Pattern Intensity Index Research Articles

Finger and Palmar Dermatoglyphic Study among the Dhimals of North Bengal, India

The study intends to explore finger and palmer dermatoglyphic pattern of Dhimals, a little known community of sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India. Bilateral finger and palm prints of 202 individuals of both sexes (in equal proportions) were studied for dermatoglyphic traits. The finger type exhibits more whorls (52.65%) followed by loops (45.25) with little sex differences. The values of different indices are: Pattern Intensity Index 15.05, Furuhata' s Index 116.49, Dankmeijer's Index 4.1 and Poll's Index 4.78. Total Finger Ridge Count is 162.18. The IV interdigital area is characterized by more pattern (88.73%) followed by others. Main line formula 7.5.5 is more frequent (52.94%) with 7.38 as Main Line Index. The mean value of atd angle was calculated 42.29 0 .

Dermatoglyphic Patterns of Diabetic Mellitus Patients of Ijaw Origin in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Objectives: Dermatoglyphics, the scientific study of the palmer and digital print patterns is becomingly applied to a number of genetic, psychotic, idiopathic and malignant disease conditions in man. This is because distinct and characteristic patterns are being observed in these diseases. This study was carried out to determine the dermatoglyphic pattern of Diabetes Mellitus patients of Ijaw origin in Port Harcourt metropolis. Method: A total number of 90 (50 males and 40 females) adult diabetic patients attending diabetic clinic at the Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital. Port Harcourt and same number of normal subjects as control was studied Dermatoglyphic patterns such as digital patterns, atd angle, dat angle, total ridge count and the pattern intensity index were analyzed. Results and Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the digital patterns in the two groups (P>0.05). The dat angle, atd angle, the total ridge count were all significantly greater in the diabetics than in the normal subjects. The pattern intensity index was higher in the diabetic males but was lower in the female diabetics .These observations in the dermatoglyphic pattern can be used for the identification of diabetic patients of Ijaw origin.KEY WORDS: Diabetes Mellitus, Dermatoglyphics, Ijaws, Port Harcourt.

Study of finger print patterns in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disease of an unknown origin. The present case control study was intended to compare the finger print patterns between the children diagnosed with ALL and a control group. A total of 24 children with established ALL were included in the study. Fingerprints of the affected children were analyzed in both hands and compared with the finger print patterns of 24 age and sex matched controls. The study indicated an increase in frequency of whorls and a decreased frequency of loops in children suffering from ALL. Radial loops, double loops, central pocket loops and tented arches are found to be proportionately less frequent in cases than controls. On quantitative analysis of patterns, mean pattern intensity index (PII) was found to be higher in cases than controls; however, a significant overlapping was evident. Most of the cases (n = 10, 41.7%) had a PII of 16-20, while a PII of 11-15 is reported among most children in the control group (n = 16, 66.7%). The findings of the study are suggestive of a possible trend and an association of finger print patterns with children suffering from ALL. The present research emphasizes the significance of the application of forensic science in medicine and pathology.

A study on the dermatoglyphic patterns of Okrika and Ikwerre ethnic groups of Nigeria

This study was carried out to compare the dermatoglyphic patterns of Okrika and Ikwerre ethnic groups. Dermatoglyphic analysis of five hundred and ten (510) subjects comprising of two hundred and seventy nine (279) Okrika indigenes and two hundred and thirty one (231) Ikwerre indigenes between the ages of 15- 70 years was carried out. The sample population was drawn at random from the University of Port Harcourt and National Secondary School Okrika. The parameters studied are the digital pattern, atd and dat angles. The result revealed that the ulnar loop had the highest occurrence, followed by the whorl, arches and radial loops. The percentage frequency distribution of the digital pattern of the ulnar loop for Okrika was 46.42%, whorl 37.77%, arch 14.12% and radial loops 1.71% while for Ikwerre the ulnar loop was 56.46%, whorl 24.42%, arch 15.89% and radial loop 3.23%. The pattern intensity index for Okrika was 11.69 while that of Ikwerre was 10.91.The mean atd angle for Okrika was 43.98 for the left hand and 43.75 for the right hand while for Ikwerre was 42.68 for the left hand and 41.69 for the right hand. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the digital pattern and atd angles between the two ethnic groups. The mean of the dat angles for Okrika was 60.36 for the left hand and 60.33 for the right hand. That of Ikwerre was 57.41 for the left hand and 57.76 for the right hand. There was however a significant difference between the dat angles of both ethnic groups (P

Plantar and digital dermatoglyphics in Malawi.

