Pattern Of Childhood Cancers Research Articles

Incidence and pattern of childhood cancer in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (2012–2017)

BackgroundCancer is becoming a major public health problem globally and a leading cause of death in children in developed countries. However, little is known about the epidemiology of childhood cancer in Ethiopia. This study, therefore, assessed childhood cancer incidence patterns in Addis Ababa using the Addis Ababa city population-based cancer registry data from 2012 to 2017.MethodsInvasive cancer cases diagnosed in ages 0–14 years from 2012 to 2017 were obtained from the Addis Ababa City population-based Cancer Registry. Cases were grouped according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd edition (ICCC-3) based on morphology and primary anatomic site. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) were calculated by the direct method using the world standard population.ResultsThe overall average annual incidence rate during 2012–2017 in children was 84.6 cases per million, with rates higher in boys (98.97 per million) than in girls (69.7 per million). By age, incidence rates per million increased from 70.8 cases in ages 0–4 years to 88.4 cases in ages 5–9 years to 110.0 cases 10–14 years. Leukaemia was the most common childhood cancer in both boys (29.1%) and girls (26.8%), followed by lymphoma in boys (24.7%) and renal tumours (13.1%) in girls. The overall cancer incidence rate decreased from 87.02 per million in 2012 to 51.07 per million in 2017.ConclusionThe burden of childhood cancer is considerably high in Addis Ababa. The observed distribution of childhood cancer in Addis Ababa differs from other African countries. This study highlights the need for further research and understanding of the variations in cancer patterns and risk factors across the region.

Cancers in Iraq: Half century overview

Malignancies have been increasingly regarded as one of the main challenges to healthcare systems throughout the world. Malignant diseases were reported by the World Health Organization to be the second leading cause of death throughout the world accounting for about sixth of all deaths during the year 2018. There has been increasing interest in the historic patterns of malignant disease which can help in establishing understanding of the possible changes of pattern of cancer. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the pattern of malignancy in Iraq during the previous half century. The top five cancers reported in Iraq during ten-year period (1976-1985) were different from the top cancers throughout the world as reported by the World Health Organization during the previous years. The pattern of malignant disease in Iraq during the years 2000 to 2004 was rather different from the pattern of malignancies in other countries like United States of America. The incidence rate of new cases of malignancies were increasing during the previous decades as it was 38.91/100,000 population in 1994, 52.8\100,000 in 2006, and 82.62/100,000 population in 2018. The pattern of cancers in Iraq was not very similar to the latest global pattern reported by the World Health Organization. In addition, the pattern of childhood cancers in Iraq witnessed some changes during the previous decades.

Cancers in Iraq: Half century overview

Malignancies have been increasingly regarded as one of the main challenges to healthcare systems throughout the world. Malignant diseases were reported by the World Health Organization to be the second leading cause of death throughout the world accounting for about sixth of all deaths during the year 2018. There has been increasing interest in the historic patterns of malignant disease which can help in establishing understanding of the possible changes of pattern of cancer. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the pattern of malignancy in Iraq during the previous half century. The top five cancers reported in Iraq during ten-year period (1976-1985) were different from the top cancers throughout the world as reported by the World Health Organization during the previous years. The pattern of malignant disease in Iraq during the years 2000 to 2004 was rather different from the pattern of malignancies in other countries like United States of America. The incidence rate of new cases of malignancies were increasing during the previous decades as it was 38.91/100,000 population in 1994, 52.8\100,000 in 2006, and 82.62/100,000 population in 2018. The pattern of cancers in Iraq was not very similar to the latest global pattern reported by the World Health Organization. In addition, the pattern of childhood cancers in Iraq witnessed some changes during the previous decades.

Pattern of Childhood Cancers in Minia Governorate

Pattern of Childhood Cancers in Minia Governorate

The Pattern of Childhood Cancer in Iraq (2015-2018)

The Pattern of Childhood Cancer in Iraq (2015-2018)

Incidence and Pattern of Childhood Cancers in India: Findings from Population-based Cancer Registries.

Childhood cancers have different characteristics than those occurring among adults and described as cancers occurring below 15 years of age. In developed countries, its incidence is relatively rare but it's a leading cause of death. More than 80% of the childhood cancers are occurring in low and middle income countries. Based on data from population based cancer registries under National Cancer Registry Programme, in this commentary, we described the incidence and pattern of Childhood cancers in India and its implications.

