Causes Of Patterns Research Articles

Records from Neotropical non-breeding grounds reveal shifts in bird migration phenology over six decades

Changes in the migration phenology of birds linked to global change are extensively documented. Longitudinal studies from temperate breeding grounds have mostly shown earlier arrivals in the spring and a variety of patterns during fall migration,1,2 yet no studies have addressed whether and how migration phenology has changed using data from the tropical non-breeding grounds. Understanding whether changes in migratory phenology are also evident in non-breeding sites is essential to determining the underlying causes of patterns documented in breeding areas. Using data from historical scientific collections and modern repositories of community science records, we assessed changes in the migration phenology of 12 Nearctic-Neotropical long-distance migratory birds in Colombia over six decades. We also explored whether shared breeding and non-breeding climatic niches explained variation in the phenological patterns observed among species. All species showed shifts in spring (range -37 to 9days from peak passage date) or fall (range -26 to 36days) migration, but patterns differed among species in ways partly attributable to shared breeding or wintering climatic niches. Our results, although not yet broadly generalizable, suggest that birds use cues to time their migration at their non-breeding grounds, which are most likely different to those they use on their breeding grounds. To better understand the effects of global change on biodiversity, exploring the underlying drivers of phenological changes with further research integrating more long-term datasets available through scientific collections and community science platforms should be a priority.

Developing improved crash prevention approaches through in-depth investigation of motorcycle crash causation patterns

Despite advancements in road safety, Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) remain a vulnerable group with disproportionately high crash rates. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of PTW crashes in six European countries, with a case study of Loss of Control in Curves (LoCC), to address the gap between crash causation and prevention. By examining crash causation factors and their linkage to prevention strategies, the study illustrates various approaches for connecting causes and countermeasures. These approaches, which are applicable to different crash scenarios, include looking forward in the crash causation chains, looking backward, looking at only the last cause (critical events), or the first cause, or following a systemic approach. The research introduces a set of guidelines following the safe system approach, aiming to enhance the understanding of crash prevention among policymakers. The systemic approach to countermeasures, bridges the shortcomings of traditional crash causation studies that may exhibit bias or a narrow focus on “root causes”. The proposed approach emphasizes the need for a comprehensive view of crash scenarios (i.e., considering the entire crash causation chain or multiple causation chains) and ensuring that preventive measures address the full spectrum of the system. It also takes in to account external factors such as cost, benefits, and politics, leading to improved road safety outcomes. The study findings are significant for researchers, since it is a step forward in in-depth crash causation studies, as well as road practitioners and policymakers, in providing a strategic framework for more effective and efficient road safety interventions.

Stock Market Integration Through Internationally Tradable Assets

The study examines the influence of tradable assets in integrating the Indian stock market with global stock markets. The movement in the foreign indices has a direct spillover effect on the assets cross-listed on these exchanges in the form of American depository receipts and global depositary receipts, and the effect is simultaneously shifted to the domestic market index due to the dual listing of domestic assets. The findings of the study indicate that there is a prolonged effect of all markets combined on the Indian market during the period, and that the long-term effect between the Indian and US markets is also consistent in the long run, while the Wald test also supports the presence of a short-term effect between the Indian and US markets. Long-term and short-term causation patterns are lacking in the Luxembourg market, illustrating the partial integration of the financial markets. The present study is instrumental for investors in identifying exogenous markets for portfolio diversification, thus enabling businesses to have a global reach. JEL Codes:J C32, C58, D53

Współzależności globalne a kryzysy finansowe − przestrzenne efekty spillovers na rynku dziesięcioletnich obligacji skarbowych

Purpose – The purpose of the article is the assessment of the spatial spillover effects in the ten‑year treasury bond market. It was considered whether unfavorable changes in bond ratings could be a factor inducing this phenomenon. The distance between individual markets was quantified using a matrix based on economic distance. Research method – In the study the spatial dynamic models for pooled‑time series, cross‑sectional and panel data has been used. The analysis covers the yield to maturity of ten‑year treasury bonds issued by forty countries. Results – The empirical analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant spatial dependencies, not only due to the statistical significance of the autoregressive parameter, but also the significance of the spatially shifted variable reflecting unfavorable changes in the rating. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – Extending the analyzes of the contagion phenomenon in the financial market to include the aspect of space provides an opportunity to better understand the patterns of cause and effect relationships that are important from the point of view of counteracting the systemic risk to which international economies are exposed.

