Lateral Pattern Research Articles

Is radiological rotation measurement affected by the fracture pattern in pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures?

In supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHF), the most frequently used method to calculate rotation is the Gordon lateral rotation percentage (GLRP) defined by Gordon et al. However, this technique includes only typical fractures (49%-80% of all fractures) from the Johns Hopkins (J-H) fracture classification system. The aim of the study was to investigate (1) is Gordon criteria useful for John Hopkins subgroups of supracondylar fractures and (2) is Gordon criteria affected by internal and external rotation. This study was designed using four pediatric left humerus bones obtained from the Sawbone© company. For each bone, an osteotomy was made to mimic each of the J-H coronal fracture patterns. The cut bones were placed in a wooden rotation apparatus. The GLRP measurements were taken by five blinded observers. In the repeated measurements of the observers, <20° rotation typical and <30° medial oblique and lateral oblique fracture pattern were measured as within the limits of an acceptable amount of rotation according to the Gordon criteria. However, for high fracture pattern (HFP), ≤30° internal rotation and <60° external rotation were determined to be within the acceptable rotation criteria according to the Gordon criteria. All fracture patterns have different characteristics; however, based on the data of this study, the Gordon criteria can be used safely for typical, medial oblique, and lateral oblique fracture patterns but it is necessary to lower the acceptable rate of 50% for HFP.

Vertical and Lateral Variation of Ecological Risk Index of Heavy Metals in the Euphrates River Sediments between Heet and Fallujah, Iraq.

The heavy metals (HMs) contamination of river sediments and their ecological risks is a global environmental problem that has attracted the attention of researchers and those interested in environmental protection. The study aims to investigate the ecological hazards of some HMs in sediments of Euphrates River between the cities of Heet and Fallujah, Iraq and their lateral and vertical variations. At three depths—0-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm—samples of sediment were collected from five sites. Atomic Absorption Flame Emission Spectrophotometer (ASC.7000) was used to measure concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The ecological risk index (ErI) values of metals in Euphrates River sediment in the study area take the following descending order: Cd > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Zn. The ErI levels were low for Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn and considerable ecological risk for Cd. The obtained results did not show a common lateral variation pattern of the ecological risk of the measured metals. There is a high level of risk for the measured metals at the downstream sampling sites except for the risk from Cd on the contrary. The potential ecological risk of Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn showed a similar vertical variation pattern which in turn reflects a common source or origin for these metals, while copper and nickel showed a different common distribution pattern.

Plasticity of root hair and rhizosheath traits and their relationship to phosphorus uptake in sorghum.

Sorghum is an essential crop for resilient and adaptive responses to climate change. The root systems of crop plants significantly contribute to the tolerance of abiotic stresses. There is little information on sorghum genotypes' root systems and plasticity to external P supply. In this paper, we investigated the variations in root systems, as well as the responses, trait relationships, and plasticity of two sorghum genotypes (Naga Red and Naga White), popularly grown in Ghana, to five external P concentrations ([P]ext): 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg P kg-1 soil. Sorghum plants were grown in greenhouse pots and harvested for root trait measurements at the five-leaf and growing point differentiation (GPD) developmental stages. The plants were responsive to [P]ext and formed rhizosheaths. The two genotypes showed similar characteristics for most of the traits measured but differed significantly in total and lateral root lengths in favor of the red genotype. For example, at the five-leaf growth stage, the lateral root length of the red and white genotypes was 22.8 and 16.2cm, respectively, but 124 and 88.9cm, at the GPD stage. The responses and plasticity of the root system traits, including rhizosheath, to [P]ext were more prominent, positive, and linear at the five-leaf stage than at the GPD growth stage. At the five-leaf growth stage, total root length increased by about 2.5-fold with increasing [P]ext compared to the unamended soil. At the GPD stage, however, total root length decreased by about 1.83-fold as [P]ext increased compared to the unamended soil. Specific rhizosheath weight correlated with RHD, albeit weakly, and together explained up to 59% of the variation in tissue P. Root hair density was more responsive to P supply than root hair length and showed a similar total and lateral root length pattern. Most desirable responses to P occurred at a rate of 200-300 mg P kg-1 soil. It is concluded that sorghum would form rhizosheath, and [P]ext could be critical for the early vigorous growth of sorghum's responsive root and shoot traits. Beyond the early days of development, additional P application might be necessary to sustain the responses and plasticity observed during the early growth period, but this requires further investigation, potentially under field conditions.

