Pattern Map Research Articles

Unified Modeling of Pseudo-Slug and Churn Flows for Liquid Holdup and Pressure Gradient Predictions in Pipelines and Wellbores

Summary Pseudo-slug flow is a coherent flow pattern that occurs in horizontal or inclined pipes surrounded by segregated and conventional slug flows. Recent studies have demonstrated that this flow pattern can occupy a large area in the flow pattern map and cannot be simply ignored. Churn flow commonly occurs in upward vertical or slightly deviated wellbores characterized by a chaotic intermittent flow behavior. Pseudo-slug and churn flows are generally considered as two different flow patterns mainly because of their visual differences. However, some recent studies have shown that they share many similarities. There are several hydraulic models for churn flow, and the models for pseudo-slug flow have also emerged in recent years. However, these models only work for a certain inclination angle range, and none work for both flow patterns. This paper proposes a new unified hydraulic model that is applicable for both flow patterns. The liquid holdup prediction is based on the drift-flux model, while the pressure gradient is predicted using a two-fluid model that considers wall frictions from both gas and liquid phases. The new model better captures the effects of gas and liquid flow rates, gas density, liquid viscosity, inclination angle, and pipe diameter on the liquid holdup and pressure gradient compared with other models. Model evaluations show that the new model gives the best predictions compared with other available pseudo-slug or churn models. The new model reduces the total average absolute relative error to 14.0% for the liquid holdup prediction and 19.1% for the pressure gradient prediction.

Decision fusion approach for detecting unknown wafer bin map patterns based on a deep multitask learning model

In semiconductor manufacturing, wafer bin maps (WBMs) present specific defect patterns that provide crucial information for tracking abnormal processes. Thus, it is necessary to correctly classify WBM defects to achieve yield improvements. However, unknown types of defects constantly emerge due to the development of new process technologies and devices, degrading classification performance. Thus, a novel open set recognition (OSR) method that aims to detect unknown defects while correctly classifying known defect types is proposed in this work. The proposed method first extracts the reconstruction errors using an autoencoder and the random network errors using a random network distillation technique. Next, the two types of errors are combined by applying the extreme value theory-based Weibull calibration technique to produce probability scores for unknown detection. Finally, a deep convolutional neural network classifier assigns known classes to the samples determined as known. In the proposed method, multiple networks are interconnected, and we apply a simple sequential multitask learning mechanism to coordinate all networks. Extensive experiments were conducted on a real-world WBM defect dataset, and the results showed that each component proposed in this paper helped improve the unknown detection performance of our approach while minimizing its closed set classification performance loss. As a result, the proposed method outperformed the state-of-the-art OSR methods, achieving area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) increases of at least 0.124 for unknown detection cases.

Systematic detection of keratoconus in OCT: corneal and epithelial thickness maps.

To detect keratoconus (KC) only by analyzing the corneal and epithelial map parameters and patterns in optical coherence tomography (OCT). Tertiary care refractive surgery center. Retrospective data collection. Corneal and epithelial thickness maps of normal, manifest, and subclinical keratoconic eyes (according to the Belin-Ambrosio display, Pentacam) were evaluated using spectral-domain OCT (Zeiss Cirrus 5000 HD). A new 2-step decision tree was developed based on previous studies with another OCT device. In the first step, if at least 1 of the 4 independent parameters (pachymetry minimum, pachymetry minimum-median, pachymetry superonasal-inferotemporal, and epithelial superonasal-inferotemporal) overruns the cutoff values, the eye was suspicious for KC. In the second step, if the epithelial map showed concentric thinning and the thinnest point of the cornea and epithelium is coincident, the eye was classified as keratoconic. 172 manifest keratoconic eyes (108 patients), 21 subclinical keratoconic eyes (20 patients), and 172 normal eyes (90 age-matched participants) were included in this study. Step 1 captured 100% of manifest and subclinical keratoconic eyes. Step 2 ruled out all suspicious but normal cases and, falsely, 2 subclinical keratoconic eyes. Our 2-step decision tree reached 100% specificity, 100% sensitivity in manifest KC, and 90.4% sensitivity in subclinical KC. Pachymetric and epithelial map parameters and patterns in OCT can be used in the diagnosis of KC, including subclinical cases, yielding a high level of agreement with the commonly used diagnostic reference, the Belin-Ambrosio display. Further improvements by refining our algorithm and including an automated evaluation in the software are desirable.