The Effect of Competence and Work Discipline on Teacher Performance at SMPN 1 Padalarang, West Bandung Regency

The problem in this study is the low performance of teachers of Padalarang 1 Public Junior High School in West Bandung Regency due to lack of teacher competence and discipline. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of competence and discipline variables on the performance of teachers at Padalarang 1 Junior High School in West Bandung District. It is hoped that from the information obtained this can further improve teacher performance, through increasing teacher competence and discipline.
 The research method with a quantitative approach uses the survey explanator method, which is a method that aims to test the research hypotheses that have been formulated previously. The analysis technique used is descriptive statistical techniques that function to group data, work on, conclude, explain and present the processed results. It aims to make a pattern of cause and effect relationships between the value of a variable with other variables. The population as well as the sample in this study amounted to 47 people. Data were collected using a questionnaire, the measurement scale using a Likert scale. Analysis in data processing using multiple linear regression analysis, using SPSS 26 application assistance.
 The conclusion of this research is that the Competency and Discipline of employees empirically have influenced the Teacher Performance in SMPN 1 Padalarang, West Bandung Regency, both partially and simultaneously. The results also found that performance is influenced by other factors that are academically recognized.

Pedestrian crash causation analysis and active safety system calibration

Over 20 % of global crash fatalities involve pedestrians, but pedestrian crash causation and pedestrian protection systems have not been thoroughly developed or reliably tested. To understand the causation characteristics of pedestrian crashes, 398 pedestrian crashes were extracted from the China in-depth accident study (CIDAS), and most of these crashes were aggregated into five scenarios. The two scenarios with the highest proportion of crashes were analyzed by the driving reliability and error analysis method (DREAM) to identify high-risk causation patterns. From these patterns, three main contributing factors were identified: 1) extremely environmental light disturbance; 2) distracted driving caused by drivers’ own thoughts; 3) drivers violating pedestrian yield law. Based on these patterns and factors, a pedestrian protection system was designed. It consists of a forward vision sensor and radar to sense the environment and the three-stage autonomous emergency braking (AEB) algorithm to automatically avoid pedestrian collisions. Crash scenarios from CIDAS data were recreated in MATLAB Simulink to test the pedestrian protection system proposed in this study. This system was found to reduce pedestrian crashes by more than 90 %. The optimal parameters for three AEB stages were obtained, with decelerations of 0.2 g, 0.3 g, and 0.6 g. This study designed an active safety system based on causation analysis of the vehicle–pedestrian crashes and calibrated the AEB algorithm of it, thus providing reference and insight for further development of pedestrian protection systems.

Demographic, medical, and financial statistics from the Jaffna Jaipur Centre for Disability Rehabilitation (JJCDR) database, 1987-2018: a prosthetics, orthotics, and mobility clinic in northern Sri Lanka

