Acquisition Of Patterns Research Articles

A multifactorial aspectual analysis of verb concatenation with imperfective markers zhe in Mandarin

Abstract As a cognitive ability to construe events in alternate ways, aspectuality has aroused many researchers’ academic attention; however, the concatenation of aspect markers in a clause is understudied in previous studies. The present paper follows a bidimensional approach of aspect to conduct a corpus-based aspectual analysis of verb concatenation with imperfective markers zhe (henceforth VCIMs zhe) in Mandarin. Specifically, to construe the cognitive inference mechanism of aspect, a multifactorial analysis of VCIMs zhe by the statistical techniques of multiple correspondence analysis, conditional inference trees and conditional random forests is carried out to explore the prototypical temporal features of verbs in two slots, predict the aspectual meanings of two imperfective markers zhe, and also discuss the conditional importance of factors such as durativity, dynamicity, telicity, boundedness, and slot in identifying the situation types of two verbs or verb phrases in VCIMs zhe. Methodologically, a usage-based multifactorial analysis of VCIMs zhe complements previous introspective studies on aspect marking. Theoretically, a corpus-based aspectual account of VCIMs zhe, one type of complex viewpoint aspects, expands traditional studies on Chinese aspect system, supplies evidence for aspect typology cross-linguistically, and provides reference for second language acquisition of usage patterns of zhe by non-native speakers.

Deuterium echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) in the human liver in vivo at 7 T.

To demonstrate the feasibility of deuterium echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) to accelerate 3D deuterium metabolic imaging in the human liver at 7 T. A deuterium EPSI sequence, featuring a Hamming-weighted k-space acquisition pattern for the phase-encoding directions, was implemented. Three-dimensional deuterium EPSI and conventional MRSI were performed on a water/acetone phantom and in vivo in the human liver at natural abundance. Moreover, in vivo deuterium EPSI measurements were acquired after oral administration of deuterated glucose. The effect of acquisition time on SNR was evaluated by retrospectively reducing the number of averages. The SNR of natural abundance deuterated water signal in deuterium EPSI was 6.5% and 5.9% lower than that of MRSI in the phantom and in vivo experiments, respectively. In return, the acquisition time of in vivo EPSI data could be reduced retrospectively to 2 min, beyond the minimal acquisition time of conventional MRSI (of 20 min in this case), while still leaving sufficient SNR. Three-dimensional deuterium EPSI, after administration of deuterated glucose, enabled monitoring of hepatic glucose dynamics with full liver coverage, a spatial resolution of 20 mm isotropic, and a temporal resolution of 9 min 50 s, which could retrospectively be shortened to 2 min. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of accelerated 3D deuterium metabolic imaging of the human liver using deuterium EPSI. The acceleration obtained with EPSI can be used to increase temporal and/or spatial resolution, which will be valuable to study tissue metabolism of deuterated compounds over time.

Assessing conservation outcomes and maximizing habitat connectivity for multiple species in systematic conservation plans: a case study in Yolo County, California

ContextHabitat connectivity is key when designing reserve networks for conservation of species at risk. Acquiring land over time to achieve connectivity for multiple species in a systematic conservation plan can pose a challenge because not all high priority parcels will be acquired, species occurrence data is often limited, and using multiple species models together is complex.ObjectivesWe evaluated four possible land acquisition strategies in a such a plan in their ability to meet each of three objectives. The strategies represent different combinations of what are termed ‘Priority 1’, ‘Priority 2’, and ‘Corridor’ lands in the plan. The objectives are to (1) meet conservation target acreages identified in the plan; these are distinct from connectivity goals, (2) maximize structural habitat connectivity, and (3) maximize connectivity for multiple focal species.MethodsFor this case study in Yolo County, California, we compared the efficiency of strategies to meet conservation targets using MARXAN. We compared structural connectivity of MARXAN solutions for each strategy using FRAGSTATS and distance between patches using ArcGIS. We compared focal species connectivity by using ArcGIS to define species-specific least cost networks and then assessing each network’s conformity with MARXAN solutions.Results‘Priority 1’ parcels and ‘Corridor’ parcels together provide (1) the most efficient solution for attaining conservation targets, (2) the highest structural connectivity, and (3) high connectivity for the greatest number of focal species.ConclusionsBecause land acquisition patterns are time sensitive and data may be limited, we recommend using spatial prioritization software often and employing several measures of connectivity in decision-making.