To establish plantar and digital dermatoglyphic patterns. Cross sectional study of randomly selected Black Malawian subjects. Able-bodied indigenous Black subjects were recruited from secondary schools and the College of Medicine in Blantyre city. Dankmeijer's index (DI) and the pattern intensity (PII) indices were determined and the variability of ridge patterns were counted and classified. Bilateral plantar and digital prints of the sole of selected subjects were recorded, studied and classified. Arches were the most predominant ridge pattern found on the digits. Whorls were absent on all digits, a feature which appears to be peculiar to Malawians. Loops were also absent on the small digit but present on the big toe. These were significantly greater in males than females (p < 0.05). The PII was higher in males than females while, DI was higher in females than in males. These indices were significantly different from similar values obtained from previous studies of two ethnic groups in Nigeria (p < 0.05). This study has provided the normal dermatoglyphic patterns of Malawian subjects and also highlighted that digital patterns are more specific in differentiating tribes and population groups.

Qualitative and quantitative dermatoglyphic traits in patients with breast cancer: a prospective clinical study

BackgroundBreast cancer is one of the most extensively studied cancers and its genetic basis is well established. Dermatoglyphic traits are formed under genetic control early in development but may be affected by environmental factors during first trimester of pregnancy. They however do not change significantly thereafter, thus maintaining stability not greatly affected by age. These patterns may represent the genetic make up of an individual and therefore his/her predisposition to certain diseases. Patterns of dermatoglyphics have been studied in various congenital disorders like Down's syndrome and Kleinfelter syndrome. The prints can thus represent a non-invasive anatomical marker of breast cancer risk and thus facilitate early detection and treatment.MethodsThe study was conducted on 60 histo-pathologically confirmed breast cancer patients and their digital dermatoglyphic patterns were studied to assess their association with the type and onset of breast cancer. Simultaneously 60 age-matched controls were also selected that had no self or familial history of a diagnosed breast cancer and the observations were recorded. The differences of qualitative (dermatoglyphic patterns) data were tested for their significance using the chi-square test, and for quantitative (ridge counts and pattern intensity index) data using the t- test.ResultsIt was observed that six or more whorls in the finger print pattern were statistically significant among the cancer patients as compared to controls. It was also seen that whorls in the right ring finger and right little finger were found increased among the cases as compared to controls. The differences between mean pattern intensity index of cases and controls were found to be statistically significant.ConclusionThe dermatoglyphic patterns may be utilized effectively to study the genetic basis of breast cancer and may also serve as a screening tool in the high-risk population. In a developing country like India it might prove to be an anatomical, non-invasive, inexpensive and effective tool for screening and studying the patterns in the high-risk population.

Quantitative Dermatoglyphic Variation among Five Reddi Populations of Southern Andhra Pradesh

Bilateral finger and palm prints of 1000 Reddi males, 200 each of five endogamous groups namely Pokanati (PNR), Pedakanti (PKR), Panta (PTR), Akuthota(ATR) and Palle (PLR), were studied for eight quantitative dermatoglyphic traits. The finger pattern intensity index (FPII) ranging from 12.74 (PNR) to 13.79 (PTR) shows higher values for right hands of all populations. With regard to mean ridge counts (RCs and SRCs) no clear trend is observed. The mean TFRC (132.81) and AFRCs (177.59) are higher in the PTR and PKR respectively. Transversality of ridges on right palms was found to be more as indicated by their uniformly and significantly higher main line index (MLI) values. The bilateral differences for a-b ridge count are insignificant. The five Reddi groups do not show considerable variation in the mean atd angle, the bilaterality being significant with the exception of ATR. F-Values for all traits were calculated to understand the between and within population variations. The distance calculated according to Mahalanobis D 2 between PLR and PKR was found to be more (0.1148) compared to the rest of the pairs of populations. The minimal cluster is formed between PTR and ATR showing lesser within cluster variability.

Mode of inheritance of dermatoglyphic pattern intensity index on fingers in five Indian populations: A comparative study between individual trait and its factor

Our previous study (Karmakar et al. 2005 Ann. Hum. Biol. 32:445-468) was on 500 pedigrees of five different populations, with factor 1 comprising quantitative finger dermatoglyphics (including pattern intensity index, PII) and factor 1 controlled by major genes. The present results of a complex segregation analysis of the individual trait PII of the same five populations were compared with previous results to ascertain the extent of variation between individual trait PII and its factor (factor 1) with respect to mode of inheritance. The comparative findings are very similar in five populations, irrespective of different ethnic groups. This result suggests that the variability of their biological relevance is influenced by the same genetic component, thus representing a similar mode of inheritance with major gene involvement in all populations.