Enhanced reverse osmosis filtration via chaotic advection induced by patterned membranes: A numerical study

This paper numerically explores the potential of patterned membranes inducing chaotic advection to enhance the efficiency of reverse osmosis (RO) filtration. We compared the filtration performance of four different membrane patterns: flat surface (FS), lateral pattern (LP), herringbone pattern (HP), and staggered herringbone pattern (SHP). The dimensionless pattern depth (dp∗) and the Reynolds number (Re) were chosen as key parameters with influence on the flow and mass transfer characteristics. The numerical scheme was validated by comparing concentration profiles and permeate flux to the experimental data. Poincaré sections were used to represent the dynamical systems in spatially periodic filtration modules. Numerical simulations were conducted for an RO process with an aqueous NaCl solution, varying dp∗ and Re within the ranges of dp∗≤0.3 and 100≤Re≤1000. The HP and SHP significantly enhanced filtration performance compared to the FS and LP, regardless of Re. Chaotic advection induced by the HP and SHP effectively suppressed concentration polarization by transporting solutes away from membrane surfaces and uniformly redistributing them back to the feed stream. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the patterned membranes inducing chaotic advection can enhance the energy efficiency of RO filtration as well.

The phosphoinositide signature guides the final step of plant cytokinesis.

Plant cytokinesis, which fundamentally differs from that in animals, requires the outward expansion of a plasma membrane precursor named the cell plate. How the transition from a cell plate to a plasma membrane occurs remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the acquisition of plasma membrane identity occurs through lateral patterning of the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate PI(4,5)P2 at the newly formed cell plate membrane. There, the phosphoinositide phosphatase SAC9 emerges as a key regulator, colocalizing with and regulating the function of the microtubule-associated protein MAP65-3 at the cell plate leading zone. In sac9-3 mutant, the polar distribution of PI(4,5)P2 at the cell plate is altered, leading to ectopic recruitment of the cytokinesis apparatus and formation of an additional cell plate insertion site. We propose that at the cell plate, SAC9 drives the depletion of PI(4,5)P2, which acts as a polar cue to spatially separate cell plate expansion from the acquisition of plasma membrane identity during final step of cytokinesis.

Evaluation and story drift ratio limits of structures with separated gravity- and lateral-load-resisting systems using pushover analysis

In recent years, China has strongly advocated the development of prefabricated buildings. To meet the growing demand for housing construction, it is necessary to develop high-rise prefabricated structures. To increase the construction efficiency of high-rise prefabricated structures, an innovative composite structural system with separated gravity- and lateral-load-resisting systems (referred to as an ‘innovative structural system’) was developed, and its seismic performance was evaluated. At the component level, efficient numerical models of the composite frames, reinforced-concrete (RC) shear walls, RC coupling beams, and braces in the innovative structural system were developed using the general finite-element software MSC.Marc. The fragility curves of these components were developed through parametric analysis and a literature review of previous research and database documents. At the system level, through finite-element analysis, the seismic mechanism of the innovative structural system under lateral loads, including the lateral displacement pattern, plastic development pattern, and failure mode, was compared with that of the traditional composite frame–shear wall system. A static pushover analysis was performed, and the displacement response results of the innovative structural system under the maximum considered earthquake strength were obtained. The damage to the components was evaluated via fragility analysis, and the seismic performance of the innovative structural system was compared with that of the traditional system according to the safety factor. The results indicated that for high-rise composite structural systems with separated gravity- and lateral-load-resisting systems under frequently occurring earthquakes, the reasonable range of the story drift ratio limit in design is 1/800 to 1/1000, and a limit value of 1/1000 is recommended conservatively.

Nonlinear seismic analysis of irregular base isolated structures using a new modified lateral load pattern

Nowadays, seismic isolation systems are increasingly used by engineers for retrofitting existing structures and designing new ones. Nevertheless, limited studies have been conducted on the performance evaluation of the nonlinear static analysis methods for estimating the seismic demands of the base isolated structures. The current study proposes a new modified lateral load pattern for seismic analysis of base isolated structures using modified capacity spectrum method (MCSM). Moreover, this study investigates the applicability of the modal pushover analysis (MPA) and modified capacity spectrum methods for assessing the base isolated structures with setback irregularity. To this end, two types of steel moment resisting structures including 3-story (low-rise) and 9-story (medium-rise) with different irregularities in elevation are considered. All the structures are isolated by three types of lead rubber bearing (LRB) isolators with various stiffnesses. In order to consider the effect of ground motion, two types of near-fault and far-fault ground motions are selected. To evaluate the performance of the MCSM and MPA methods, the structural seismic demands estimated by these methods are compared with their benchmark values obtained by the nonlinear time history analysis method. The obtained results show the superiority of the modified capacity spectrum method and the effectiveness of the new modified lateral load pattern presented for this method.

