormal menstruation patterns while the mean of serum ferritin levels was normal (sixty-two point zero seven ± thirty-nine point forty-five ng/ml). The Independent T-test showed p-value = 0,921. Conclusion: There was no significant association between menstruation pattern and serum ferritin level in brides-to-be in Padang. Keywords: iron deficiency anemia, women of childbearing age, menstruation patterns, serum ferritin levels.

Role of Sthanic Chikitsa in Stree Roga: An Ayurveda Review

Ayurveda put health of women on prime focus and gives detailed description on Stree Roga and their management through Ayurveda approaches. The common gynecological problems are Yonidaha, Yonikandu, Yoni paicchilya, Yoni strava, Yoni karkashata, Vamini and Upapluta yonivyapad, etc. The disturbed pattern of menstruation also causes many gynecological problems associated with female health. Ayurveda explains many ways for curing gynecological disorders especially Yoni Roga requiring local therapeutic measures, Sthanik Chikitsa is one of them which offers therapeutic relieves in various Stree Roga. Yoni-Pichu, Yoni Dhoopan, Yonidhawan, Yoni-Lepana, Uttarbasti, Yoni-Varti and Agnikarma, etc. are common approaches of Sthanik Chikitsa which are useful in many gynecological problems. These all approaches of Ayurveda help to maintain good health status of women and relives symptoms of white discharge, itching, burning micturation, foul smell and discharge, etc. These non-surgical and less invasive techniques offers health benefits to retain reproductive health of female and does not imparts severe side effects. Present article explains role of Sthanic Chikitsa in various Stree Roga.

Pattern of menstrual cycle after kidney transplant in reproductive women

Background. In reproductive women, transplant disturbs the menstrual cycle pattern. The two major conditions usually encountered are amenorrhea and menorrhagia.The objective of the study was to assess the pattern of menstrual cycle after kidney transplant in reproductive women.Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out in a public sector hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. A total 69 patients of reproductive age were included who underwent living kidney donor transplant for more than a year ago. Women having genital tract infection, using hormonal treatment, organic cause of genital tract, clotting disorder and severe cardiac and/ or peripheral vascular disease were excluded. Frequency and percentages were calculated for demographic characteristics. Correlation and association analysis was calculated for type of menstruation with menstrual cycle pattern. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results. Majority of female included in the study aged between 35–39 years (36, 52.2%). The most frequent menstrual disturbance observed was heavy menstrual bleeding (22, 31.9%) and amenorrhea (21, 30.4%). Only 2.9% cases showed normal menstrual pattern. The cross tabulation indicated that 26.1% patients had amenorrhea, 24.6% had oligomenorrhea and 31.9% had menorrhagia. The Durbin–Watson value of 0.656 indicated a strong positive relationship between menstruation cycle pattern (dependent variable) and type of menstruation, marital status, donor’s age, children and living location of the patients (independent variables).Conclusion. From the result of the present study, it is concluded that the reproductive age women have shown a disturbed pattern of menstrual cycle after kidney transplant. The major observation was that such patients reported amenorrhea, menorrhagia, oligomenorrhea and hypomenorrhea.

A predictive model for next cycle start date that accounts for adherence in menstrual self-tracking.

ObjectiveThe study sought to build predictive models of next menstrual cycle start date based on mobile health self-tracked cycle data. Because app users may skip tracking, disentangling physiological patterns of menstruation from tracking behaviors is necessary for the development of predictive models.Materials and MethodsWe use data from a popular menstrual tracker (186 000 menstruators with over 2 million tracked cycles) to learn a predictive model, which (1) accounts explicitly for self-tracking adherence; (2) updates predictions as a given cycle evolves, allowing for interpretable insight into how these predictions change over time; and (3) enables modeling of an individual's cycle length history while incorporating population-level information.ResultsCompared with 5 baselines (mean, median, convolutional neural network, recurrent neural network, and long short-term memory network), the model yields better predictions and consistently outperforms them as the cycle evolves. The model also provides predictions of skipped tracking probabilities.DiscussionMobile health apps such as menstrual trackers provide a rich source of self-tracked observations, but these data have questionable reliability, as they hinge on user adherence to the app. By taking a machine learning approach to modeling self-tracked cycle lengths, we can separate true cycle behavior from user adherence, allowing for more informed predictions and insights into the underlying observed data structure.ConclusionsDisentangling physiological patterns of menstruation from adherence allows for accurate and informative predictions of menstrual cycle start date and is necessary for mobile tracking apps. The proposed predictive model can support app users in being more aware of their self-tracking behavior and in better understanding their cycle dynamics.