Abstract A49: Characterizing the order of mutation acquisition in acute myeloid leukemia using large-scale single-cell sequencing

Abstract Introduction: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has a poor prognosis, despite aggressive therapies and a recent expansion in the array of treatments. Treatment is often determined by mutations, which risk-stratify a patient’s leukemia or can identify mutations that serve as therapeutic targets. Although common mutations in AML have been extensively studied, less research has formally characterized the order by which mutations tend to occur and how this order relates to properties of the disease. Methods: We leveraged published, single-cell DNA sequencing data from three institutions to model the clonal evolution of AML. Sequencing had been performed using targeted sequencing panels covering 19 to 37 genes, and driver mutations were identified using conservative filters. Mutation trees were created using Single Cell Inference of Tumor Evolution (SCITE). Clonal evolution patterns, including across clinical timepoints, were identified and compared to patient characteristics, disease phenotype, and outcomes. The BeatAML dataset was leveraged to explore associations between mutation order and gene expression. Results: Using 835 driver mutations from 276 samples and 209 patients, we identified 223 total unique mutation patterns. Branched evolution primarily involves FLT3 and RAS pathway mutations, whereas certain mutation pairs, such as NPM1 and FLT3, always occurred linearly in the same clone. Although some mutation pairs, such as those related to DNA methylation versus the RAS pathway, tended to occur in a specific order, several cases exhibited atypical orderings. Early signaling gene mutations were associated with younger patient age and increased signaling mutation homozygosity while NRAS-first cases were associated with increased monocyte counts. NRAS-first cases were also associated with distinct gene expression patterns in the BeatAML dataset. Paired diagnosis and relapse samples revealed novel associations between mutations gained at relapse and their clonal context, and these analyses supported a relative fitness advantage for signaling mutations in clones containing mutations in NPM1 or genes affecting DNA methylation. Conclusions: Clonal evolution in AML can be reconstructed at scale using single-cell DNA sequencing data, and different mutation acquisition patterns are associated with distinct leukemia and patient characteristics, despite cases having similar co-mutation patterns. Citation Format: Matthew Schwede, Katharina Jahn, Linde A Miles, Robert L Bowman, Jack Kuipers, Troy M Robinson, Asiri Ediriwickrema, Andrew J Gentles, Ross Levine, Niko Beerenwinkel, Koichi Takahashi, Ravindra Majeti. Characterizing the order of mutation acquisition in acute myeloid leukemia using large-scale single-cell sequencing [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome; 2023 Jan 23-25; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Blood Cancer Discov 2023;4(3_Suppl):Abstract nr A49.

Dorsal hand vein biometrics with a novel deep learning approach for person identification

Hand dorsal biometric recognition system proposed in this study combines the strength of information in regions of dorsal vein biometric trait in a deep learning based Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) model. The approach divides each dorsal image into five overlapping regions; consequently, five different training and test sets are obtained for each image, modeling a multi-modal biometric system while using only one trait. The test outputs are combined by score-level fusion. Experimental results on FYO, Bosphorus and Badawi datasets indicate the efficiency of the proposed method and its comparability with other recognition systems. The results are also compared with the state-of-the-art dorsal hand vein recognition systems to show the ability of the proposed biometric architecture to perform well in different conditions that may affect dorsal vein pattern acquisition and have con-sequent effect on the efficiency of the recognition system.

A study of the distribution of classes of lexical aspect in Spanish by Chinese learners of Spanish in oral narration

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the non-native use of Spanish verbs of different aspectual classes by Mandarin Chinese speakers performing oral narrative tasks. In this work, we adopt Vendler’s (Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press) lexical-aspect classification (states, activities, accomplishments, and achievements), and we analyze the Spanish L2 acquisition of these categories by sinophones both at the level of the lexical form acquisition and at the semantic level. Based on data obtained from two oral narrative tasks elicited from storyboard vignettes performed by three groups of learners of L2/L3 Spanish (ranging from B1 to C1 levels of the CEFR), this work supports Jiang’s (Jiang, Nan. 2000. Lexical development and representation in a second language. Applied Linguistics 21(1). 47–77) L2 lexical acquisition pattern at the lexical form level, as our sinophone learners show a similar pattern to the one observed in native speakers in the use of aspectual class of compositional form (accomplishments)and aspectual classes of individual form (states, activities and achievements). However, at the lexical semantic level, we found that, besides L2 proficiency, the properties of lexical semantics may also impact learners’ L2 lexical processing.