Hydrogeomorphology of Asymmetric Meandering Channels: Experiments and Field Evidence

AbstractMeandering channels display complex planform configurations with upstream (US)‐ and downstream (DS)‐skewed bends. Bend orientation is linked to hydrodynamics, bed morphodynamic regime, bank characteristics, riparian vegetation, and geological environment, which are the modulating factors that act specially in high‐amplitude and high‐sinuosity conditions. Based on the interaction between hydrodynamics and morphodynamics, previous studies have suggested that sub‐ (β &lt; βR) and super‐resonant (β &gt; βR) morphodynamic regimes (where β is the half width‐to‐depth ratio of the channel, and βR is the resonance condition) may trigger a particular bend orientation (upstream‐ and downstream‐skewed, respectively). However, natural rivers exhibit both US‐skewed and DS‐skewed bend patterns along the same reach, independently of the morphodynamic regime. Little is known about the hydrogeomorphology (forced and free morphodynamic patterns) under these bend orientations. Herein, using the asymmetric Kinoshita laboratory channel, experiments under sub‐ and super‐resonant conditions (with presence or absence of free bars) for upstream‐and downstream‐skewed conditions are performed. The experiments with migrating bars (β = 10, 15) are compared with previous experiments where only migrating dunes (β = 2) under sub‐resonant condition were observed. Additional, detailed field measurements at US‐ and DS‐skewed bends of different skewness along the Tigre River in Peru are also presented. Conditions at field scale filter out the influence of the morphodynamic regime in high‐sinuosity and high amplitude bends, where nonlinear processes (width variation, bedform dynamics) can directly affect the development of the three‐dimensional flow structure, and consequently the erosional and depositional patterns, and the lateral migration patterns.

Design and Seismic Performance of Tied Braced Frames

In this work, a tied braced frame (TBF) was developed to achieve uniform inelastic deformation in an eccentrically braced frame (EBF) by connecting links across the entire frame height with tie members. Herein, a TBF design method is proposed, considering a new lateral force distribution pattern. To better evaluate the seismic performance, and verify the design advantages of the TBF, nonlinear time-history analysis and fragility analysis were conducted using 6-, 10-, and 20-story TBF models designed using this method, as well as EBF models for comparison. It was found that the maximum inter-story displacement angles of the TBF model were reduced by 10%, 3.3% and 6.3% at the 84th percentile at 6, 10 and 20 stories, respectively, and the DCF values were also reduced by about 5.5%, indicating that the design of the TBF structure is more reasonable. The results revealed that the TBF models featured more uniform distributions of the normalized link shear forces and inter-story drift ratios, resulting in a better damage distribution and more ductile behavior. Furthermore, under earthquakes, the tie axial forces were similar to those calculated using the design equation, thereby indicating the reliability of the design method. Under the same seismic conditions, the PGA values of the TBF structure are about 10~15% lower at 50% exceedance probability compared to the EBF structure; the CMR values of the 6-story, 10-story, and 20-story models are 1.12, 1.09, and 1.06 times higher than those of the EBF structure, respectively. Notably, based on a comparison of the exceedance probability from the fragility analysis results for the TBF and EBF models, the TBF model exhibited better anti-collapse performance.

3D Printing of Multimaterial Contact Lenses.

3D printing of multimaterial objects is an emerging field with promising applications. The layer-by-layer material addition technique used in 3D printing enables incorporation of distinct functionalized materials into the specialized devices. However, very few studies have been performed on the usage of multimaterial 3D printing for printable photonic and wearable devices. Here, we employ vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing to produce multimaterial contact lenses, offering enhanced multiband optical filtration, which can be valuable for tackling ocular conditions such as color blindness. A combination of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) was used as the base hydrogel for 3D printing. Atto565 and Atto488 dyes were added to the hydrogel for wavelength filtering, each dye suitable for a different type of color blindness. Multimaterial disks and contact lenses, with separate sections containing distinct dyes, were 3D-printed, and their optical properties were studied. The characteristics of multimaterial printing were analyzed, focusing on the formation of a uniform multimaterial interface. In addition, a novel technique was developed for printing multiple dyed materials in complex lateral geometrical patterns, by employing suitable variations in CAD models and the UV curing time. It was observed that the multimaterial printing process does not negatively affect the optical properties of the contact lenses. The printed multimaterial contact lenses offered a combined multi-band color blindness correction due to the two dyes used. The resulting optical spectrum was a close match to the commercially available color blindness correction glasses.

