Floristic Patterns Research Articles

Floristic patterns among phytogeographical domains: unraveling the complexity of Brazilian transitions

Floristic patterns among phytogeographical domains: unraveling the complexity of Brazilian transitions

Using biodiversity databases to assess vascular plant diversity in Protected Areas: a case study of Parque Estadual do Forno Grande, Brazil

The Parque Estadual do Forno Grande is a fully protected area in the southern Espírito Santo State, Brazil. It belongs to the Atlantic Forest domain, with predominantly dense, ombrophilous, seasonal semi-deciduous forests and herbaceous/shrubby vegetation on rock outcrops. The area is recognised as highly important for conservation, designated as a priority biological area for protecting the Atlantic Forest's biodiversity. Although the importance of Protected Areas in conserving the Atlantic Forest biodiversity is unquestionable, it is crucial to understand the floristic patterns within these regions to develop effective conservation strategies. We utilised national online databases to compile species lists containing relevant information about their biodiversity. The updated list of vascular plants recorded in the Parque Estadual do Forno Grande is available in the “Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil” and it is presented here with further information on richness, endemism and conservation status. The Parque Estadual do Forno Grande harbours 958 species of vascular plants, of which 79.2% are angiosperms, 18.4% are ferns and 2.4% are lycophytes. Amongst these species, 44% are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. There are 58 threatened species, of which six are Critically Endangered, 39 are Endangered and 13 are Vulnerable. Amongst the threatened species, 51 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. The number of records and the species richness in this area are notably high for Atlantic Forest standards. Our findings suggest that floristic inventories of Brazilian Protected Areas are a key contribution to the general perception of how much we still do not know about our flora. It also highlights the necessity of supporting floristic surveys in poorly-known areas, especially those remaining as forest remnants.

Floristic patterns of Atlantic Forest's coastal remnants: insights to guide conservation and management

The coastal remnants of the Atlantic Forest are important sources of plant biodiversity and are a significant part of this endangered biome. Despite this, in some areas the flora is still little known, such as the Serra da Tiririca State Park (PESET), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Here we used information from scientific studies and data from the REFLORA virtual herbarium to synthesize the floristic parameters relating to the taxonomic classification of species, origin, life form, substrate, endemism and threat. For PESET, a total of 1519 species have been recorded 1360 of which are native to Brazil. Four hundred and eighty-one species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest and six are endemic to PESET. The Fabaceae family and the Eugenia genus had the highest number of records (160 and 33 species, respectively). Approximately 32% of documented plant species comprise trees, while 85.78% are associated with terrestrial habitats. Seventy-nine species are threatened (CR, EN and VU), while 868 have Not Evaluated or have Deficient Data (NE and DD). When compared with other Atlantic Forest remnants, PESET surprisingly showed greater species similarity with the Serra de São José (ISs = 0.91) in the Brazilian Cerrado and less similarity with the Costa do Sol State Park (ISs = 0.59), which is geographically closer. Our approach, used at PESET, can be applied to other coastal remnants and increase the knowledge about the patterns of flora richness in the Atlantic Forest's coastal remnants and provide support for the conservation and management strategies in this biome.

Pattern of Bacterial Flora and Effect of Disinfection on Fingerprinting Biometric Devices at a Tertiary Care Health Facility: An Interventional Study.