The initial effect of U.S. tax reform on foreign acquisitions

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017 marked a significant change in U.S. domestic and international tax policy, altering incentives for U.S. firms to own foreign assets. We examine the initial response of U.S. firms’ foreign acquisition patterns to the TCJA’s key reform provisions. We find a significant overall decrease in the probability that a foreign target is acquired by a U.S. firm after the reform, suggesting that the net effect of the TCJA was to reduce acquisitions abroad. Cross-sectional variation across target and acquirer characteristics points to the elimination of the repatriation tax and the TCJA’s global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) regime as critically influencing cross-border acquisitions by U.S. firms. Specifically, U.S. acquirers with little foreign presence prior to the TCJA are more likely to acquire a foreign target, while U.S. acquirers are less likely to acquire profitable targets in low-tax countries. Results from our empirical analyses are consistent with the TCJA prompting fewer but more value-enhancing, less tax-motivated foreign acquisitions by U.S. firms.

Competence Attrition: A linguistic theory of the effects of external competence acquisition for organizations

What happens to old competences in organizations when new competences are acquired? In this paper, we propose a competence attrition theory to explain the effects of acquiring new competences on previously acquired ones. While the presumed positive role of available competences for the acquisition of new competences has been the subject of extensive research, the potentially negative effect of the acquisition of external competences on the availability and use of existing competences has not been sufficiently theorized. We aim to do so by extending existing learning and absorptive capacity theories with insights from linguistics on competence attrition. Specifically, informed by parallel patterns in language acquisition and attrition, we develop a set of focused propositions on competence acquisition and attrition in organizations. We end the paper by discussing the implications of our theorizing for existing theory and research.

Improving oral expression skills using the acquisition of language patterns among students with LDs

This study aimed at identifying the impact of learning language patterns appropriately on the development of oral expression skills among students with learning disabilities. The study used experimental and descriptive approaches. The instruments included a training program and an achievement test, which was applied before and after the application of the program. The sample of the study included 84 students with learning disabilities from Irbid city, Jordan. The results of the study found a positive correlation between the pre and post-tests. The study concluded that implementing the right training programs helps students to improve their academic levels and help the teacher to implement the right strategies

Variable organization of symbiont-containing tissue across planthoppers hosting different heritable endosymbionts.

Sap-feeding hemipteran insects live in associations with diverse heritable symbiotic microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that provide essential nutrients deficient in their hosts' diets. These symbionts typically reside in highly specialized organs called bacteriomes (with bacterial symbionts) or mycetomes (with fungal symbionts). The organization of these organs varies between insect clades that are ancestrally associated with different microbes. As these symbioses evolve and additional microorganisms complement or replace the ancient associates, the organization of the symbiont-containing tissue becomes even more variable. Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) are ancestrally associated with bacterial symbionts Sulcia and Vidania, but in many of the planthopper lineages, these symbionts are now accompanied or have been replaced by other heritable bacteria (e.g., Sodalis, Arsenophonus, Purcelliella) or fungi. We know the identity of many of these microbes, but the symbiont distribution within the host tissues and the bacteriome organization have not been systematically studied using modern microscopy techniques. Here, we combine light, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy with phylogenomic data to compare symbiont tissue distributions and the bacteriome organization across planthoppers representing 15 families. We identify and describe seven primary types of symbiont localization and seven types of the organization of the bacteriome. We show that Sulcia and Vidania, when present, usually occupy distinct bacteriomes distributed within the body cavity. The more recently acquired gammaproteobacterial and fungal symbionts generally occupy separate groups of cells organized into distinct bacteriomes or mycetomes, distinct from those with Sulcia and Vidania. They can also be localized in the cytoplasm of fat body cells. Alphaproteobacterial symbionts colonize a wider range of host body habitats: Asaia-like symbionts often colonize the host gut lumen, whereas Wolbachia and Rickettsia are usually scattered across insect tissues and cell types, including cells containing other symbionts, bacteriome sheath, fat body cells, gut epithelium, as well as hemolymph. However, there are exceptions, including Gammaproteobacteria that share bacteriome with Vidania, or Alphaproteobacteria that colonize Sulcia cells. We discuss how planthopper symbiont localization correlates with their acquisition and replacement patterns and the symbionts' likely functions. We also discuss the evolutionary consequences, constraints, and significance of these findings.