A Study to assess the Effectiveness of Video-Assisted Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Girls at selected school in Rudrapur, Udham Singh Nagar

Introduction: Adolescent phase in girls is a transition from girlhood to womanhood and marks the onset of female puberty. Puberty is the age at which the internal reproductive organs reach maturity, usually between the age of 11 to 15 years and Menarche is a biological, psychological, social, as well as behavioral transition for an adolescent girl from girlhood to womanhood. Menstruation is the most important physiological and biological sign of female puberty. It is the results of changes in hormones in the body and it’s a natural phenomenon; most of the adolescent girls have some wrong beliefs and behavior regarding menstruation. The main of this study is to provide adequate knowledge about menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. It will help to develop and improve the hygienic pattern of menstruation and reduce the risk of reproductive tract infections. Methodology: To achieve the objectives of the study quantitative research approach was used in the study; pre experimental one group pre-test post-test design was selected. The data were collected from 45 Adolescent girls from 6th to 9th standard students of Guru Ram Das International School Rudrapur, Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand. And the non probability purposive sampling technique was used. The tools used for the study was (1) structured questionnaire to assess the socio-demographic data and (2) Structured questionnaire to assess knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene. Result: The finding of study revealed that the mean post-test knowledge score (18.80) was significant greater than the pre-test knowledge score (13.57) of experimental group of student, [t (44) = 9.47, P&lt;0.05]. The result showed that there was significant association between knowledge of student regarding menstrual hygiene with per month family income and previous knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene as the Chi square value for per month family income and (25.76, P&lt;0.05) and previous knowledge about menstrual hygiene (6.78, P&lt;0.05). The knowledge of student regarding menstrual hygiene was improved.

Noncyclical and cyclical mastalgia in Turkish women: Prevalence, risk factors, health-care seeking and quality of life

Our aim in this study was to determine the prevalence of cyclical and noncyclical mastalgia, its underlying risk factors, and to examine its effect on women’s quality of life. This study was conducted on 415 women, among whom the prevalence of mastalgia was found as 20.7%. It was found that experiencing intense stress, daily coffee and chocolate consumption, breast surgery history and the menstruation pattern were risk factors associated with mastalgia. Some domains of quality of life were found to be negatively affected in women who had mastalgia. Awareness among women about the risk factors of mastodynia and lifestyle changes is needed to improve mastalgia management.

How I treat immune thrombocytopenia – a global view

How I treat immune thrombocytopenia – a global view

Penggunaan KB Pada Wanita Usia Subur

Women of childbearing age are women who enter the age between 15-49 years without taking into account their marital status. Women of childbearing age have reproductive organs that are still functioning properly, making it easier to get a pregnancy, which is between the ages of 20 to 45 years. Injectable contraception has advantages and disadvantages. Lack of injection contraception is disrupted menstruation patterns among which are amenorrhea, menorrhagia, and spots that appear, delay in returning fertility after cessation of use, weight gain. Indonesian and English that meet the PICO and SPIDER criteria Because of the limitations of the article, quantitative studies are used to get a more accurate review. Based on the analysis of the journal there are nursing implications that have been compared from the 10 journal opinions of researchers of many women of childbearing age who diligently exercise and eat healthy foods to maintain a healthy diet to prevent weight gain in women of childbearing age who use KB injections.