Introduction Recently, many public and private sector institutions and hospitals have installed biometric fingerprint devices for attendance purposes. This step is taking us toward modernization but biometric devices have their cons and pros; if not sterilized at regular intervals, then it may be a potent cause of transmission of various infections. Many studies have reported the presence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus (CONS), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichiacoli, Pseudomonas, and others. Aim To study the pattern of bacterial flora and the effect of disinfection on fingerprinting biometric devices at a tertiary care health facility. Materials andmethods A total of 138 biometric devices were used, out of which 105 were frequently (at least 50 uses per day) used and functional. So, 105 samples were collected on day zero (baseline), of which 43 and 62 were from clinical and non-clinical groups, respectively. The devices were disinfected with isopropyl alcohol (w/v 70%) and subsequent samples were taken on day 1 (after 24 hours) and day 7. The samples were collected and transported to the microbiology lab for culture and incubation. Statistical analysis was performed usingSPSS software version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) employing chi-square, Cochran's Q test, and post hoc test. A p-value ≤0.05 at a 95% confidence interval was considered to be statistically significant. Results At baseline (day 0), bacterial growth was observed in 13 (38%) devices from the clinical group and 10 (20%) from the non-clinical group. After disinfection with 70% isopropyl alcohol, bacterial growth was reduced by 83% on day 1 but increased by 82% on day 7. These changes were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion The present study concluded the definite presence of bacterial flora on the biometric fingerprint devices which are prone to carry and transmit microorganisms indirectly from person to person. The surface of biometric fingerprinting devices should be disinfected daily. If not possible, it should be done on an average of every third day to control and minimize the transmission of microorganisms.

Tracking ecosystem decline in an uncertain and changing alpine landscape

AbstractThis study investigated regional and site level diversity for alpine and subalpine systems. The aim was to assess whether differing analytical methods could track diversity through time. The study was undertaken within Kosciusko National Park in south‐eastern Australia (6900 km2) which encompasses most of the alpine zone (~2500 km2 or 48% of its occurrence on mainland Australia). Multivariate ordination, species richness and the relationship of diversity to landscape patterns were assessed and considered in relation to changes predicted to impinge upon these systems over coming decades. Species richness had limited capacity to detect predicted changes; however, ordination based on floristic patterns may have more capacity to detect change if adequate replication is applied. Complex patterns across landscapes and at the site level contributed to these analytical challenges. Species richness is commonly used to assess ecosystem status and to provide benchmark values, but it had very limited capacity to do so in the assessed alpine and subalpine ecosystems, including the most threatened. Government agencies often rely heavily on species richness to assess ecosystem change and this urgently needs re‐evaluation.

Changing Pattern of Weed Flora in Tea Fields in South India

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Conjunctival and nasal microflora in patients on topical cyclosporine for dry eye.

Introduction: Dry eye is a common ocular condition causing discomfort and visual disturbances. Anti-inflammatory agents like Cyclosporine A (CsA) are often used in its treatment. However, the impact of CsA on ocular flora remains understudied. This research aimed to evaluate changes in conjunctival and nasal microflora in patients receiving topical cyclosporine for dry eye. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, conjunctival and nasal samples were collected from two groups of dry eye patients. Group 1 consisted of 38 patients using CsA eye drops, while Group 2 included 34 patients using preservative-free artificial tear drops. Bacterial cultures were grown from the samples, and the identified organisms underwent antibiotic susceptibility testing. Additionally, alpha diversity metrics were employed to assess the diversity of bacterial species in the samples. Results: Bacterial growth was observed in 75% of conjunctival samples and 97.22% of nasal samples. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the predominant organism in both groups. Alpha diversity analysis showed no significant differences in Shannon diversity and OTU richness between the groups for most bacterial species. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed no substantial variations in resistance patterns between the groups. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the impact of CsA eye drops on conjunctival and nasal flora in dry eye patients. The findings suggest that CsA does not significantly influence the composition, diversity, or antibiotic resistance patterns of ocular flora. Long-term topical cyclosporine treatment for dry eye does not significantly impact conjunctival microflora or lead to antibiotic resistance. These results have important implications for the safe use of CsA in patients undergoing ocular treatments, particularly those at risk of intraocular infections.

Floristic, chorological and life-form patterns at the highest summits of Mt Olympus, Greece