Cultural tourism products mapping using geographic information systems in Bekasi

This study aims to identify and analyze the main destinations for cultural tourism in Bekasi City Regency using the Geographic Information System by using mixed methods through spatial geography and a descriptive qualitative approach. The data collection methods are through field surveys with notes, interviews, and documentation. The ArcGIS 10 software is used in order to visualize the data. Furthermore, the qualitative description of the data was served by using the theory of Tourism Products (Attraction, Accessibility, Amenities, and Ancillary). The results of the study indicate that there are four cultural tourism destinations that are the potential to become the representatives of cultural tourism in Bekasi, namely Kranggan Traditional Village, Juang 45 Museum, Hok Lay Temple, and Saung Ranggon Cultural Heritage. The data on each destination is presented in both visual and descriptive form with the purpose to know the distribution of the mapping pattern for the tourism-producing supporting facilities at the attraction and can then be used as an of providing information, data updates, and references to accommodate the developments and policies around the area in order to improve the quality of the tourist experiences while visiting.

Mapping of Gradient Patterns Generated with Helmholtz Coils for Localized Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia

Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) is a new generation cancer treatment method under development. One of the challenges that arise in the practical applications of MFH is the limited control of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). In order to overcome this problem, new approaches are being investigated in MFH tests. Localization of MNP oscillations can be achieved through static magnetic field-free region (FFR) and static magnetic field (SMF) gradients generated by permanent magnets or electromagnets. In this study, Helmholtz coils were used as SMF source to generate gradient patterns (GPs). Finite element method simulation was used to predict GPs that would emerge in the study area. An experiment platform was produced in which the GP would be generated with parametric current changes. Measurements were taken when source currents were (1.1, 1.1 ), (2.2, 2.2), (4.4, 4.4) and (2.2, -2.2) A, respectively. It was observed that FFR form could be manipulated with coil current. The mapping of the GPs and determining FFRs for the use of localized MFH were discussed for the first time in this study. The findings provide insight into which GP is appropriate in which situations in localized MFH.

Improving diversity and quality of adversarial examples in adversarial transformation network

This paper proposes PatternAttack to mitigate two major issues of Adversarial Transformation Network (ATN) including the low diversity and the low quality of adversarial examples. In order to deal with the first issue, this research proposes a stacked convolutional autoencoder based on patterns to generalize ATN. This proposed autoencoder could support different patterns such as all-pixel pattern, object boundary pattern, and class model map pattern. In order to deal with the second issue, this paper presents an algorithm to improve the quality of adversarial examples in terms of \(L_0\)-norm and \(L_2\)-norm. This algorithm employs adversarial pixel ranking heuristics such as JSMA and COI to prioritize adversarial pixels. To demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method, comprehensive experiments have been conducted on the MNIST dataset and the CIFAR-10 dataset. For the first issue, the proposed autoencoder generates diverse adversarial examples. For the second issue, the proposed algorithm significantly improves the quality of adversarial examples. In terms of \(L_0\)-norm, the proposed algorithm decreases from hundreds of adversarial pixels to one adversarial pixel. In terms of \(L_2\)-norm, the proposed algorithm reduces the average distance considerably. These results show that the proposed method can generate high-quality and diverse adversarial examples in practice.

Deep Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Geophysical Investigations: The State of the Art and Future Directions

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is a robust and well-consolidated method largely applied in near-surface geophysics. Nevertheless, the mapping of the spatial resistivity patterns of the subsurface at a depth greater than 1 km was performed in just a few cases by the ERT method, called deep ERT (DERT). Since, in many cases, the term DERT was adopted with ambiguity for geoelectrical explorations varying in depth within a range of 0–500 m, the main goal of this review is to clearly define the DERT method, identifying a threshold value in the investigation depth. The study focuses both on the purely methodological aspects (e.g., geoelectrical data processing in low noise-to-signal ratio conditions; tomographic algorithms for data inversion) and on the technological features (e.g., sensor layouts, multi-array systems), envisaging the future directions of the research activity, especially that based on machine learning, for improving the geoelectrical data processing and interpretation. The results of the more significant papers published on this topic in the last 20 years are analyzed and discussed.