Диалектика платформизации

Introduction. In the presented article the analysis of the phenomenon of platformization with the use of the dialectical method was carried out. Theoretical analysis. The premise of platformization is the identity of the idea and the business model, as well as value and cost. The starting point for the movement of the idea of platformization is the request (of the subject to the platform and back), inseparably connected with its opposite – the access. The synthesis of request and access is seduction as an appeal to make requests to gain access to benefits which in fact turn out to be imaginary. The revealed reality of seduction, which seeks guaranteed and predictable results, is grasped by the notion of surveillance. Surveillance is implemented in the quantitative analysis of the subject’s behavior to calculate the probability of his behavior and to increase it through immersiveness, which allows to collect as much data as possible, and learning. For a subject, learning is a requirement for the constant acquisition of new behavior patterns and is a value without cost, i.e., a form of alienation of the subject from public good. For platforms, learning refers to the acquisition of data-in-themselves-and-for-themselves-being in machine intelligence. Conclusion. Machine intelligence today is an incomplete stage of platformization without pronounced internal moments, so the dialectical analysis should stop at this stage.

Differences between Monolinguals and Bilinguals in Phonetic and Phonological Learning and the Connection with Auditory Sensory Memory.

Bilingualism has been linked with improved function regarding certain aspects of linguistic processing, e.g., novel word acquisition and learning unfamiliar sound patterns. Two non mutually-exclusive approaches might explain these results. One is related to executive function, speculating that more effective learning is achieved through actively choosing relevant information while inhibiting potentially interfering information. While still controversial, executive function enhancements attributed to bilingual experience have been reported for decades. The other approach, understudied to date, emphasizes the role of sensory mechanisms, specifically auditory sensory memory. Bilinguals outperformed monolinguals in tasks involving auditory processing and episodic memory recall, but the questions whether (1) bilinguals' auditory sensory memory skills are also enhanced, and (2) phonetic skill and auditory sensory memory are correlated, remain open, however. Our study is innovative in investigating phonetic learning skills and auditory sensory memory in the same speakers from two groups: monolinguals and early bilinguals. The participants were trained and tested on an artificial accent of English and their auditory sensory memory was assessed based on a digit span task. The results demonstrated that, compared to monolinguals, bilinguals exhibit enhanced auditory sensory memory and phonetic and phonological learning skill, and a correlation exists between them.

Legal Comparison of Land Bank in Indonesia and the United States

Land is a basic human need that becomes a strategic capital for life. Today, Indonesia has a lot of agendas with agrarian reform. The question of land will never end. With the pattern of land acquisition for development in the public interest along with other land problems, a new body was presented. This body is known as the Land Bank. Land Bank is a special agency (sui generis) which is an Indonesian legal entity established by the central government that is given special authority to manage land. The purpose of the land bank is to create a just economy. As a country of law, there are legals that binding on the subject of land banks. Which legal hierarchy about the land bank. Then this land bank is a new one in Indonesia. Certainly a lot to learn and evaluate the performance of the Land bank agency. The new land bank was established in 2021. Therefore, it is felt to help manage the land bank of Indonesia by making comparisons with other countries, namely the United States. Then the formulation of the problem to be discussed is : (1) How is the arrangement of the establishment of land bank in Indonesia? (2) What are the similarities and differences between land banks in Indonesia and the United States?. Research methods in writing this thesis using the type of normative juridical research, meaning that the problems raised, discussed and described in this study focused on applying the rules or norms in positive law. Approach the problem using the legal approach, conceptual approach, comparative approach to legal materials consisting of primary legal materials, secondary and non-legal materials. The results of this thesis research, first, the regulation of land banks in Indonesia is regulated in the Constitution of Republic Indonesia 1945, UUPA, land procurement law for development for the public interest, job creation law, Government Regulation Number 64 of 2021 on Land Bank, Presidential Regulation Number 113 of 2021 on the structure and Organization of Land Bank. Second, the comparison between land banks in Indonesia and the United States certainly has similarities and differences. The equation is in terms of centralized regulation and the location of the land bank. Differences with the United States lie in regulations, types of land banks, parties to land banks, mechanisms for organizing land banks, and objectives.