Sexual Dimorphic Rightward Lateralization of Cerebral Sulcal Infolding in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Cerebral sulcal infolding exhibits unique species-related lateralization patterns. The present investigation aimed to characterize the asymmetric patterns of sulcal infolding in cynomolgus monkeys and their sexual dimorphism. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired at 7-Tesla from the fixed brains of adult male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) monkeys. The gyrification index (GI) was estimated on MR images throughout the cerebral cortex (global-GI) or in the representative primary sulci (sulcal-GI). The global-GI did not differ between the sexes when the ipsilateral sides were compared. Although there was no sex difference in the sulcal-GI of the ipsilateral sides of any primary sulci, a significant right bias of the sulcal-GI was noted in the inferior rams of the arcuate sulcus and circular sulcus in males but not in females. Secondary sulcal emergence was examined to assess sulcal infolding asymmetry at the individual and population levels. Nonbiased asymmetric emergence was noted in the posterior supraprincipal dimple in both sexes and the rostral sulcus in females. Notably, the emergence of the superior postcentral dimple was significantly right-lateralized in females. The findings revealed right-biased sulcal infolding in male and female cynomolgus monkeys, although the lateralized cortical regions differed between the sexes.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for simultaneous detection of oxidative potential and copper in aerosol samples.

The potential reach of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics into daily routines for exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Cu in aerosolized particulate matter (PM) demands that microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) take into consideration the simple detection of these toxic PM components. Here, we propose μPADs with a dual-detection system for simultaneous ROS and Cu(II) detection. For colorimetric ROS detection, the glutathione (GSH) assay with a folding design to delay the reaction yielded complete ROS and GSH oxidation, and improved homogeneity of color development relative to using the lateral flow pattern. For electrochemical Cu(II) determination, 1,10-phenanthroline/Nafion modified graphene screen-printed electrodes showed ability to detect Cu(II) down to pg level being low enough to be applied to PM analysis. No intra- and inter-interference affecting both systems were found. The proposed μPADs obtained LODs for 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), used as the ROS representative, and Cu(II) of 8.3 ng and 3.6 pg, respectively and linear working ranges of 20 to 500 ng for ROS and 1 × 10-2 to 2 × 102 ng for Cu(II). Recovery of the method was between 81.4 and 108.3% for ROS and 80.5-105.3% for Cu(II). Finally, the sensors were utilized for simultaneous ROS and Cu(II) determination in PM samples and the results statistically agreed with those using the conventional methods at 95% confidence.

In situ construction of anti-corrosion structure via intermediate carbon cloth for long-life zinc anode

Metallic zinc is regarded as an ideal anode in aqueous batteries, while the poor life associated with the ever-deepening interface corrosion and dendrite growth severely restricts the practical application. Herein, in situ construction of anti-corrosion structure via intermediate carbon cloth is developed to realize stable Zn deposition for long-life utilization. During the repeated charge and discharge, anode reactions including Zn plating and the parasitic reactions are gradually transferred to the intermediate carbon surface, and the growth of byproduct (zinc hydroxide sulfate, also ZHS) is regulated as a lateral pattern. This stable interface growth activates the stabilizing effect from ZHS and makes it an anti-corrosion structure for further Zn deposition. Meanwhile, such a layer also effectively adsorbs Zn atoms for the uniform nucleation and growth. As a result, over 3200 h of stable Zn plating/stripping is realized at a practical current density of 1 mA cm−2, and both the reaction current and the capacity can be stably extended to 10 mA cm−2 and 10 mAh cm−2. This work redefines the stabilizing effect of conductive interphase layer, and provides a new insight into the growth regulation of ZHS byproduct and the self anti-corrosion effect.