ABSTRACT High elevation habitats within the Mediterranean biome are expected to be disproportionally exposed to climate change impacts in comparison to the ecosystems of the lower and drier sites. The distribution and structure of alpine ecosystems greatly depend on temperature variables including growing season length. Tree-line shifts, structural change of alpine plant communities and shifts of the alpine-nival ecotone are among the most commonly observed impacts of climate change. The Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA) network has developed a common methodology and facilitates a global approach for studying the effects of climate change in alpine ecosystems with repeated measurements in permanent plots. Mt Olympus, Greece, was the last target region to join the network. In this study we use the vegetation data from the baseline survey on Mt Olympus to describe floristic patterns along an elevational gradient of four summits. To examine compositional, life-form and chorological differences between- and within-summits we analyzed data from 32 plots. Moreover, we fitted generalized linear models to distinguish important environmental variables for the occurrence of plant taxa. Our results demonstrate that elevation was the dominant factor influencing vegetation changes along the examined gradients. Additional, the life-form spectrum does not provide sufficient information to be used as index for monitoring climate change impacts on vegetation composition. Instead, the use of the species matrix provides enough information regarding the between-summits dissimilarities. We also identified a number of plant taxa that are highly related to either low or high elevations. These taxa could be used as early warning indices of compositional shifts.

Distribution patterns of alpine flora for long-term monitoring of global change along a wide elevational gradient in the Western Himalayas

In the current context of climate change, the Western Himalayas are thought to be warming faster than the global average rate. Despite this rapid warming, our understanding of alpine vegetation composition and the underlying factors shaping its patterns in the Western Himalayan alpine highlands of Pakistan remains limited. Extensive field sampling was conducted at 24 sites ranging in altitude from 3300 m to 4200 m. The entire altitudinal range was divided into three belts i.e., low-altitude sites, medium-altitude sites, and high-altitude sites (HAS). Results revealed that alpine flora consisted of 251 species (belonging to 51 families. The findings revealed that 83 of the 251 species evaluated contributed significantly to the change in species composition between three altitudinal sites. The species that contributed the most to the variance in species composition between communities made up 75 % of the total, demonstrating that these species are important in structuring plant communities at different altitudes. Among the alpine flora, a significant (49 %) dominance was observed from nine families, comprising a total of 123 species. The largest family, Asteraceae, had the highest number of species, followed by Poaceae and Rosaceae. Hemicryptophytes emerged as the prevailing life form, while Microphylls were the dominant leaf type. Phytosociological Indices revealed that diversity levels decreased with increasing altitude, indicating a significant impact of altitude on plant diversity. Canonical correspondence analysis suggested that altitude, grazing, and soil erosion are important in explaining variance in plant distribution patterns in the alpine flora. Twelve indicator species were discovered in three different altitudinal groups. In the LAS, Bistorta affinis, Geranium himalayense, Poa nemoralis, and Sibbaldia cuneata, had a significant indicator value, whereas in the medium-altitude sites MAS Allium humile, Bistorta affinis, Juniperus communis, and Rhododendron campanulatum had significant p-values. In high altitude sites HAS, indicator plants were Bistorta affinis, Juniperus communis. Our results identified 51 vulnerable species with very low abundance values whereas 17 threatened species having extremely low (<0.1) abundance values are a vital conservation priority in the region. Results may be helpful to formulate immediate conservation management strategies to conserve the precious floristic wealth of the alpine Region.

Bloodstream Infections in Paediatric Cancer Patients with Febrile Neutropenia in a Tertiary Cancer Centre in North-East India

Background: The aim of the present study was to study the pattern of microbial flora, their susceptibility patterns, and clinical variables among bloodstream infections in febrile neutropenic patients with solid tumors and hematological malignancies in the paediatric age group in North-East India. Methods: It was a retrospective and observational study done in a single tertiary care cancer centre in North-East India. The study period was from 1st January 2020 to 31st December 2021. The study population included all the patients below the age of 18 years who developed febrile neutropenia during treatment for a diagnosed cancer. Results: A total of 378 blood culture samples were studied. Febrile neutropenia was found in 252 patients (66.7%). There were 45 positive blood cultures (17.8%) among them. Gram-negative and gram-positive organisms accounted for 62% and 38% of all positive cultures respectively. Escherichia coli (39%) was the most common gram-negative isolate, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (32%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (7%). Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) was the most common gram-positive isolate (47%). Sensitivity to beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor (BL/BLI) antibiotics like cefaperazone/sulbactam was seen in 60% of Pseudomonas isolates. Sensitivity to colistin was noted in 89% of Klebsiella and 82% of E. coli isolates. The incidence of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 50%. Conclusion: The knowledge of the microbiological profile and resistance patterns among patients treated for paediatric cancer with febrile neutropenia is a key factor in deciding the antimicrobial policy.