Pediatric cancer incidence & survival 2001–2011 for Jordanian population

Background: Marked variations in the incidence and survival of particular types of childhood cancer exist between countries. This study is to explore epidemiology, survival and trends of pediatric cancers in Jordan 2001–2011. Methods: Descriptive study done. Cases were identified from Jordan cancer registry. All Jordanian pediatric cancers which diagnosed during 2001–2011 were included. Data about age, sex, site, morphology, vital status (alive, dead), date of last visit were collected. SPSS software20 used for analysis & Kaplan Meier method was used to calculate five- and ten-year survival rate. Results: There were 2267 (5%) registered malignant tumor during the period 2001–2011. Crude incidence rate for cancers is 99/million in children (111 for males and 85 for females). It is more common in males (57.8%), than in females (42.2%), M:F ratio 1.4:1, Median age was 5 years. The highest percent for pediatric cancers was seen in the age group 0–4 years 41.8%. The most common types of cancers were leukemia (31%), brain and CNS (16.5%), Lymphoma (15.9%). Five and ten years Survival rate for pediatric cancers is 70% and 65% respectively. Five Survival rate was best seen in eye cancer patients 91%, and the poorest survival rate was seen in neuroblastoma cancers patients (46%) leukemia (73%), brain CNS (58%) and lymphoma (86%). Conclusion: The pattern of childhood cancer in Jordan seems to be similar to other countries in our region, where leukemia, lymphoma and brain & CNS were the most common cancers in Jordan and countries in the region, although survival rate is slightly better in Jordan than in other countries in the region.

Profile of Paediatric Malignancies in Yangon Children Hospital: A Three Year Study

Abstract 13 Although paediatric malignancy is one of the major health threats worldwide and its incidence is on rise, little is known about its epidemiology. In Myanmar also, reports on the pattern of childhood cancer are very few. Reliable paediatric cancer data are essential for assessing the magnitude of this problem and for qualified paediatric cancer care. This study aimed to describe the relative frequencies of various paediatric malignancies in Yangon Children Hospital (YCH) according to age and sex. This hospital based retrospective study covered all children aged 0 to 14 years with confirmed malignancies using 3 years hospital records of Haematology-Oncology Unit, from January 2012 to December 2014. Total 609 patients were diagnosed as cancer during study period. Among them, 379 cases (62.2%) were haematological malignancies and 230 cases (37.8%) were solid tumours. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (27.5%), Acute myeloblastic leukemia (14.3%), Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (14%) and Retinoblastoma (9.7%) were four most common childhood malignancies. Wilm's tumour (6.8%), Neuroblastoma (6.7%), Germ cell tumour (4.1%) and Rhabdomyosarcoma (3.6%) were also common. Less common were brain tumours (2.1%), Hodgkin's lymphoma (1.5%) and Burkitt's lymphoma (1.0%). Prevalence was higher in boys (58.6%) than girls (41.4%) with male to female ratio 1.5:1. About half (50.9%) of the patients were younger than 5 years and prevalence was less in more than 10 years age group (15.7%). As the data were collected from hospital, findings from this study might not be the representation of our national statistics. But as Haematology-Oncology unit, YCH is one of the two paediatric oncology centers in Myanmar and patients from most regions attend this hospital for specialist care, these findings could reflect the burden of paediatric malignancy in our country. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No COIs from the authors.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression in gastric carcinoma and its association with histopathological parameters in Indian population.

Gastric carcinoma is a leading cause of death worldwide with a five year survival of 10-15% even after curative resection. Trastuzumab has emerged as a potential targeted therapy in treatment of Her 2 positive gastric cancer. Her2 positivity ranges from 7-34% in studies across the world. There is a paucity of Indian studies hence a need for determination of Her2 expression in Indian population for better patient management. This study was carried out to determine the frequency of Her 2 expression in gastric carcinoma by immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique and to evaluate its association with histopathological parameters. A total of 110 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma diagnosed on histopathological examination from July 2013 to June 2015 were included. Of these, 40 cases were resection specimens and 70 were biopsies. Histological typing of gastric carcinoma was done on the basis of Lauren classification. IHC for Her2 was done in all 110 cases. Her 2 expression was correlated with various histopathological parameters. Positive Her 2 expression (IHC 3+) was seen in 24.5% cases of gastric carcinoma. Patients in older age group(> 60 years) showed higher Her 2 positivity rate as compared to middle age (40-60 years) and younger population (<40 years). Higher percentage of Her 2 positivity was noted in male patients as compared to female patients. Her 2 positivity was seen more commonly in intestinal type of tumor as compared to diffuse and mixed types. Her 2 positivity was seen more in well differentiated carcinoma and higher stage tumors (pT3 and pT4). However, out of all, a statistically significant association of Her2 expression was found only with (intestinal) type of tumors (p= 0.005) and no significant association was seen with age, gender, site of tumor, tumor stage, lymph node status, lymphovascular, perineural and perinodal invasion or survival. Inspired by promising results of Trastuzumab therapy in Her 2 positive gastric carcinoma worldwide, it is recommended to routinely test all cases of gastric carcinoma for Her 2 expression and to use the targeted therapy with curative intentions in Indian population.