Learning and laterality in wild-caught Namaqua rock mice (Micaelamys namaquensis)

Individuals often exhibit differences in cognition and/or preferences for one side over the other. Such differences have been attributed to the mating system and lateralization of the brain hemispheres that can differ between the sexes, respectively. Despite the hypothesized significant effects on fitness, only a limited number of rodent studies addresses sex differences in laterality and most focus on laboratory rodents. Here we examined whether wild-caught Namaqua rock mice (Micaelamys namaquensis), a rodent widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, exhibit sex differences in learning and laterality in a T-maze. Food-deprived animals entered the maze significantly faster over subsequent learning trials, suggesting that the sexes learned to find the food reward at the end of the maze arms equally. Although we could not confirm a side preference at the population level, the animals were strongly lateralized at an individual level. When the sexes were considered separately, females exhibited a preference for the right maze arm while the opposite was observed in males. The lack of comparable studies of sex-specific lateralization patterns in rodents makes the generalization of our results challenging and highlights the need for more such studies in rodents at both the individual and population levels.

The lateralization pattern has an influence on the severity of ankle sprains

Study design: Descriptive study. Background: Many risk factors contributing to ankle sprains have been studied in medical literature with coordination and balance being two of the major endogenous factors described. These are influenced by lateralization – a developmental and adaptive ability determined by the asymmetrical construction of the human brain, with cross-laterality referring to mixed limb dominance. Objectives: To determine whether cross lateralization is a risk factor for the severity of ligamentous injuries in ankle sprains since no data is yet available on such correlation. Methods: Two hundred forty-four patients with acute ankle sprains (136 men and 108 women) were prospectively evaluated between April 2006 and March 2009. The mean age was 30 (ranging from 18 to 76). Clinical and ultrasonographic examinations were performed on the study subjects. Laterality was then assessed by the Coren questionnaire and the AOFAS score was calculated. Patients with syndesmotic injuries and fractures were excluded from the study. Those qualified were divided into straight and crossed groups, according to their laterality type. Results: One hundred forty-four patients displayed straight lateralization, while cross-laterality was found in 100 subjects. Patients in the crossed group experienced more multi-ligamentous injuries than those in the straight group (p = 0.02). Following trauma, a higher AOFAS score was attributed to subjects that displayed a straight lateralization pattern, in comparison to subjects presenting with crossed laterality (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Crossed lateralization is associated with higher severity of ligament injuries in ankle sprains and may be considered a risk factor for calcaneofibular ligament injuries.

Integration of optic flow into the sky compass network in the brain of the desert locust.

Flexible orientation through any environment requires a sense of current relative heading that is updated based on self-motion. Global external cues originating from the sky or the earth's magnetic field and local cues provide a reference frame for the sense of direction. Locally, optic flow may inform about turning maneuvers, travel speed and covered distance. The central complex in the insect brain is associated with orientation behavior and largely acts as a navigation center. Visual information from global celestial cues and local landmarks are integrated in the central complex to form an internal representation of current heading. However, it is less clear how optic flow is integrated into the central-complex network. We recorded intracellularly from neurons in the locust central complex while presenting lateral grating patterns that simulated translational and rotational motion to identify these sites of integration. Certain types of central-complex neurons were sensitive to optic-flow stimulation independent of the type and direction of simulated motion. Columnar neurons innervating the noduli, paired central-complex substructures, were tuned to the direction of simulated horizontal turns. Modeling the connectivity of these neurons with a system of proposed compass neurons can account for rotation-direction specific shifts in the activity profile in the central complex corresponding to turn direction. Our model is similar but not identical to the mechanisms proposed for angular velocity integration in the navigation compass of the fly Drosophila.

The pseudohypopyon stage in adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy.

To gain insight into the pathogenesis of adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AFVD) via assessment of its pseudohypopyon stage (PHS). Retrospectively, data were collected in a tertiary center from established cohorts of a genetically evaluated AFVD and best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) eyes in the pseudohypopyon stage. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, LogMAR), lesion characterization, including lesion dimensions, liquefaction areas and patterns (altitudinal or lateral), and ellipsoid zone integrity were analyzed from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images. Out of 167 eyes of 90 AFVD patients and 56 eyes of 28 BVMD patients, 8 eyes of six AFVD patients and five eyes of four BVMD patients were at the PHS were included. The mean LogMAR BCVA ± SD was 0.21 ± 0.20 and 0.41 ± 0.10 in AFVD and BVMD diseases, respectively (p = 0.13). Seven AFVD eyes (87.5%) demonstrated lateral liquefaction, while all BVMD eyes demonstrated an altitudinal pattern (p = 0.005). Maximal horizontal lesion diameters were 1.41 ± 0.46mm and 2.64 ± 0.77mm in AFVD and BVMD, respectively (p = 0.02). AFVD patients were older (69 ± 14) than BVMD patients (22 ± 13; p = 0.009). The pseudohypopyon stage in AFVD is often characterized by a lateral liquefaction pattern, unlike the altitudinal pattern characterizing BVMD. Age, lesion size, or pathogenesis pathways may underline the different pseudohypopyon stage patterns in AFVD and BVMD.