Background When dealing in global health, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of community demographics and needs. From 1983-2009, a 26-year ethnic civil conflict devastated Sri Lanka, disproportionately affecting people living in the north and creating a large amputee population. Here, we use routinely collected prosthetic and orthotic data to investigate the composition of the amputee community in northern Sri Lanka. Methods The Jaffna Jaipur Centre for Disability Rehabilitation (JJCDR) was established in 1987 and has been the only centre consistently providing prosthetic, orthotic, and non-orthopaedic services in northern Sri Lanka spanning during and after the civil war. In 2004, with the help of the charity Motivation, they established an electronic patient database, which records and maintains information on the JJCDR’s patients. An anonymized copy of the JJCDR database was obtained in November 2018. Summative statistics and temporal trends in patient data were investigated. Results 3,665 unique patients registered with the JJCDR from 1986-2018 (2,605 male, 1,060 female). Individuals ranged from 0-90 years old, with a mean/median age of 34.76/32 years old. Key findings include: (i) 93.0% patients with amputation site recorded were lower limb amputees, with 74.3% being transtibial amputees; (ii) The majority of patients with cause of amputation recorded had war-related amputations (61.2%); (iii) diabetes was the highest cause for non-war-related amputations (18.3%); (iv) war-related amputations have ceased, while diabetic amputations are on the rise; and (v) peak recorded financial costs due to prosthetic and orthotic (P&O) creation/maintenance occurred in 2013, 4 years after the war ended. Conclusions These analyses provide crucial insight into the P&O population in northern Sri Lanka, including distribution and frequency for causes/sites of amputations, temporal patterns in causes of amputations, and costs to a P&O centre due to device creation and maintenance. This database and analysis provide invaluable insight into the P&O cohort in northern Sri Lanka, and a unique insight into the P&O needs of a post-conflict LMIC from the perspective of a P&O centre.

Are technological innovations and green energy prosperity swiftly reduce environmental deficit in China and United States? Learning from two sides of environmental sustainability

This study aims to investigate the nexus between green growth, technological innovation, energy policy stringency, renewable energy, and carbon net-zero emission targets with a special emphasis on the world’s two largest pollution emitter economies, (i.e., the United States and China). For this reason, quarterly data on all relevant variables were collected from 2012Q1–2020Q4. Because of its various benefits, including displaying causation patterns based on shifting quantiles of variables like green growth, technical innovation, environmental policy stringency, and renewable energy, this study employed the quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) method. Using the Quantile-ARDL method, this study determined that the error correction coefficient was strongly and negatively correlated across all quantiles. Green growth, as well as technological innovation, and environmental policy stringency, has a significant and negative effect on long-term predictions of carbon dioxide emissions for both in the United States and China. Furthermore, the causality test demonstrated that a bidirectional causal relationship among carbon emissions, green growth, technological innovation, energy policy stringency, and renewable energy. Based on these estimated findings, this study recomends various policy suggestions to achieve the number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Case Study on the Traffic Collision Patterns of E-Scooter Riders

In recent years, nonmotorized transportation and micromobility have become increasingly popular in urban areas, and bike sharing and e-scooter usage are more affordable and accessible than ever before. However, users of these modes face several significant challenges, including risky riding behavior and the danger of being involved in collisions or near collisions with other motorists. Because of a lack of relevant data sets, it is difficult to comprehend the underlying causes of e-scooter collisions. This study collected narrative descriptions of 24 e-scooter collisions that occurred in Texas in 2021. The perceptual cycle model (PCM) was applied to these narrative crash reports to analyze the causation patterns of the crash occurrences. The PCM mechanism was applied independently to fatal and injury collisions, and the results were then compared with Haddon’s matrix to develop policy recommendations. The novel approach proposed in this study can be widely utilized by road safety professionals to understand the causal relationships behind other key road safety issues.

The evaluation of occupational accident with sequential pattern mining

Accidents in manufacturing systems greatly affect productivity and efficiency, which are well known performance indicaters in practice. Therefore, it is very important to know the sequential patterns among the accidents to avode possible losses decrasing performance of the manufacturing systems. In order to reduce accidents, it is necessary to determine the patterns that cause the accident first. The associations among the causes of the occurrence of accidents is rarely investigated in the literature. To fill this gap, the patterns of causes among the accidents in the manufacturing system are revealed by using sequential pattern mining in this study. The most important contribution of this study is the discovery of sequential patterns formed by accident characteristics of pre-accident, moment of accident and post-accident stages unlike traditional accident investigation methods. Additionally, knowing the patterns of causes among the accidents can help decision makers to prepare a more proactive security program in real life. The CloFast algorithm is performed to go into the details of accidents in manufacturing systems. Accident records induding data between 2013 and 2019 are used to discover the sequential patterns. The results of this study showed that each accidents has its own sequential accident patterns and it is also posible to prevent possible accidents and reduce losses due to accidents considering sequential patterns in real life. Safety engineers and occupational safety specialists should take into account the sequential patterns among the accidents to avoid similar accident in the near future.