Lateral mapping of damage patterns in plasma immersion ion-implanted silicon

Lateral mapping of damage patterns in plasma immersion ion-implanted silicon

Profile of Top 100 Cited in STEM Education for the Last Twenty Years

The research analyzes the top 100 cited publications in STEM education in the last twenty years. The research objectives are to analyze the publication type, year, sources publishing, authorship pattern, institution, country, and keywords pattern and review these top-cited publications using bibliometric analysis. The metadata used in this research is the Scopus database. The study result shows that among these top 100 publications, the most common type of publication is journal articles. Most of these publications were conducted at four-year intervals from 2014 to 2017, with an average citation per paper of 70.75. Belland is recognized as the most productive author, whereas National Research Council has become the institution with the most citations. The most contributed institutions included Purdue University and the University of Minnesota. The USA has led over highly cited publications, followed by Australia and the Netherlands. The research areas in these papers mainly emphasize education, STEM, STEM education, engineering education, and every stem aspect. The review result focus on research on the conceptual framework of STEM integration, STEM-based learning media, challenges to STEM, perspectives on STEM education, and the impact of Covid-19 on STEM education. This research implies finding research novelties about STEM education through the results of mapping and visualization patterns based on keywords that often appear.

"I Didn't Sign Up for This": Perspectives from Persons Living with Dementia and Care Partners on Challenges, Supports, and Opportunities to Add Geriatric Neuropalliative Care to Dementia Specialty Care.

In the United States, dementia specialty centers affiliated with centers of excellence for research hold promise as locations to develop innovative, holistic care in care systems otherwise siloed by discipline or payer. We conducted foundational research to inform development of patient-and family-centered palliative care interventions for dementia specialty centers. We interviewed persons living with dementia (PLWD), current, and former care partners (CP) recruited from a specialty dementia clinic and purposively selected for variation across disease syndrome and stage. A framework method of thematic analysis included coding, analytic matrices, and pattern mapping. 40 participants included 9 PLWD, 16 current CPs, and 15 former CPs of decedents; 48% impacted by Alzheimer's disease dementia. While help from family, support groups and adult day centers, paid caregiving, and sensitive clinical care were invaluable to PLWD, CPs, or both, these supports were insufficient to navigate the extensive challenges. Disease-oriented sources of distress included symptoms, functional impairment and falls, uncertainty and loss, and inaccessible care. Social and relational challenges included constrained personal and professional opportunities. The obligation and toll of giving or receiving caregiving were challenging. Clinical care challenges for PLWD and/or CPs included care fragmentation, insufficient guidance to inform planning and need for expert interdisciplinary clinical care at home. Findings highlight the breadth and gravity of gaps, which surpass the disciplinary focus of either behavioral neurology or palliative care alone. Results can inform the development of novel interventions to add principles of geriatrics and neuropalliative care to dementia care.

Abstract 11738: Epicardial Connections as an Etiology in Recalcitrant Tachyarrhythmias After Left Atrial Ablations in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: Left atrial radio frequency ablation(RFA) for persistent atrial fibrillation(AF) and left atrial tachycardias(LAT) are often challenging due to the presence of epicardial connections(EC). Hypothesis: Mapping and subsequent ablation of epicardial connections using high density(HD) mapping and activation patterns leads to successful termination of persistent AF and LAT. Methods: We studied 40 patients who were found to have epicardial connections as determined by HD mapping, missing isochrones and activation patterns. All patients underwent antral ablation for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). LAT were remapped using Advisor HD Grid catheter. Results: At baseline, the mean age and BMI was 74±6.4 and 33.5±5.8 respectively. Out of 40 patients with EC, 21 were associated with the Vein of Marshall (Figure 1), 4 were associated with Septo-pulmonary bundles(figure 2), 6 were associated with the Bachman Bundle(Figure 3) and 9 were associated with Septo-atrial bundles. Acutely, endocardial ablation opposite to the epicardial connection sites achieved success with PVI, Posterior Wall Isolation(PWI) and termination of LAT. Conclusions: EC significantly contributes to the failure of PVI, PWI and the reorganization of LAT. Rigorous mapping of the connecting bundles using HD mapping helps target the ablation sites for successful outcomes.