RISK FACTORS DETERMINANTS ANEMIA EVENTS IN ADOLESCENT PUSKESMAS IN KOTA SELATAN

Anemia is a global public health problem that needs special attention. Anemia in adolescent girls is a common problem, especially in developing countries (WHO, 2008). Anemia is a health problem that is most often found in countries both developed and developing, including Indonesia .. The prevalence of anemia in Indonesia is not so much with the global anemia prevalence rate is 21.7% where the prevalence of anemia has been entered into the category of public health problems was that it should receive special attention. Teenagers are particularly at risk age group the incidence of anemia due to nutritional needs particularly iron exceeds the needs of other age groups due to accelerated growth and increased physical activity. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of anemia among adolescent girls in Puskesmas Kota Selatan Kota Gorontalo. Type with a cross-sectional study using bivariate test by chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression test. This research instrument using a questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between the age of menarche (p = 0.001), knowledge (p = 0.000), maternal education (p = 0.000), the pattern of menstruation (p = 0.000), BMI (p = 0.009), menstruation (p = 0.003). The most dominant factor to the incidence of anemia among adolescent girls in Puskesmas South City Gorontalo is a factor of knowledge with p value 0.001 exp B = 2.650 (CI 1.643 to 4770), which means that respondents who have a good knowledge will likely 2,

Clinical and Histopathological Presentation of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Perimenopausal Women in Tertiary Center of Nepal.

Abnormal uterine bleeding is defined as any bleeding outside of normal menstruation pattern with excessive duration, frequency, and amount and it is a common problem among women of reproductive age group with varied presentations. The aim of the study was to correlate the histopathological finding in patients with abnormal dysfunctional uterine bleeding with the presenting clinical feature. A prospective cross sectional study was carried out at Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital, Thapathali, Kathmandu during the period of one year (February 2019 to January 2020). It included 77 perimenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding who presented in gynecology outpatient department and planned for dilatation and curettage. Then the participants were counselled and informed consent was taken. Histopathological reports reviewed and analysis done. The most common age group of women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding was 40 to 44 years and the commonest clinical feature was menorrhagia (31/77, 40.3%) followed by menometrorrhagia (18/77, 23.4%). Majority of women were multiparous, parity 3 to 4 (38/77, 49.4%). Proliferative endometrium (29/77, 37.7%) was most common histopathological findings followed by secretory endometrium (24/77, 31.2%). Proliferative endometrium was more commonly associated with menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia whereas secretory endometrium with metrorrhagia (P-value 0.000). Menorrhagia and Menometrorrhagia are the most common clinical presentation among perimenopausal women with AUB, whereas proliferative endometrium and secretory endometrium were the common histopathological findings respectively.Accurate diagnosis is crucial for a selection of relevant treatment and avoidance of unnecessary major surgical procedure.

Perceptions of contraceptives as factors in birth outcomes and menstruation patterns in a rural community in Siaya county, Western Kenya

Unmet need for contraception persists in Kenya despite an increase in awareness and availability of family planning services. There is a dearth of information on experiences and perceptions of contraception, specifically related to birth outcomes and menstruation patterns, in western Kenya. The aim of this study was to explore knowledge and perceptions on contraception, menstruation, and birth outcomes. In-depth interviews were conducted with 45 respondents; adolescent girls with children, mothers over age 20, and fathers. Six Focus Group Discussions were held with 60 participants drawn from Skilled Birth Attendants, Traditional Birth Attendants, and Community Leaders. A thematic content analysis approach was used. We found that most participants knew about contraceptives and accessed the services in their local health facilities. A majority of the women associated problems with the inability to track menstruation with contraceptive side effects. Beliefs linking contraceptives to the occurrence of preterm and birth defects were also reported among the respondents. Overall, most women approved of contraceptives, however, perceptions remained largely negative among men. While contraception remains an important health service for improvement of maternal-child health, the belief that it affects menstruation and contributes to preterm births hinders its uptake in the community. There should be programmatic intervention targeting families to change the negative perceptions linked to contraceptive use.