Familial Correlations for Finger and Palmar Quantitative Dermatoglyphic Features Among the Khurkhul of Manipur

The present study examines the heretability of finger and palmar quantitative dermatoglyphic traits by calculating Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlationship 'r' and regression equation between the actual parents and children and unrelated pairings. The sample is made up of 50 couples and their 135 children (66 sons and 69 daughters) belonging to the Khurkhul community of Manipur. The traits included in the study are: total finger ridge count, absolute finger ridge count, pattern intensity index, palmar main line index, atd-angle and palmar a-b, b-c, c-d ridge counts. Highly significant correlation values higher than the theoretical value of 0.5 of parent-child were observed in the studied quantitative feature, except palmar b-c and c-d ridge counts. The estimated values of correlation coefficient 'r' found in parent (x)-child (y) correlationship for total finger ridge count (TFRC), absolute finger ridge count (AFRC) and finger pattern intensity index (PII) agree with the theoretical value of coefficient of correlation between mid-parent and the child i.e. 1/ √2 or 0.71. In all the studied quantitative dermatoglyphic features, randomly paired unrelated ones show very low correlation values when compared with those of the related parents and children's correlation values, except father-child correlation value of palmar b-c ridge count. Higher correlation coefficient values of 'r' were observed in finger than in palmar. This indicates that environmental factors exert greater effect on the palmar region in early prenatal life than do on the finger.

Dermatoglyphics of mothers of Malawian children with spina bifida cystica: A comparative study with female controls

Dermatoglyphic traits are formed under genetic control early in development and do not change thereafter, thus maintaining stability not affected by age. We determined the dermatoglyphic traits of mothers of children with spina bifida cystica and compared then with controls matched for number, age and parity, by counting and classifying palmar, plantar and digital ridge pattern configurations of arches, loops, whorls and ridges based on standard techniques. Palmar pattern types, showed absence of arches, significantly higher frequency of whorls (P > 0.05), lower total finger ridge count (TFRC) and higher Pattern Intensity Index (PII) in these mothers than in the controls (P > 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed between both groups in atd angle and a-b ridge count (P = 130, 0.70 respectively). Plantar pattern types showed loops restricted to the first two digits and absence of arches in the first digit in these mothers compared to controls in whom there were loops in the first four digits and a 100% frequency of arches. Similarly, PII was higher and Dankmeijer's Index (DI) lower in these mothers than in controls. Our findings demonstrate dermatoglyphic differences between both groups that suggest that mothers presenting with these traits are more predisposed to giving birth to children with spina bifida cystica.

Mode of inheritance of finger dermatoglyphic traits among Vaidyas of West Bengal, India

Background: It is well established that dermatoglyphics are genetically determined. But, to date, few studies have given attention to the inheritance pattern of dermatoglyphics. Furthermore, despite the existence of different advanced statistical packages, none of these previous studies implemented a model-fitting technique to reveal the mode of inheritance. Thus, the genetic nature of dermatoglyphics is still not clear.Aim: In the present communication, an attempt has been made to provide some information regarding the genetics of finger dermatoglyphics by estimating the magnitude and mode of inheritance of these traits.Subjects and methods: The fingerprints of 824 individuals from 200 families including two generations were collected from Barasat in North 24-Parganas, West Bengal. The study includes familial correlations between first-degree relatives and corresponding heritabilities. In the final stage, segregation analyses by the Pedigree Analysis Package (PAP) were conducted on these data to understand the mode of inheritance.Results: The major findings indicated the following: (a) Familial correlations in all possible relationships (except spouse correlation) were statistically significant and of comparable magnitude. (b) The corresponding heritabilities were in the range between 59% for Pattern Intensity Index (PII) and 77% for Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC). These estimates were in agreement with previously published data on this subject. (c) By segregation analysis, the ‘Sporadic’, ‘Environmental’, ‘No major gene effect’ as well as ‘No polygenic component’ models were strongly rejected (p<0.05) and the hypothesis of a major gene's (MG) influence on all studied traits was accepted, though the proportion of MG variance was low. (d) The Most Parsimonious Mendelian model clearly indicated the contribution of a major gene with dominant (for PII) and additive (for two ridge counts) effects.Conclusion: The present report supports the evidence of the existence of a major gene on these dermatoglyphic traits and the transmission of this effect is consistent with Mendelian expectation.