Abstract 11726: Atrial Arrythmia Recurrence in Patients After Left Atrial Ablation is Associated With Epicardial Connections and Directly Correlated to Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Introduction: Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction has a positive association with atrial arrhythmia incidence and recurrence. However, this has not been studied in atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial tachycardia (AT) patients who underwent left atrial radiofrequency ablation(RFA) and were subsequently found to have epicardial connections(EC). Hypothesis: Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction was associated with an increased recurrence of atrial tachyarrythmias in patients with epicardial connections. Methods: We studied 40 consecutive patients with persistent atrial arrhythmias who underwent RFA for AF and AT at our center. Epicardial connections were determined by high density mapping, missing isochrones and activation patterns. Clinical, echocardiographic and activation mapping pattern characteristics were collected. Results: Forty patients were found to have EC (Table 1). The association of EC and echocardiographic parameters were assessed. Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction was associated with an increased recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients due to epicardial connections((HR:1.25(1.05-1.48)) (Table 2). Conclusions: Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction is positively correlated with atrial tachyarrythmia recurrence in patients due to epicardial connections.

Gas-liquid flow pattern identification and bubble characteristics analysis in a static mixer based HiPOxTM reactor

The multiphase flow in HiPOxTM reactor are the criteria for the mass transfer of ozone at the gas–liquid interface, determining the degradation rate of the refractory organic pollutant in industrial wastewater. In this work, the gas–liquid flow patterns and their transitions in a static mixer-based HiPOxTM reactor were investigated systematically by a high-speed camera. Six types of flow patterns were identified under the conditions of inlet liquid Re ranging from 8,000 to 160,000 and gas fraction from 3.23% to 86.96%. Three composite flow patterns are involved, and a flow pattern map was demonstrated. The effect of liquid inlet flow rate on the bubble groups is much more significant than that of gas phase in the bubble flow. If the liquid flow rate increases twice, the Sauter mean diameter is expected to fall to 65%, which was only reduced by 28% when the gas flow rate even drops 8 times.

Global maps of 3D built-up patterns for urban morphological analysis

• We built robust models to map 3D built-up patterns at a 1-km 2 resolution, globally. • Global buildings are on average 6.16 m high and have a total volume of 1645 km 3. • Large variations exist in the 3D built-up patterns across space. • Our results offer new opportunities for urban sustainability assessments. Horizontal and vertical patterns of built-up land are essential to analyse a range of environmental change impacts, such as exposure to natural hazards, urban heat islands, and trapping air pollution, as well as for decision making in this context. However, while data on horizontal patterns are abundant, they are relatively rare for vertical patterns. Here, we present global maps of 3D built-up patterns at a 1-km 2 resolution for the nominal year 2015. These data are estimated using random forest models, fed with a wide range of spatial data and trained on reference data from all continents except Antarctica. Independent testing indicates that R 2 values of the global models for built-up footprint, height, and volume equal 0.89, 0.73, and 0.84, respectively. Our results show that buildings worldwide are 6.16-m high on average, and total building volume is 1645 km 3 , which is the equivalent of a solid cube of 12 km on each side. Yet, we find large variations in 3D built-up patterns, both within and across world regions. In particular, floor space per person exceeds 200 m 2 in both Oceania and North America, while it is only 29 m 2 in South Asia and 38 m 2 in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our results provide novel insights into the global distribution of 3D built-up patterns and offer new opportunities for the assessments of urban environmental impacts. The global data for building footprint, height and volume can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.34894/4QAGYL .

Characterization of diet-dependent temporal changes in circulating short-chain fatty acid concentrations: A randomized crossover dietary trial