Pattern of childhood cancer in University College Hospital, Ibadan during 1991–2010 and comparison with the previous three decades

Background:Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide in children under 15 years of age, with the incidence and mortality rate varying from 40 to 155 per million children.Aim:To describe the pattern of childhood cancer in Ibadan, Nigeria.Objective:To compare the findings of this study with those of previous studies in Ibadan and internationally.Methods:A retrospective review of histologically and cytologically confirmed cases of cancer in children aged <15 years diagnosed at University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan between January 1991 and December 2010 was undertaken. The cases were categorised using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, third edition (ICCC-3).Results:There were 625 cases comprising 360 (57·6%) males with a modal age of 3 years. The most common neoplasms were lymphomas (140, 22·4%), of which 90% were non-Hodgkin lymphomas, with Burkitt lymphoma constituting the majority of cases (73). Other common neoplasms were retinoblastomas (21%), soft tissue sarcomas (14·9%), leukaemias (10·2%) and CNS tumours (6·9%). Lymphomas, bone tumours, malignant hepatic tumours and other malignant epithelial neoplasms had the highest mean and modal ages, while retinoblastomas, neuroblastomas, germ cell tumours and renal tumours had the lowest mean and modal ages. During 1960–72 there were 1326 cases and during 1973–90 there were 1881 cases and the proportion of lymphomas was 58·9% and 45·4%, respectively. The present study demonstrated a marked decline in the number of cases and proportion of lymphomas (22·4%), particularly Burkitt lymphomas.Conclusion:During the last 20 years, there has been a decline in the number of cases of childhood cancer seen at UCH, Ibadan. This may be due to the establishment of additional specialist centres in the sub-region. Owing to a persistent decline in the frequency of Burkitt lymphoma, retinoblastoma is now the most common individual childhood cancer seen at Ibadan.

Pattern of childhood cancer in University College Hospital, Ibadan

Background Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 15 years old worldwide. Aim: To describe the pattern of childhood cancer in Ibadan. Methods Histologically and cytologically confirmed cases of cancer in children aged Results There were 625 cases, comprising 360 (57.6%) males with a modal age of 3 years. The most common neoplasms were lymphomas (22.4%). Other common neoplasms were retinoblastomas (21%), soft tissue sarcomas (14.9%), leukaemias (10.2%) and CNS tumours (6.9%). Lymphomas, bone tumours, malignant hepatic tumours and other malignant epithelial neoplasms had the highest mean and modal ages, while retinoblastomas, neuroblastomas, germ cell tumours and renal tumours had the lowest mean and modal ages. Conclusion There has been a decline in the frequency of childhood cancer cases at UCH, Ibadan, in the last 20 years. This may be due to establishment of additional specialist centres in the subregion. Retinoblastoma is now the most common individual childhood cancer at Ibadan, due to a persistent decline in the frequency of Burkitt lymphoma.

The Incidence of Childhood Cancer in Jordan: A Population-Based Study

Marked variations in the incidence of particular types of childhood cancer exist between countries. We report on the geographic variation in the occurrence of childhood cancer in Jordan. Cases were identified from the Jordan National Cancer Registry. We collected data on age, sex, type, primary site, and stage of cancer. Tumor topography and morphology were coded according to the accepted international standard. For all cases registered, 95.2% were histologically diagnosed. Incidence rates were calculated as annual rates per million population. The denominator is the 1997 estimate of the childhood population at ages 0-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years. There were 646 registered primary malignant neoplasms during the three-year study period (1996-1998). The annual incidence rate for all types of cancer combined was 113 per million children. The rate among children less than 5 years of age was 134.5 per million, for 5-9 years it was 97.8 per million, and for 10-14 years it was 104.1 per million. Overall, the age-standardized annual incidence rate was 113.8 per million. The most common diagnostic group was leukemia, accounting for more than a third of all cases, followed by brain tumors and lymphoma. The highest rate was in the capital, Amman. The pattern of childhood cancer in Jordan seems to be generally similar to other countries in the region, particularly the observed excess of lymphoma. Geographical variations in childhood cancer exist in Jordan and could be partly explained on the basis of lower detection or reporting, or both, in certain locations.