The Mediating Effect of Leadership Style in Relationship of Employee Motivation towards Employee Performance for Production Media in Oman

Leadership and the different associated styles have an immense impact on how employees perform and grow through motivation. This research aims to explore the leadership style, mediate the relationship between employee motivation towards employee performance in Oman production media. In this descriptive study, the goal has been to discover the pattern of cause and effect, which can predict phenomenon. The area of study focuses on the non-managerial employees in Oman's production media industry (audio & video production). The estimation for data collection from this study is 312. The relationship between the variables was investigated by PLS-SEM. According to the findings, all proposed hypothesis significantly accepted. Academically, this study contributes to the knowledge on employee performance by providing empirical evidence that to improve the performance of the Oman's production media industry. In conclusion, the study framework can be used by adapting the variables that would measure improvement and success of then employee performance.

Fine lines: locating commercial sex work in official data, Dublin 1901 and 1911

Abstract Dublin at the turn of the nineteenth century had limited permanent employment opportunities compared to Belfast, and for poor families financial instability manifested in limited life expectancy. This article focuses on young adult cohorts in Dublin city. By cross-referencing names and addresses from death records with census, court and prison records, it casts new light on the lives of the city's most disadvantaged people. It applies a digital humanities framework and uses historical Geographical Information Systems to explore patterns in cause of death, and to reveal more about household income, casual labour, women's work and community networks. We contend that the cautions about the occlusion of commercial sex work in historical data should be extended to the lowest strata of the working classes more generally and that it is only through granular analyses that the fine lines between poverty and destitution can emerge.

Cumulative causation in regional industrial path development – A conceptual framework and case study in the videogame industry of Hamburg and Shanghai

While broad evidence has been generated on the forces leading to divergent regional industrial path development, we still do not fully understand how initial structural differences between regions are dynamically attenuated in industrial path development processes. In other words, the cumulative causation processes instigating such differences are not well explored. In this paper, a process model is developed, which conceptualizes industrial path development as an iterative build-up of innovation system resources, which is conditioned by firm- and system-level agency. We argue that the specific configuration of system resource stocks, as well as firm- and system-level agency jointly condition the further evolution of a path each time a regional industry reaches a “critical moment”. Unpacking the cumulative system building process across development phases allows exploring how positive or negative cumulative causation patterns emerge in the path development process and how early interventions in the system building process may have knock-on effects at later stages.

Adverse Reactions of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Scoping Review of Observational Studies.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe global impact. A range of campaigns and activities, including vaccines, are being implemented to counteract this pandemic. Using observational data, the goal of this scoping review is to identify adverse events connected with COVID-19 vaccinations. We conduct a scoping study and searched three databases from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 through June 2022. Based on our criteria and searched keywords, the review included eleven papers in total, with the majority of the studies being conducted in developed countries. The study populations varied and included general community populations, healthcare professionals, military forces, and patients with systemic lupus and cancer. This study includes vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech, Oxford-AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, and Moderna. The COVID-19 vaccine-related adverse events were classified into three types: local side effects, systemic side effects, and other side effects such as allergies. The adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines are mild to moderate in severity, with no significant influence or interference in individual daily activities and no unique patterns in cause of death among vaccine-related deaths. According to the findings of these investigations, the COVID-19 vaccine is safe to administer and induces protection. It is vital to convey accurate information to the public about vaccination side effects, potential adverse responses, and the safety level of the vaccines supplied. Multiple strategies must be implemented at the individual, organizational, and population levels to eliminate vaccine hesitance. Future studies could investigate the vaccine's effect on people of various ages and medical conditions.