Production of SCFAs from food is a complex and dynamic saccharolytic fermentation process mediated by both human and gut microbial factors. Knowledge of SCFA production and of the relation between SCFA profiles and dietary patterns is lacking. Temporal changes in SCFA concentrations in response to 2 contrasting diets were investigated using a novel GC-MS method. Samples were obtained from a randomized, controlled, crossover trial designed to characterize the metabolic response to 4 diets. Participants (n = 19) undertook these diets during an inpatient stay (of 72 h). Serum samples were collected 2 h after breakfast (AB), after lunch (AL), and after dinner (AD) on day 3, and a fasting sample (FA) was obtained on day 4. The 24-h urine samples were collected on day 3. In this substudy, samples from the 2 extreme diets representing a diet with high adherence to WHO healthy eating recommendations and a typical Western diet were analyzed using a bespoke GC-MS method developed to detect and quantify 10 SCFAs and precursors in serum and urine samples. Considerable interindividual variation in serum SCFA concentrations was observed across all time points, and temporal fluctuations were observed for both diets. Although the sample collection timing exerted a greater magnitude of effect on circulating SCFA concentrations, the unhealthy diet was associated with a lower concentration of acetic acid (FA: coefficient: -17.0; SE: 5.8; P-trend = 0.00615), 2-methylbutyric acid (AL: coefficient: -0.1; SE: 0.028; P-trend = 4.13 × 10-4 and AD: coefficient: -0.1; SE: 0.028; P-trend = 2.28 × 10-3), and 2-hydroxybutyric acid (FA: coefficient: -15.8; SE: 5.11; P-trend: 4.09 × 10-3). In contrast, lactic acid was significantly higher in the unhealthy diet (AL: coefficient: 750.2; SE: 315.2; P-trend = 0.024 and AD: coefficient: 1219.3; SE: 322.6; P-trend: 8.28 × 10-4). The GC-MS method allowed robust mapping of diurnal patterns in SCFA concentrations, which were affected by diet, and highlighted the importance of standardizing the timing of SCFA measurements in dietary studies. This trial was registered on the NIHR UK clinical trial gateway and with ISRCTN as ISRCTN43087333.

A correlation map of genome-wide DNA methylation patterns between paired human brain and buccal samples

Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) assessing the link between DNA methylation (DNAm) and phenotypes related to structural brain measures, cognitive function, and neurodegenerative diseases are becoming increasingly more popular. Due to the inaccessibility of brain tissue in humans, several studies use peripheral tissues such as blood, buccal swabs, and saliva as surrogates. To aid the functional interpretation of EWAS findings in such settings, there is a need to assess the correlation of DNAm variability across tissues in the same individuals. In this study, we performed a correlation analysis between DNAm data of a total of n = 120 matched post-mortem buccal and prefrontal cortex samples. We identified nearly 25,000 (3% of approximately 730,000) cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites showing significant (false discovery rate q < 0.05) correlations between buccal and PFC samples. Correlated CpG sites showed a preponderance to being located in promoter regions and showed a significant enrichment of being determined by genetic factors, i.e. methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTL), based on buccal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex mQTL databases. Our novel buccal–brain DNAm correlation map will provide a valuable resource for future EWAS using buccal samples for studying DNAm effects on phenotypes relating to the brain. All correlation results are made freely available to the public online.

Mapping of gold mineralization using an integrated interpretation of geological and geophysical data—a case study from West Baranes, South Eastern Desert, Egypt

The current study is mainly devoted to the integration, analysis, and interpretation of the available geologic, remote sensing, and potential field data (mainly magnetic) to delineate the subsurface geologic structural elements controlling the western part of Baranes, South Eastern Desert, Egypt, and its relation to the southwestern desert structural regime. Additionally, to detect potential mineralization zones for future mining plans in the study area. The Western part of Baranes has not had enough geomorphological mapping, consequently, potential discoveries of mineralization zones are very low. So, in this paper, an attempt is initiated to better understand the evolution of the geomorphology and structural regime of the region and construct a digital geological map and structural patterns showing the possible locations of mineralization zones based on the previous knowledge from similar potential sites and focus on the future economic importance of the region. To achieve this purpose, processed Landsat-8 images successfully revealed the lithological contacts and fault zones helping in distinguishing between the different rock units; moreover, the aeromagnetic data available in the area is used and several filters are applied including reduction to the pole, Euler homogeneity equation, analytic Signal (AS), and advanced grid filtering are sequentially used aiming to detect the possible subsurface distribution of mineralization zones from the integrated interpretation of magnetic susceptibilities and available geologic and remote sensing data.