Plantar and digital dermatoglyphic patterns in Malawian patients with diabetes, hypertension and diabetes with hypertension

In this study we examined the dermatoglyphic features of 99 Malawian patients with diabetes,hypertension and diabetes with hypertension, attending the outpatient clinic at Lilongwe and QueenElizabeth Central Hospitals. Plantar and digital pattern types were determined and their variabilitywas calculated using Dankmeijer’s (DI) and pattern intensity (PII) indices. The results showed thatthe soles of all patients had more loops than arches and more arches than whorls, which wererestricted to the distal zones. In hypertension, whorls were found in zones I, II and III whereas inpatients with diabetes and hypertension, the whorls were seen in zones I, III and IV. In digits themost predominant ridge pattern were arches in all patients, followed by loops and whorls were absent.In the first digit, diabetic patients had no arches but women hypertensives showed arches. In patientswith diabetes and hypertension, arches were present in both sexes but in men it was confined to theright foot. Loops were only found in the first digit in all patients. The frequency of loops was highestin diabetic patients, high in diabetics with hypertension and least in patients with hypertension alone.Using PII and DI indices, there were significant differences between patients and healthy Malawiansubjects (P < 0.001), and between the sexes (P < 0.01), but PII did not show significant differenceswith sex (P > 0.5) in hypertensives. Diabetic patients had the lowest mean DI when compared to theother groups. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated plantar and digital dermatoglyphicdifferences between patients and healthy Malawians, differences that were exhibited more in digitalthan in plantar ridge patterns. The disease conditions were indicated better by whorls intopographical zones IV of the sole and by the presence and frequency of loops in the first digit.

Finger dermatoglyphics of Australian aborigines in the northern territory of Australia

Fingerprints of 114 Australian Aboriginal males and 90 females have been analyzed. Whorls are more frequent in males (56.7%) than in females (51.2%) and loops are less frequent in males (42.6%) than in females (47.0%). The index of pattern intensity displays a higher value in males (15.60) than in females (14.94). The bimanual differences both in males and females are not statistically significant for the occurrence of patterns on the digits of the right and left hands. Also the difference between both sexes for the occurrence of patterns is not statistically significant. Incidences of actual symmetry on homologous digits represented 74.0% in males and 77.3% in females. The mean total ridge counts showed 156.65 ± 43.32 (M±SD) in males and 148.69±43.64 (M±SD) in females, respectively. Conclusively, this study represents that the Australian Aborigines conform closely to the Polynesians in finger dermatoglyphics.

Dermatoglyphic characteristics of a population from the Central Rhodopes (South Bulgaria)

The finger and palmar prints of a total of 386 individuals (182 males and 204 females) at an age between 10 and 18 years from the region of the villages Petkovo and Banite, situated along the river Malka Arda in the Central Rhodopes, were studied. The following dermatoglyphic traits were analyzed: pattern intensity index (PII), the main line or Cummin's index (MLI), the frequencies of the proximal palmar triradius (t), the true hypothenar patterns (Hy) and the accessory interdigital triradii (AIT). The specific dermatoglyphic complexes after Heet were also determined for the population under study. A peculiarity of this population is the appearance of a clearly expressed Eastern Complex (EC), which accounts for 53.1% in the males and for 48.8% in the females. These values of EC and the calculated dermatoglyphic distances (DD) after Heet show a similarity between the examined population and a number of populations from the Volga region, Northern Caucasus, Middle Asia and Siberia. This similarity could be explained with the preservation of the genetic heritage of the proto-Bulgarians, one of the three main components of the modern Bulgarians.

Finger dermatoglyphics in the Corsican population

Finger pattern types, pattern intensity indices and finger ridge counts in 110 individuals (54 males and 56 females) from Corte in the central area of Corsica (France) were investigated. The comparison of the Corsican qualitative and quantitative digital dermatoglyphics with those from other samples of Mediterranean and European countries show a clearcut difference between Corsicans and Continental Italian populations and a great affinity between Corsicans and Sardinians. These results are regarded as compatible with the interpretation of archaeological, historical and genetic evidence.