Hubungan Pengetahuan, Perilaku, dan Pengelolaan Jamban dengan Kejadian Diare di Wilayah Puskesmas Bogor Selatan 2022

Introduction: Diarrhea is a disease with signs of changes in loose stools until they melt and an increase in the frequency of bowel movements 3 or more times a day. Based on the pattern of causes of death for all ages, diarrhea is the 13th leading cause of death with a proportion of 3.5%. Meanwhile, based on infectious diseases, diarrhea is the third leading cause of death after TB and pneumonia. The population in this study were residents of South Bogor City. Objectives: To find out the factors that influence the incidence of diarrhea in Bogor City to be used as an intervention and implementation step in an effort to reduce the incidence of Non-Communicable Diseases, especially diarrheal diseases in the South Bogor Health Center area. Method: The sample in this study was 33 respondents using the simple random sampling method. The data was collected using a questionnaire, then the data was processed and analyzed using the Microsoft Excel program. Data analysis included univariate analysis by looking for the frequency distribution. Result: The results of data collection showed that the percentage of several indicators, namely knowledge, latrine management and behavior, which were the trigger for the incidence of diarrhea was behavioral behavior with the results of good behavior as many as 18 (54.5%), and unfavorable behavior 15 (45.5)%. While knowledge, it was found that, for poor knowledge as many as 8 (24.2%) had good knowledge as many as 25 (75.8%) respondents. For latrine management, 10 (30.3%) had unhealthy latrine management and 23 (69.7%) respondents had healthy latrine management. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study, although respondents have a good level of knowledge, it is not necessarily the respondents have good diarrhea prevention behavior, because it is proven that even though respondents have good knowledge, they have poor diarrhea prevention behavior. For not applying it in behavior.

Hubungan Pengetahuan, Perilaku, dan Pengelolaan Jamban dengan Kejadian Diare di Wilayah Puskesmas Bogor Selatan 2022

Introduction: Diarrhea is a disease with signs of changes in loose stools until they melt and an increase in the frequency of bowel movements 3 or more times a day. Based on the pattern of causes of death for all ages, diarrhea is the 13th leading cause of death with a proportion of 3.5%. Meanwhile, based on infectious diseases, diarrhea is the third leading cause of death after TB and pneumonia. The population in this study were residents of South Bogor City. Objectives: To find out the factors that influence the incidence of diarrhea in Bogor City to be used as an intervention and implementation step in an effort to reduce the incidence of Non-Communicable Diseases, especially diarrheal diseases in the South Bogor Health Center area. Method: The sample in this study was 33 respondents using the simple random sampling method. The data was collected using a questionnaire, then the data was processed and analyzed using the Microsoft Excel program. Data analysis included univariate analysis by looking for the frequency distribution. Result: The results of data collection showed that the percentage of several indicators, namely knowledge, latrine management and behavior, which were the trigger for the incidence of diarrhea was behavioral behavior with the results of good behavior as many as 18 (54.5%), and unfavorable behavior 15 (45.5)%. While knowledge, it was found that, for poor knowledge as many as 8 (24.2%) had good knowledge as many as 25 (75.8%) respondents. For latrine management, 10 (30.3%) had unhealthy latrine management and 23 (69.7%) respondents had healthy latrine management. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study, although respondents have a good level of knowledge, it is not necessarily the respondents have good diarrhea prevention behavior, because it is proven that even though respondents have good knowledge, they have poor diarrhea prevention behavior. For not applying it in behavior.

CIRCLE” ASSOCIATION: A CASE STUDY ON ADOLESCENT INSECURITY

Association is very important to explore and find identity for teenagers, but the association is also vulnerable to mental threats in the form of insecurity that is troubling the future of teenagers. With this research, it is hoped that it can overcome or at least minimize the impact of youth insecurity due to association, so that the prospective youth of the nation's golden generation can avoid prolonged mental illness. Based on the background of this writing, the research problem formulation is obtained, namely: 1) How much influence does social interaction have on adolescent insecurity? This study was designed with the aim of explaining and answering the questions in the focus of the research above with the emphasis, namely: 1) Knowing the magnitude of the influence of association on the emergence of a sense of insecurity in adolescents. 2) Mention and explain the pattern of causes of insecurity in the association. With this research, researchers can find out in depth about the correlation between association and insecurity in adolescents.