Spatial density pattern of Himalayan Ibex (Capra sibirica) in Pakistan

Mountain ungulates perform a key role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems as they are the primary consumers of vegetation and prey for large predators. The mountain ranges of northern Pakistan are home to six species of mountain ungulates, and the Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica), hereafter ibex, is the most abundant among them. This study was conducted in three administrative regions of northern Pakistan, viz. Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), to generate a range-wide density pattern map of ibex. A double-observer survey was conducted in 25 study sites during 2018–2021 across the ibex distribution range, covering an area of about 35,307 km 2 , by walking transects totaling 1647 km. Within the ibex range where the survey was not conducted due to financial and logistical constraints, we obtained species population information from local wildlife departments’ most recent annual survey data. The aim was to generate a density map for the entire ibex range. Using the BBRecapture package in program R, we estimated an ibex population of 7639 (95 % CI) with a mean density of 0.21/km 2 in the surveyed area. Combining with the secondary data from un-surveyed areas, the total population estimate for the country came to 10,242 ibex. The largest population densities were observed in four valleys (Shimshal, Gulkin-Hussaini, Khyber, and Khunjerab) of the Karakoram-Pamir range, followed by the Hindu Kush range (Chitral Wildlife Division [WD]). The central and eastern parts of the Karakoram range had moderate to low densities, while the Himalayan range (e.g., Astore Valley) supported a small population. The mean herd size was 15 individuals (range: 5–41), and the average detection probability of observers A and B was 0.69 and 0.48, respectively. The average male and young ratios per 100 females were estimated to be 75 and 81, respectively. The range-wide density map developed during the study provided an evidence for the impact of trophy hunting programs and an objective tool for range-wide conservation planning of the species.

Comparative orotomy of the Archean Superior and Phanerozoic Altaid orogenic systems.

We compare and contrast the materials and mechanisms of continental crustal growth in the largest preserved regions of Phanerozoic and Archean juvenile additions to the crust, to test for similarities or differences in the formation of continents through time. We accomplish this through a comparison of map patterns, lithological contents, and structural and metamorphic evolution of the Phanerozoic Altaid orogenic system of Asia, with the Archean Superior Province of the North American Craton, using a method termed comparative orotomy. Both orogenic systems consist of collages of curvilinear belts of eroded arcs, some older continental slivers, and vast tracts of former subduction/accretionary complexes. These contain numerous shreds of portions of the ophiolite suite, slivers of island and continental arcs, and accreted oceanic plateau, all intruded by multiple magmatic suites during or between multiple deformation events, then sliced by large transcurrent fault systems and bent into large oroclinal structures. We make this comparison because the Superior Province is a typical Archean craton that was later, in the Paleoproterozoic, incorporated into the larger North American Craton, and has occupied a central position in several supercontinents (e.g. Kenorland and Nuna, which then formed the core of Columbia, Rodinia, Laurentia and Pangea) during its longevity. Since it is the largest single fragment of Archean continental cratonic lithosphere preserved on Earth, the Superior Province is widely regarded as a testing ground for how Earth's continental crust was formed. Likewise, the Altaids encompass the largest region of crustal growth for the Phanerozoic. Our comparison with the Altaids is needed, as in recent years many myths about how the planet may have responded to higher heat production and flow in the Archean have emerged, because of trends in the science where regional geology is ignored in favor of numerical models, isotopic proxies for assumed models of chemical behavior for crust-forming or tectonic processes, or comparisons with other-worldly bodies that bear little resemblance to our hydrous Earth. Thus, we return to the geological record, and here describe the map patterns, lithological associations, structural patterns and evolution of both the Altaids and Superior Province, showing how comparative tectonics, orotomy, is useful in the absence of meaningful paleomagnetic or biostratigraphic data. We pay particular attention to the style of preservation of disaggregated members of the ophiolite suite (ophirags) and their relationships with other tectonic units, and to the widespread but largely overlooked role of late-stage major transcurrent motions and structural slicing of both Archean and Phanerozoic orogenic systems in defining the present-day architecture of both orogenic systems.

Embryonic Tissue and Blastema Transplantations.

Embryo grafts have been an experimental pillar in developmental biology, and particularly, in amphibian biology. Grafts have been essential in constructing fate maps of different cell populations and migratory patterns. Likewise, autografts and allografts in older larvae or adult salamanders have been widely used to disentangle mechanisms of regeneration. The combination of transgenesis and grafting has widened even more the application of this technique.In this chapter, we provide a detailed protocol for embryo transplants in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum ). The location and stages to label connective tissue, muscle, or blood vessels in the limb and blood cells in the whole animal. However, the potential of embryo transplants is enormous and impossible to cover in one chapter. Furthermore, we provide a protocol for blastema transplantation as an example of allograft in older larvae.