A finger dermatoglyphic study of Maori

Fingerprints of 104 New Zealand Maori males and 98 females have been analyzed. Whorls are more abundant in females (55.0%) than in males (47.3%). The index of pattern intensity reveals a higher value in females (15.39) than in males (14.52). The bimanual differences both in males and females are not statistically significant for the occurrence of pattern on the digits of the right and left hands. The difference between the sexes in occurrence of patterns is not statistically significant. Incidences of actual symmetry on the homologous digits represented a mean of 78.8% in all subjects. The mean total ridge counts showed 161.7 in females and 159.6 in males, respectively. Thus, the Maori show greater affinities with the Mongoloids in quantitative dermatoglyphics

A finger dermatoglyphics of the new Zealand‐Samoans

Fingerprints of 100 New Zealand‐Samoan males and 93 females have been analyzed. Whorls are more numerous in fingerprint females (65.6%) than in males (55.6%). The index of pattern intensity displays a higher value in females (16.49) than in males (15.48). The bimanual differences both in males and females are not statistically significant for the occurrence of patterns on the digits of the right and left hands. Also the difference between both sexes for the occurrence of patterns is not statistically significant. Incidences of actual symmetry on homologous digits represented 78.2% in males and 85.8% in females. The mean total ridge counts showed 175.7 + 54.6 (M + SD) in males and 171.6±49.8 (M + SD) in females, respectively. Conclusively, this study shows that the New Zealand‐Samoans are closely related to the Mongoloids in quantitative dermatoglyphics

Digital dermatoglyphic patterns of Moroccan Arabs: relationships with mediterranean populations

Dermatoglyphic finger patterns and pattern intensity were examined in a sample of 204 (105 males and 99 females) adults from the authochthonous Arab population of south central Morocco. No significant sex differences were found for the overall finger pattern incidence or for the pattern intensity index. A high incidence of arches is the most remarkable characteristic of this population as compared to other Mediterranean groups. The significant differences from two previous sets of Moroccan data indicate a remarkable heterogeneity within the present day Moroccan population. Also important is the differentiation of this sample from other north African ethnic groups such as Berbers and Tuaregs. An analysis of the dermatoglyphic relationships using R-matrix analysis, shows a relative proximity between this Moroccan series and other southwest European groups as compared to north African populations.

Dermatoglyphics of inhabitants of Alberche/Tormes valley (Sierra de Gredos-Central Spain): I. Finger pattern types and pattern intensity.

The incidence of dermatoglyphic finger patterns and pattern intensity in a sample of school children from the Alberche/Tormes valley (northern slope of the Sierra de Gredos, Central Spain) are described. Significant bilateral differences for the overall finger pattern incidence are found in both sexes. The differences between sexes are also statistically significant, except for the left hand. The Pattern Intensity Index significantly differs between hands of males only, and the sex differences are not significant. Variation ranges for fingertip patterns and pattern intensity were constructed using published data of 69 male and 62 female series drawn from the whole of the Iberian Peninsula. The overall incidence of fingertip patterns and the Pattern Intensity Index locate the studied population near the middle of the corresponding variation ranges. The only exception is the case of arches, for which Alberche/Tormes is close to the minimum value of the range of variation. A more detailed comparison of 10 male and 10 female series from the Spanish northern and southern plateaus and from the Spanish region of Extremadura was done with R-matrix analysis. The series compared include those from the northern slope (Alberche/Tormes valley, this study) and the southern slope (Tiétar valley) of the Sierra de Gredos. The observed degree of dermatoglyphic differentiation between these two series may be explained by taking into account both the role of the Sierra de Gredos as a biological barrier limiting gene flow and the evolutionary stability of dermatoglyphics. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Dermatoglyphics of inhabitants of Alberche/Tormes valley (Sierra de Gredos‐Central Spain): I. Finger pattern types and pattern intensity

The incidence of dermatoglyphic finger patterns and pattern intensity in a sample of school children from the Alberche/Tormes valley (northern slope of the Sierra de Gredos, Central Spain) are described. Significant bilateral differences for the overall finger pattern incidence are found in both sexes. The differences between sexes are also statistically significant, except for the left hand. The Pattern Intensity Index significantly differs between hands of males only, and the sex differences are not significant. Variation ranges for fingertip patterns and pattern intensity were constructed using published data of 69 male and 62 female series drawn from the whole of the Iberian Peninsula. The overall incidence of fingertip patterns and the Pattern Intensity Index locate the studied population near the middle of the corresponding variation ranges. The only exception is the case of arches, for which Alberche/Tormes is close to the minimum value of the range of variation. A more detailed comparison of 10 male and 10 female series from the Spanish northern and southern plateaus and from the Spanish region of Extremadura was done with R-matrix analysis. The series compared include those from the northern slope (Alberche/Tormes valley, this study) and the southern slope (Tiétar valley) of the Sierra de Gredos. The observed degree of dermatoglyphic differentiation between these two series may be explained by taking into account both the role of the Sierra de Gredos as a biological barrier limiting gene flow and the evolutionary stability of dermatoglyphics. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.