The National Cancer Database report on patterns of childhood cancers in the United States: A. Grovas, A. Fremgen, A. Rauck, et al. Cancer 80:2321–2332, (December 15), 1997

The National Cancer Database report on patterns of childhood cancers in the United States: A. Grovas, A. Fremgen, A. Rauck, et al. Cancer 80:2321–2332, (December 15), 1997

The National Cancer Data Base report on patterns of childhood cancers in the United States.

Patterns of and progress against childhood cancer have been reported on multi-institution, regional, national, and international bases by several sources in the past. These sources have included clinical cooperative group trials and population-based registries. In general, the population-based surveys have excluded brain tumors of either benign or uncertain behavior. The authors of this article investigated the patterns of data reported for the period 1985-1993, motivated by their interest in assessing the potential of National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) data to 1) facilitate individual institution review and 2) cover institutions that are not members of the Pediatric Oncology Group or the Children's Cancer Group, which are both national clinical cooperative groups. Six annual calls for data, starting with a call for 1985 and 1988 cases, were issued to approximately 2100 hospitals with cancer programs (1340 programs approved by the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons and 760 other programs). The baseline data items of the NCDB included patient demography, tumor characteristics, initial treatment, and follow-up. The data for each patient were coded in the traditional manner by trained cancer registrars before being transmitted to the NCDB in standard format. In the most recent year for which data were reported, the NCDB included 42% of all estimated U.S. childhood cancers. The cases were reported by institutions that were members of the Pediatric Oncology Group and the Children's Cancer Group as well as nonmember institutions. The distribution of diagnostic groups reported to the NCDB was generally similar to that reported to SEER, except for lymphomas and brain cancer (the NCDB series included benign as well as malignant brain tumors). The distribution of diagnostic groups reported to the NCDB did not change over the 9-year reporting period (1985-1993). With regard to ethnicity, the most varied distribution of diagnostic groups was found among African American patients. For many types of cancer, the survival of those patients reported to the NCDB was similar to that of patients included in the SEER population-based series. These cancers included Wilms' tumor (NCDB 89% vs. SEER 88%), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NCDB 74% vs. SEER 70%), soft tissue sarcomas (NCDB rhabdomyosarcomas 70% and sarcomas 79% vs. SEER soft tissue sarcomas 71%), and neuroblastoma (NCDB 58% vs. SEER 57%). The authors concluded that the number of brain tumors of benign and uncertain behavior being diagnosed were significant enough in number that they should be included in regional and national cancer registries that report data for clinical purposes. They further concluded that for reasons of data inclusion and institutional coverage, the NCDB will be an important data base for pediatric cancers that will warrant increased use by pediatric investigators.

Childhood malignancies in the south‐west region of England, 1976–1985

The incidence and pattern of childhood cancer in the South-West Region of the United Kingdom was studied in the period 1976-1985 to see if there was any unevenness in distribution. This region consists of five counties with considerable variation in radon exposure and urbanisation. Cases were identified from multiple sources and the basis of the diagnosis reviewed. Internationally accepted diagnostic categories were used. Six hundred seventy-eight cases were found, giving an age standardised incidence rate of 114.2 per million childhood years. The incidence of different cancers by sex was strikingly similar to the Manchester Children's Tumour Registry, from a noncontiguous region, with three exceptions. In the South-West, there was a higher rate of soft tissue sarcoma in boys (P = 0.01) and lower rates of sympathetic nervous system and germ-cell tumours in girls (P = 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively). There was no significant variation in cancer incidence among the five counties or with time. The incidence rate in counties of high radon exposure was not higher than with low radon exposure. The overall incidence in counties with urban districts was not significantly increased compared to those without, although there was a nonsignificant trend towards a higher incidence of leukaemia (P = 0.08). The incidence and type of childhood cancer are similar to those in a noncontiguous region. Geographical and temporal incidence are remarkably stable. Local environmental variation may not play a major role in the causality of childhood cancer.