Pattern of acquisition of theory of mind in pre-schoolers: A cross-sectional study from South India.

Theory of Mind (ToM) is an important part of children's social cognitive development. The pattern of ToM acquisition depends on many factors including culture, the number of family members, and siblings. This study aimed to examine the pattern of ToM acquisition in Indian culture. We conducted a cross-sectional study among preschool children (three to six years) (N=118) from rural and urban backgrounds. ToM development was assessed using the Wellman and Liu Theory of Mind Scale and the Children's Social Understanding Scale (parent report). The order of acquisition of ToM in Indian children was as follows: diverse desire>diverse belief>knowledge access>explicit false belief>content false belief>hidden emotion. The number of siblings positively correlated with the total ToM task score, and the number of adults in the family did not show any positive correlation. Although India is a collectivistic country, the acquisition pattern of ToM in our population was like that of individualistic countries such as the United States.

Theoretical and experimental research on two-phase flow image reconstruction and flow pattern recognition.

Two-phase flow is a kind of complex fluid flow state, and the flow pattern characteristics are very difficult to obtain accurately. First, the principle of two-phase flow pattern image reconstruction based on electrical resistance tomography technology and the complex flow pattern recognition method are developed. Next, the back propagation (BP), wavelet, and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are applied to the two-phase flow pattern image identification process. The results show that the RBF neural network algorithm has higher fidelity and faster convergence speed than the BP and wavelet network algorithms, and the fidelity is more than 80%. Then, deep learning of the pattern recognition algorithm fusing the RBF network and convolution neural network is proposed to improve the precision of the flow pattern identification. Additionally, the recognition accuracy of the fusion recognition algorithm is more than 97%. Finally, a two-phase flow test system is constructed, the test is finished, and the correctness of the theoretical simulation model is verified. The research process and results provide important theoretical guidance for the accurate acquisition of two-phase flow patterns.

What effect has Covid-19 had on changing household food consumption? A case study of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Four waves of the Covid-19 epidemic have drastically affected consumer behaviors in Vietnam, particularly during the period of social distancing in the second half of 2021. This study was done to investigate changes in household food acquisition and consumption patterns in Ho Chi Minh City. During the most severe wave of Covid-19 in Vietnam, an online poll was used to collect data from 130 customers in Ho Chi Minh City. Before Covid-19 (before January 2021), food was primarily purchased from traditional markets and other direct methods. After Covid-19 occurred (since January 2021), changes in food acquisition methods were found as 52% of respondents went to the grocery stores, traditional markets, and supermarkets less often. Moreover, consumers have changed their online shopping behaviors as 48% bought more food online compared to pre-Covid-19 periods. Since Covid-19, surveyed households consumed less food, specifically fresh produce (44.6%), fast food (60.8%), canned food (37.7%), prepped meals (60.8%), grains (43.1%), and snacks (43.8%). In opposition, more frozen foods (46%) and more meat (47%) were consumed since the pandemic. From the estimated ordinal probit regression, the study found that the determinants that most explain changes in food consumption are age, household size, education, income, affected income, workplace status, and the afraid of food shortage.

Multiple Aspects of Word Knowledge in Thai EFL Students: The Hierarchical Acquisition and Relationships

This research explored the nature of the word knowledge construct by analyzing the hierarchical difficulty in acquiring different word knowledge aspects and their relationships. The research examined Nation’s (2013) framework, which is the most widely accepted conceptualization of what is involved in knowing a word. Therefore, this article presents the hypothesized concept of knowing a word as a multi-aspect construct. A battery test of word knowledge aspects was administered to 500 senior high school participants who were English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in Thailand. The results showed that the receptive knowledge test of an aspect showed higher scores than its productive knowledge test. There was also a positive correlation between knowledge of the different aspects. Besides, an analysis of Implicational Scaling (IS) illustrated a valid implicational pattern of word knowledge aspects and found that productive knowledge could be known without complete mastery of all aspects of receptive knowledge. Finally, a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis demonstrated the benefit of the various word knowledge aspects to acquiring word knowledge. Overall, the current research corroborates previous evidence for the vocabulary acquisition pattern and the conceptualization of word knowledge and provides empirical evidence in a Thai EFL context. It also implies that word knowledge is acquired along a developmental learning continuum.