Redistribution down under—dealing with ill-defined deaths in the Australian Burden of Disease Study

Abstract Burden of disease analyses measure the healthy years of life lost due to living with and dying prematurely from disease and injury. It is now the global standard for comparable policy-relevant evidence on the impact of disease, injuries, and risks on a population. The Australian Burden of Disease Study (ABDS), undertaken by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, uses Australian-specific data and methods (based on the Global Burden of Disease Study, adjusted to suit the Australian context) to quantify disease burden for Australia. Despite the high quality of deaths registration data in Australia, in burden of disease analyses not all coded causes of death are considered appropriate or valid to estimate years of life lost (YLL). Therefore, these ‘ill-defined deaths’ are redistributed to one or more diseases on the ABDS disease list according to a more probable underlying cause of death. In the latest ABDS, almost 1 in 10 deaths in 2018 was an ill-defined death. Most of these were redistributed to other diseases using one of three methods developed for the Study: 1) direct evidence on more plausible causes of death from data linkage studies or other sources 2) redistribution algorithms based on the distribution of underlying causes of death where the ill-defined cause was recorded as an associated cause of death 3) reassignment of deaths across a specified range of target diseases according to patterns of causes of death observed in the mortality data for the ABDS disease list. Expert advice was also received on the redistribution of deaths from septicaemia and deaths coded to ICD-10 code X59 Exposure to unspecified factor. Overall, 8.5% of the years of life lost for Australia in 2018 came from ill-defined deaths. These deaths generally followed age-specific all-cause mortality patterns. It is important to consider methods and target diseases when redistributing ill-defined deaths to appropriately quantify their contribution to disease-specific burden.

Causes of death in Germany: A time series analysis of official statistics from 1990 to 2020

Abstract Background The analysis of the temporal patterns of causes of death is one of the most important tasks in population health monitoring and forecasts. In the present study, a detailed time series analysis of official statistics is performed in order to identify major temporal trends in the distribution of health risks in the German population. Methods Official statistics on causes of death from 1990 to 2020 are utilised. The causes of death are classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (10th Revision). Temporal trends of death cases per 100,000 population and ten-year forecasts are estimated with integrated autoregressive moving average models (ARIMA). Results Cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms and cerebrovascular diseases have accounted for more than 70% of all deaths between 1990-2020. In contrast, urogenital, infectious and muscular-related diseases have been reported for less than 2% of deaths during the same period. Annual deaths per 100,000 population due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases largely decreased between 1990-2020 (-11.07 95% CI [-15.17; -6.97] and -4.02 95% CI [-6.85; -1.20], respectively). Concerning other causes of deaths, no temporal trends were observed, with the exception of diseases of the nervous and digestive system (0.83 95% CI [0.08; 1.58]). The forecasts for the decade 2020-2030 suggest that cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms are expected to remain the most frequent causes of death in Germany and could account for about 67% of all deaths. Conclusions The results indicate that non-communicable diseases, in particular the group of cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, will remain the major driver of mortality in Germany over the next decade. Key messages

PENGARUH KOMPETENSI DAN LOYALITAS PEGAWAI TERHADAP KUALITAS PELAYANAN DI DINAS PENDIDIKAN KOTA SUKABUMI

The main problem in this research is the low quality of service which according to the researcher's observations is caused by the competence and loyalty of employees who are not yet optimal. On the basis of these thoughts and considerations, the approach taken in this study uses a quantitative method using a questionnaire instrument. Based on the characteristics of the data used, this study uses a quantitative research approach. The analytical technique used is descriptive statistical technique which functions to classify data, work on, conclude, explain and present the processed results. It aims to make a pattern of cause and effect relationship between the value of a variable with other variables. The infrensial test was carried out through validity and reliability tests as well as classical assumption tests. Hypothesis testing is done through regression analysis. Shows that Service Quality is influenced by Employee Competence and Loyalty, either partially or simultaneously. Partially the quality of service is influenced by competence by 73.2% and employee loyalty by 61.8%. The conclusion in this study is that the Competence and Loyalty of Employees partially or simultaneously have an influence on the Quality of Service at the Dinas Pendidikan Kota Sukabumi.