TO STUDY CONJUNCTIVAL BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA IN DIABETIC AND NON- DIABETIC INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR ANTIBIOGRAM IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Introduction:The conjunctiva is a clear mucous membrane that borders the interior of the eye lids and protects the sclera. It consists of non-keratinized, stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Normal microbial flora constitutes organisms which are present in eyelids and conjunctiva without causing any disease. The flora of the ocular surface consists more of gram positive microorganisms2.Gram positive organisms, particularly coagulase negative Staphylococci, are widely recognized to be the primary inhabitants of the normal eye. At birth eyes are sterile but they are later infected by various organisms. Diabetes mellitus is a multi factorial disease that can affect all ocular structures. Aim:To evaluate the Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora of Non diabetic and diabetic individuals. Material &amp;Method:This was anCross sectional, Observational Study conducted on a total of 204 patients attending Department of Microbiology of Peoples Medical College and Hospital, Bhopal, India between February 2022 to February 2023. Conjunctival swab was collected from lower eyelid to expose the Conjunctival membrane of eyes by sterile swab sticks. to assess the conjunctival flora and antibiotic sensitivity pattern in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals without any pre-existing ocular diseases. Result: Conjunctival flora of a total of 204 patients, 102 diabetic and 102 non diabetic, were screened. Among the 102 diabetic patients, there were 51(49.5%)male and 51(49.5%)female. The most common isolated bacteria in diabetic and non diabetic groups were staphylococcus aureus (diabetic 26.92%, Non-Diabetic 61.11%). There was a statistically significant difference in microbial flora pattern between the diabetic and non diabetic group. There was higher proportion Gram negative bacilli grown in Diabetics. Conclusion:Present study found statistically significant difference in the microbial flora between diabetics and non diabetics. The observation of the present study and various other studies, infer that staphylococcal infections are common among both Diabetic and Non- diabetic individuals. Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were detected in higher ratios in the conjunctival flora of diabetic patients. Candida albicans were more common among the diabetics as compared to non- diabetics.

The Deathscape of Settler Colonialism: Remembrance and Erasure through Cemeteries and Graveyards in the Upper Monongahela Valley

Abstract This article focuses on several cemeteries and graveyards in the upper Monongahela Valley of West Virginia, stretching from the confluence of the West Fork and Tygart Valley Rivers near Fairmont and extending to the confluence of the Monongahela and Cheat Rivers at Point Marion, Pennsylvania, just across the West Virginia-Pennsylvania state line. The authors conducted a mapping project of cemeteries and religious centers from December 2019 until July 2020, focusing on burial grounds that were accessible by automobile. Documenting grave markers, common surnames, and flora on graves or in the cemetery more generally, the authors noticed patterns of flora—particularly the presence of yucca and red cedar—that were closely associated with European settler-colonists and their descendants but that have documented connections to Indigenous and Black burial traditions. Noting that Black and Indigenous burial sites are largely hidden from public view in this region, the authors consider the ways that plant life in cemeteries might shed new light on how settler-colonialism shapes understandings of Appalachian death and burial practices and, in turn, Appalachian history and culture.

Pattern of microbial flora and antibiotic sensitivity among healthy adults with bacteriuria in a university community in south-eastern Nigeria

Background: Knowledge of common urine microbial flora and the sensitivity pattern are essential in determination of empirical antibiotic usage Aim: To determine the common microbiological flora in the urine of apparently healthy adults and the sensitivity and resistivity pattern. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey of the pattern of urinary microbial organisms and their sensitivity and resistivity antibiotic pattern among adult population in a university community. Multi staged random sampling was used to obtain up to 465 respondents. Clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected and prepared. Culture was done in three different media for identification and isolation of bacteria. The antimicrobial sensitivity was determined using sensitivity disk by Kirby-Bauer method. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 at 95% confidence interval and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Data was presented in frequencies and percentages as appropriate. Results: Female respondents (76.97%) were more. 20-24 age group had the highest number of respondents (50.66%). 36.29% had bacteria growth in their urine. Escherichia coli (63.6%) is the commonest microbial agent found in the urine of the population, followed by staph aureus (20%), then Klebsiella (16.4%). The isolated organisms were mostly resistant to the common antibiotics. However, E. coli was slightly susceptible to Levofloxacine (37.1%), Ciprofloxacine (31.4%) and Gentamycin (30%). Klebsiella showed mild susceptibility to Levofloxacine (15%), Ciprofloxacine (12%) and Ceftriazone (9%). Conclusion: E.coli, staph aureus and Klebsiella are the dominant microbial flora found while levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriazone and augmentin are the most sensitive antibiotics.

Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiome in Neurocritically Ill Patients in Intensive Care: Systematic Review

Background: The human microbiome is a community of microorganisms that live in symbiosis with humans. This relationship between humans and the microbiome affects the physiology of health and disease, but not many studies have evaluated the condition of the digestive microbiome in neurology critical condition patients and its changes. This study aims to describe the microbiome characteristics of neurological patients in the intensive care unit. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of the relationship between the microbiome and neurology patients admitted to the intensive care unit by searching MEDLINE/PubMed, the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar for articles in English published through 13 June 2022. Results: There is a change in the normal flora pattern in neurological patients who are treated in the intensive care unit. The decrease in the number of colonies occurred in commensal flora bacteria and an increase in pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae. Discussion: The overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens suggests dysbiosis in patients with neurocritical conditions. This is thought to be correlated with the gut-brain axis relationship. This dysbiosis evaluation can be used to provide targeted microbiome therapy and to assess the risk of clinical deterioration and death in neurologic patients in intensive care. Conclusion: This study reported a significant difference between the composition of the gut microbiota in neurology patients in intensive care and the healthy population. The magnitude of this dysbiosis increases during hospitalization in the intensive care unit and has an impact on patient outcomes. Intestinal microbiota analysis is expected to provide an overview of targeted microbial therapy and predict future patient outcomes. Keywords: Neurocritical patients, intensive care, microbiome

Piloting an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to Explore the Floristic Variations of Inaccessible Cliffs along Island Coasts

Coastal cliffs are important in plant ecology as a unique frontier between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. This study piloted close-range photogrammetry with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to clarify floristic patterns using 26 inaccessible coastal cliffs in a warm-temperate, preserved island (area: 6.5 km2). UAV-based flora data were analyzed in terms of cliff aspect (Type-N: northwestern aspect of the island, Type-S: other island aspects) and elevation. The studied coastal cliffs contained 94 flora taxa, of which 13 and 12 taxa were found from either Type-N or Type-S cliffs only. Type-S cliffs retained a larger number of epiphyte and evergreen species but a smaller number of deciduous species than Type-N cliffs (p &lt; 0.05), and 4 out of 8 detected epiphyte species dwelled in Type-S cliffs only. Additionally, the elevation of coastal cliffs was positively related to the proportion of tree and epiphyte species (r = 0.608, p &lt; 0.001) but negatively related to the proportion of herbs (r = −0.649, p &lt; 0.001). These patterns corresponded to differing microclimates such as the severity of cold and dry conditions during winter. We expect that UAV-based approaches will help understand plant ecology under harsh, challenging environments beyond the speculation with traditionally accessible sites only.

Floristic Patterns and Conservation Values of Mojave and Sonoran Desert Springs in California

In the face of a rapidly changing climate, spring-fed habitats are increasingly vulnerable to numerous threats. Botanical inventories provide valuable information to assess the conservation value of desert springs, and can serve as indicators to document changing conditions, including the proportion of native vs. nonnative taxa, diversity of life forms present that influence structure and function of ecosystems, species persistence and longevity, and the proportion of taxa that are rare and sensitive to land use change. Here we evaluate plant species composition and richness within and between springs, and evaluate botanical diversity with respect to physical parameters including hydrology and geography. We find that desert springs collectively support a large proportion of plant diversity, or nearly 22% of the total vascular plant diversity known within the California desert in only 0.000005% of the total land area. The springs we sampled are highly dissimilar in plant species composition, thus, restoration and management activities likely need to be highly individualized and site specific. Monitoring and inventory programs can increase opportunities for restoration and protection by providing information to assess warning signs of habitat degradation, such as changing species composition and local extirpation of wetland-dependent species.