On the big data processing algorithms for finding frequent sequences

AbstractSequential pattern mining algorithms extract trendy sequence appearances inside ordered transactional datasets such as market basket datasets. There is a lack of research employing big data processing techniques to locate frequent sequences on large‐scale datasets. Furthermore, there is a need for optimized sequential pattern mining algorithms that run on ordered one‐dimensional sequences. We also observe a lack of sequential pattern search studies in the literature, where the focus is centered around multi‐dimensional data sequences. Existing approaches that deal with ordered one‐dimensional datasets suffer from scalability issues as the amount of data to be analyzed is enormous. This research investigates the big data processing techniques used to find frequent sequences in large‐scale datasets. It also proposes a scalable sequence pattern mining algorithm called Sequential Pattern Acquisition by Reducing Search Space (SPARSS) designed for distributed data processing systems that efficiently handle large datasets containing sequential one‐element data. It introduces a prototype implementation of SPARSS and provides information on the SPARSS's memory and time requirements, which were calculated as part of experimental studies on a real‐world dataset. The results confirm our expectations and demonstrate SPARSS's superior scalability and run‐time efficiency compared to other distributed algorithms.

Firearm acquisition patterns and characteristics of California mass and active shooters

PurposeTo examine the firearm acquisition histories of mass and active shooters from California. MethodsFirst, we identified 22 individuals with a record of authorized handgun purchase in California who perpetrated an attack between 1996 and 2018. Using incidence density sampling, mass and active shooters were matched to purchasers and compared using conditional logistic regressions. Second, we characterized the firearm transaction patterns of 55 mass and active shooters who perpetrated attacks between 1985 and 2018 and implemented a mixed model to identify factors associated with firearms acquired in close temporal proximity to the attack. ResultsCompared to legal handgun purchasers, shooters had more purchases of handguns in the year prior to the attack (OR = 5.58, 95% CI: 2.34, 13.33), greater odds of a history of purchase denials (OR = 23.43, 95% CI: 4.55, 120.59), and fewer years between the last recorded purchase and the end date (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.90). Among the broader set of mass and active shooters, mixed model results indicated that the firearms acquired close to the attack were more likely to be long guns, discharged during the attack, purchased out-of-state, and acquired by methods other than through a licensed dealer. ConclusionsFindings are suggestive of pre-attack planning.

Acquisition of Pragmatic Skills in Paediatric Cochlear Implant Users.

Pragmatic language skills are one of the most complex language skills. Children with hearing loss face difficulty in social participation and effective communication during mainstreaming. Without mastery of these skills, children may encounter significant challenges with abstract conversational communication and literacy. This study aimed to explore the age and pattern of acquisition of pragmatic skills in hearing-impaired children. Twelve (12) children with Cochlear Implants (CI) in the age range of 5 to 10years with minimum 1-year post-implantation regular therapy and twelve (12) age-matched normal hearing children participated in the study. All participants were administered the 'Test of Pragmatic Skills' (Shulman, 1986) comprising different domains of pragmatics. Their responses were rated on a six-point rating scale from 0 to 5. A qualitative analysis of various domains revealed that paediatric cochlear implant users used varied pragmatic skills at approximately 3years on average during the post-implantation period compared to the typically developing children who acquired the skills well below 3 years on average. Pragmatics is very well correlated to the child's cognition; hence, the higher the cognitive age, the earlier the acquisition of pragmatic skills. The results prove that pragmatic skills developed proportionately to their implant age but need to be at par with their cognitive age. Rehabilitation of CI children, thus, should levy heavy focus on varied pragmatic domains, which will facilitate contextually appropriate communication at the earliest possible time during the post-implantation period.