Effect of dysmenorrhea on quality of life in university students: A case-control study

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of dysmenorrhea on quality of life in university students and the affecting factors. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted with 610 female students [300 with dysmenorrhea (case group), 310 without dysmenorrhea (control group)], who were studying at Bozok University in Yozgat, between September 2018 and December 2018. Data were collected with the Personal Information Form, Visual Analogue Scale and World Health Organisation Quality of Life Assessment-Bref. Results: In students with dysmenorrhea, physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health subscales mean scores were significantly lower than those in the control group. Furthermore, the duration of menstrual bleeding, menstruation pattern, dysmenorrhea rating, body mass index, and smoking were determined to be statistically significant factors affecting the quality of life of students with dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: Dysmenorrhea is considered to be a gynecological problem that negatively affects the quality of life. Healthcare professionals may contribute to enhancing the quality of life of students by providing training and consultation services regarding the treatment and management of dysmenorrhea.

Menstrual pattern of severe intrauterine adhesion following hysteroscopy adhesiolysis

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the menstrual and uterine shape in patients diagnosed with severe intrauterine adhesion (IUA) on hysteroscopy and to assess the outcome following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis.&#x0D; Materials and methods: It is a retrospective study of patients with severe intrauterine adhesion who attended with complain of infertility, abortion , and repeated dilatation and curettage to our institution from January 2017 and December 2017. Post hysteroscopic adhesiolysis the inserted of urinary balloon catheter and intrauterine device (IUD). The sodium hyaluronate gel was administered inside the uterus and oral cyclical hormonal treatment was initiated after the surgery to all patients to prevent reformationof adhesion, and promote endometrial regeneration respectively. The outcome of menstrual pattern and uterine shape were retrospectively analyzed. Data analyzed was performed with SPSS for Windows, version 20.0). Statistically significant level was set at p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: In a total number of 64 patients with severe intrauterine adhesion and mean age of 30.1 years old were participated in this study. No identification of any complication around the hysteroscopy adhesiolysis. Out of 64 severe IUA patients, 59 (92.1%) patients had second, 42 (65.6%) had the third hysteroscopic adhesiolysis procedure required. After 3 months follow-up, restore of uterine shape and 95 % of patients in progress to normal menstruation, which was considered as significant (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: The patients with severe intrauterine adhesion (IUAs) have found significant progress of normal pattern of menstruation with normal shape of the uterine cavity following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis. The repeat procedure and strategies are necessary for prevention of adhesions.&#x0D; Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(3) 2020 p.475-479

The relationship between warm and cold temperament and dysmenorrhea

BackgroundDysmenorrhea or painful menstruation is one of the most important common health problems in women. Improving temperament could decrease painful menstruation by decreasing menstrual blood flow. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between warm and cold temperament and dysmenorrhea among Iranian female students. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional analytical study which was conducted on 112 nursing and midwifery female students. The data were obtained by two questionnaires. The first questionnaire contained questions about the general characteristics of the participants, obstetrical information and menstruation pattern (including bleeding severity) and pain ruler. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using mean, standard deviation) and chi-square. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. ResultsThe mean age of participants was 20.26 ± 0.91 and the average May be number of consumed pads was 3.25 ± 1.42. Pain had been started less than one year after the onset of the first menstruation (46.4% of participants), 1–3 years after onset of menstruation (17.9%), and more than three years after onset of menstruation (35.7%). Also, the results of this study revealed a significant relationship between pain severity and temperament, in addition, severe dysmenorrhea was seen in 66.7% of people with cold temperament (p = 0.001) ConclusionThe results of this study showed that the pain is more observable in cold temperament group, therefore we can empower the gynecologists, midwives and nurses in this field by practical training for them and accordingly contribute to reduce the use of chemical drugs by women with primary dysmenorrhea as well as increasing their efficacy in daily activities and improving their quality of life and their physical and mental health.