Microsurgical anatomy of the isthmic cingulum: a new white matter crossroad and neurosurgical implications in the posteromedial interhemispheric approaches and the glioma invasion patterns.

The dichotomy of the cingulum bundle into the dorsal supracallosal and ventral parahippocampal parts is widely accepted; however, the retrosplenial component with its multiple alternative connections has not been revealed. The aim of this study was to delineate the microsurgical anatomy of a connectionally transition zone, the isthmic cingulum, in relation to the posteromedial interhemispheric access to the atrium and discuss the relevant patterns of glioma invasion on the basis of its fiber connections. White matter (WM) fibers were dissected layer by layer in a medial-to-lateral, lateral-to-medial, and posterior-to-anterior fashion. All related tracts and their connections were generated using deterministic tractography. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tractography findings were correlated with those of fiber dissection. A medial parieto-occipital approach to reach the atrium was performed with special emphasis on the cingulate isthmus and underlying WM connections. The isthmic cingulum, introduced as a retrosplenial connectional crossroad for the first time, displayed multiple connections to the splenium and the superior thalamic radiations. Another new finding was the demonstration of lateral hemispheric extension of the isthmic cingulum fibers through the base of the posterior part of the precuneus at the base of the parieto-occipital sulcus. The laterally crossing cingulum fibers were interconnected with three distinct association tracts: the middle longitudinal (MdLF), the inferior frontooccipital fasciculi (IFOF), and the claustro-cortical fibers (CCF). In the process of entry to the atrium during posterior interhemispheric approaches, the splenial and thalamic connections, as well as the laterally crossing fibers of the isthmic cingulum, were all in jeopardy. The connectional anatomy of the retrosplenial area is much more complicated than previously known. The isthmic cingulum connections may explain the concept of interhemispheric and medial to lateral cerebral hemisphere invasion patterns in medial parieto-occipital and posteromesial temporal gliomas. The isthmic cingulum is of key importance in posteromedial interhemispheric approaches to both: the atrium and the posterior mesial temporal lobe.

Review on Pushover Analysis Procedures

Pushover analysis was the recommended method of seismic analysis before this generation. Even though Non-Linear Time History analysis is a recommended method of practice for the current generation due to its accuracy, Pushover analysis has the capability which gives much more flexibility and information on its final results. The well-known concept of ‘Performance criteria’, which is the specification of an acceptable level of damage to a building, can be found using this method. Using pushover analysis, it’s possible to study the parent factor, which is responsible for the behaviour of buildings during seismic events. In this review, we discussed the possible lateral load combinations that can be applied during the analysis procedure and how the results can be analysed. From previous studies, it is concluded that the pushover analysis can be influenced by the geometry of the building, lateral load pattern, and the method of result evaluation.

Sex differences, asymmetry, and age-related white matter development in infants and 5-year-olds as assessed with tract-based spatial statistics.

The rapid white matter (WM) maturation of first years of life is followed by slower yet long-lasting development, accompanied by learning of more elaborate skills. By the age of 5 years, behavioural and cognitive differences between females and males, and functions associated with brain lateralization such as language skills are appearing. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be used to quantify fractional anisotropy (FA) within the WM and increasing values correspond to advancing brain development. To investigate the normal features of WM development during early childhood, we gathered a DTI data set of 166 healthy infants (mean 3.8 wk, range 2-5 wk; 89 males; born on gestational week 36 or later) and 144 healthy children (mean 5.4 years, range 5.1-5.8 years; 76 males). The sex differences, lateralization patterns and age-dependent changes were examined using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). In 5-year-olds, females showed higher FA in wide-spread regions in the posterior and the temporal WM and more so in the right hemisphere, while sex differences were not detected in infants. Gestational age showed stronger association with FA values compared to age after birth in infants. Additionally, child age at scan associated positively with FA around the age of 5 years in the body of corpus callosum, the connections of which are important especially for sensory and motor functions. Lastly, asymmetry of WM microstructure was detected already in infants, yet significant changes in lateralization pattern seem to occur during early childhood, and in 5-year-olds the pattern already resembles adult-like WM asymmetry.