Roles of vaginal flora in human papillomavirus infection, virus persistence and clearance.

Our study revealed differences in vaginal flora patterns are associated with HPV persistence and its clearance. Interferon plus probiotics can greatly improve virus clearance in some patients. Distinguishing bacterial features associated with HPV clearance in patients would be helpful for early intervention and reverse persistent infection.

Soil-vegetation relationship in savanic formations of the Jalapão, Brazil.

Understanding the influence of fine-scale abiotic filters on plant communities can provide important insights into floristic patterns of the Brazilian Cerrado. We aimed to evaluate the interactions of the soil and the plant community composition with their distribution in different sandy environments of Brazilian Cerrado, the Jalapão region. Eight environments were sampled, each with ten plots of 20 × 50 m. All woody individuals presenting circumference at soil height ≥ 10 cm were sampled. Subplots of 5 × 15 m were demarcated, where woody individuals with a circumference at soil height ≥ 5 and < 10 cm were sampled. Subplots of 2 × 2 m were also demarcated to sample herbaceous individuals. Soil samples varying from 0 to 20 cm of depth were collected for each plot (20 × 50 m). Overall, 20000 individuals that belong to 338 species and 76 families were sampled. The dominant family was Fabaceae. There were significant differences among the environments regarding species richness and soil. The analyzed soils are extremely poor and with a tendency to sandy texture, small chemical and/or physical variations imply differences in the distribution of vegetation. Our study revealed abiotic filters exerted crucial fine-scale effects on plant community in the Jalapão region.

Historical Floras: addressing their genesis in order to be viewed from a modern-day perspective. A case study from Northern Italy

Historical Floras are biodiversity-oriented textual sources, which refer to times when scientific methods were far different compared to the present. They are also geographical documents, as the entire work is referred to a focal region explored by certain collectors and following certain principles, since the taxa recorded are usually accompanied by a description of the locality of the observation. Retrospective georeferencing, as well as taxonomic revision, of the records in Historical Floras are, however, very challenging processes, which are usually not taken into account. As a result, very few global overviews of Historical Floras exist to date. In this article we present the analysis of the 7767 floristic records of the late XIX century Flora of the province of Bologna (N-Italy) compiled by Girolamo Cocconi. We processed these records by georeferencing them, whenever possible, to 659 pairs of coordinates and coupling them with the analysis of the collectors involved besides the author, as to provide the spatial and temporal dimension that permits us to further understand the taxonomic information given by the species listed. This allowed us to detect a bias in the exploration of the territory, which depended on accessibility and/or attractivity of the areas for fieldwork and shifted through time as function of the available collaborators who influenced the definition of the floristic pattern of the territory. Finally, we provided a diachronic analysis with the present flora to document the most significant land use changes based on selected floristic target groups.

Pollination patterns of flora and vegetation in northern Croatia with reference to Apis mellifera

Pollination patterns i.e. the proportions of entomophilous, anemophilous, autogamous and hydrophilous plant species and those useful for the European honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) in the flora and vegetation of northern Croatia have been determined. The survey included 507 plant taxa, belonging to 95 plant families. The results show that most plant species depend on insect pollination (73.6%), followed by self-pollination (30%), wind (25%) and water pollination (0.6%). For some plant species there are one, two or more modes of pollination; the largest group consists of pure insect pollination (43%), followed by both insect and self-pollination (27%), pure wind pollination (22%), insect and wind pollination (2.6%), and so on. Overall, 54% of plant species useful to European honey bees were found, of which 51% provide pollen and 47% nectar. These results suggest that A. mellifera could be a potential pollinator for about half of the flora. Analysis shows significant differences in pollination patterns among habitat types and that most entomophilous plant taxa are found in grassland, forest and ruderal sites, indicating that these habitats are most important for pollinators. Other characteristics of plant species, such as flowering time, plant family, life form and origin, were also analysed to determine a possible relationship with pollination.