Identification of predictors for acute postoperative pain after gynecological laparoscopy (STROBE-compliant article)

While the pain after gynecological laparoscopy is assumed to be minor, many women suffer from unexpected postoperative pain in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). Prior identification of these patients is significant for effective analgesia. Therefore, we sought to determine the predictors for acute postoperative pain after gynecological laparoscopy. The data of 280 patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy were analyzed. Data included demographic characteristics, previous obstetric/gynecologic surgical history, menstruation pattern including dysmenorrhea severity, gynecological hormone administration history, and surgical data (surgical time, endometriosis severity, adhesion, drainage insertion, and surgery type). Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression were used to evaluate predictors for substantial pain in the PACU after gynecologic laparoscopy. Among the 280 patients, 115 (41%) suffered from substantial postoperative pain in the PACU. Whenever the level of dysmenorrhea became more severe (none → mild → moderate → severe), the risk of substantial pain in the PACU increased 2.9-fold (odds ratio [OR] 2.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.11–4.03, P < .001). Moreover, patients undergoing laparoscopy for ectopic pregnancy had a higher risk of substantial pain compared with the others (OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.36–7.12, P = .007). Other factors did not show a significant association with substantial pain. Patients with preoperative severe dysmenorrhea and those undergoing laparoscopy for ectopic pregnancy should be considered to have a high risk of substantial postoperative pain in the PACU so that they receive prompt and aggressive analgesic intervention. In particular, dysmenorrhea severity is clinically valuable as a useful predictor for substantial pain after gynecological laparoscopy.

Determination the Date of Menarche in a Sample of Girls in Karbala City

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد متوسط عمر الفتيات عند أول حيض في مدينة كربلاء/ العراق وإيجاد العلاقة بين هذا العمر ومتغيرات عينة الدراسة. منهجية البحث: تم جمع البيانات من 323 فتاة كعينة دراسة تم اختيارها عشوائيا من فبراير 2018 إلى مارس 2018 من طالبات المدارس الابتدائية والثانوية. تم تصميم الاستبيان ليشمل جزأين، الجزء الأول اشتمل مؤشر كتلة الجسم، المستوى التعليمي، دخل الأسرة بينما الجزء الثاني خاصًا بالحيض، بما في ذلك (موعد أول دورة شهرية، نمط الحيض، عدد أيام تدفق الحيض، وطبيعة تدفق الحيض). أجري التحليل الإحصائي باستخدام برنامج SPSS لاستخراج نتائج الدراسة (التكرارات، النسب المئوية، المتوسط الحسابي، الانحراف المعياري، معامل ارتباط سيبرمان لإيجاد العلاقة والدلالة المعنوية بين العمر عند أول حيض والمتغيرات الأخرى) النتائج: متوسط عمر الفتاة عند أول حيض كان (12.099 ± 1.390) سنة وأغلب الفتيات لديهن مؤشر كتلة الجسم طبيعي (59.8%)، دخل الاسرة كاف (61.3%)، طبيعة تدفق الحيض كان متوسط (54.8%) ونمط الحيض منتظم (75.2%)، وكانت أيام تدفق الدم (6 وما فوق) اليوم (70.3%)، وهناك علاقة قوية بدلالة 0.01 بين عمر الفتاة عند أول حيض، مؤشر كتلة الجسم، والمستوى التعليمي، ودخل الأسرة، وعدد من الأيام من تدفق الحيض، بينما لا يوجد ارتباط مع نمط الحيض وطبيعة تدفق الحيض لعينة الدراسة. الاستنتاجات: العمر عند الحيض بين الفتيات في مدينة كربلاء يشبه العمر في البلدان الأخرى. كان الوسط الحسابي ± الانحراف المعياري (12.09± 1.39(سنة، معظمهن لديهن مؤشر كتلة الجسم الطبيعي وخصائص الحيض الطبيعية. هناك ارتباط كبير بين العمر عند الحيض ومؤشر كتلة الجسم، المستوى التعليمي، دخل الأسرة، وعدد أيام تدفق الحيض. في حين لا يوجد ارتباط كبير مع نمط الحيض وطبيعة تدفق الحيض من عينة الدراسة. التوصيات: يعد سن البلوغ والذي من مظاهره الحيض وهو مرحلة مهمة في حياة الفتيات، لذلك يجب إعدادهن عن طريق تثقيفهن حول أهمية الصحة البدنية والنظام الغذائي الصحي والرياضة التي تسهم في تحسين صحتهن الإنجابية.