Pattern In Infancy Research Articles

Sleep and Feeding Patterns in Infancy

This study was conducted to ascertain infant's sleep and feeding patterns for the purpose of building up the positive parent-child relationship and setting up a preliminary parenting education program. The subjects were 16 infants who were cared for in their houses. The data was collected using NCASA developed by Barnard et al. from October 1st to December 3lth, 1999. The analysis of data was done with SPSSWIN for descriptive statistics and t-test, ANOVA, Correlation Analysis.The result were as follows: 1. The average day sleep of the infant was 9.51 hours, night sleep was 6.27 hours, and total sleep was 15.84 hours. The longest period of day sleep was 3.02 hours, and the longest period of night sleep was 3.72 hours. The regularity of day sleep was 34.78%, night sleep was 61.72% and total was 43.76%.2. The frequency of daytime feeding was 5.13 times, nighttime was 2.44 times and total was 7.38 times. The regularity of feeding was 52.14%.3. In the correlation between sleep and feeding patterns, night sleep was negatively correlated with feeding method(r= -.52, P< 0.05), the longest period of day sleep was negatively correlated with feeding method(r= -.73, P< 0.001), feeding frequency(r= -.60, P< 0.05), the regularity of feeding(r=-.70, P<0.001). The longest period of night sleep was negatively correlated with feeding frequency (r= -.53, P<0.05). Feeding method was positively correlated with feeding frequency(r= .71, P<0.001), the regularity of feeding(r= .57, P<0.05). Day sleep was positively correlated with total sleep(r= .93, P<0.001), the regularity of total sleep was positively correlated with the longest period of day sleep(r= .54, P<0.05), total sleep(r= .65, P<0.001). The regularity of feeding was positively correlated with feeding method(r= .57, P<0.05), total feeding frequency(r= .50, P<0.05), the frequency of daytime feeding(r= .61, P<0.05). Feeding method was positively correlated with total feeding frequency(r= .71, P<0.001). In conclusion, the study showed that infants slept more in the nighttime than in the daytime, but after 3 months the pattern changed and showed that nighttime sleep was increased. Also the regularity of night sleep was increased with the infant's age. Total feeding frequency was decreased with the infant's age, and the regularity of feeding was increased in infants who slept shorter periods in the daytime than in the nighttime.

Mode of infant feeding and achieved growth in adolescence: early feeding patterns in relation to growth and body composition in adolescence.

Feeding mode in infancy and differences in childhood growth have been studied in several longitudinal studies, but few studies have followed children up to adolescent age. There is evidence that formula-fed infants weigh more and are taller than their breast-fed counterparts, and indications that this difference may sustain. We have studied the relations between length of breast-feeding, growth, and body composition in a group of 781 representatively chosen adolescents. Data on feeding pattern in infancy and on weight and height from birth up to 18 years were collected. We studied the relation between high body mass index (BMI) (defined as < or =85th percentile) in adolescence and length of breast-feeding. Girls who were not breast-fed or breast-fed for less than 3 months had a significantly higher height curve than girls exclusively breast-fed for more then 3 months. There were tendencies towards higher values of adipose tissue measured by skinfolds in girls breast-fed for 3 months or less. Short duration of exclusive breast-feeding was associated with higher BMI (p<0.04). In a subgroup of 194 adolescents, body composition was measured with dual energy X-ray. Both boys and girls who were exclusively breast-fed for more than 3 months were leaner and showed a trend towards lower skinfold values. These results are important to include in the debate about optimal feeding in infancy. Regarding breast-feeding as a standard, our results imply that formula fed infants may be at risk for overfeeding, which might lead to overweight, even up to adolescent age.

Assessing Children's Representational Attachment Models: Links to Mother-Child Attachment Quality in Infancy and Childhood

The authors examined whether the finding of a correspondence between specific behavioral patterns of attachment in infancy and childhood and specific representational patterns in childhood could be replicated using children's responses to a story depicting an imagined parent-child separation experience. The participants were 33 German mothers and their children (16 girls, 17 boys). Attachment quality was assessed via standard and exploratory attachment observations at ages 12 months, 18 months, and 6 years. Chi-square analyses indicated that there was a good level of concordance between the behavioral and representation attachment patterns in infancy and childhood.

Male Perpetrators of Violence Against Women: An Attachment Theory Perspective

This paper proposes an attachment theory formulation of violent acts perpetrated by men against women, usually in the context of sexual relationships. It is proposed that relationship violence may be seen as an exaggerated response of a disorganized attachment system. It is related to a disorganized attachment pattern in infancy coupled with a history of abuse and an absent male parental figure. The author proposes a theory based on a psychoanalytic understanding of the development of the self, and highlights similarities between the clinical presentation of male perpetrators and those with borderline personality disorder.

URODYNAMIC PATTERN IN INFANTS WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTION

Purpose We studied the urodynamic pattern in infants with urinary tract infection and evaluated the influence of the infection. Materials and Methods Cystometry was combined with voiding cystourethrography (video cystometry) and 90 male and 68 female infants admitted to the hospital with first time urinary tract infection. Evaluation was performed 1 to 30 days (mean 11) and 32 to 78 days (mean 46) after diagnosis in 93 and 65 infants, respectively. Results Bladder instability was found in two-thirds of male and female infants. Compared to older children male infants had high voiding detrusor pressure and low bladder capacity (hypercontractility). Female infants also had increased voiding pressure levels but they were significantly lower than those in male infants. The voiding detrusor pressure was even higher in both sexes when evaluation was delayed after the infection. Conclusions Infants with urinary tract infection have bladder instability and hypercontractility compared to older children. Bladder hypercontractility was less pronounced early after infection, suggesting that the infectious agents inhibit detrusor muscle contractility. Whether hypercontractility is a normal urodynamic pattern in infancy or represents bladder dysfunction can only be addressed by urodynamic studies of healthy infants.

Identifying saltatory growth patterns in infancy: A comparison of results based on measurement protocol.

The present analyses address the question of how frequently time-intensive growth measurements need to be taken in order to provide sufficient data for the statistical identification of pulsatile saltatory growth patterns during infancy. The daily serial growth measurements of three infants during 4 months are analyzed in seven subsets, which include progressively fewer data points from daily to weekly intervals. Saltatory growth pulse identification and growth pattern analyses are compared between the temporally distinctive data sets by the saltatory algorithm and continuous curvilinear models. Statistically significant pulse identification and saltatory growth pattern resolution decrease with time intervals > 2-5 days in these data sets. These results suggest that the convenience of a Monday, Wednesday, Friday protocol may not be sufficient to characterize saltatory growth in individual infants, and the dependability factor is a significant source of error that may contribute to growth pattern misperception in data collected by infrequent protocols. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 9:343-355, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Identifying saltatory growth patterns in infancy: A comparison of results based on measurement protocol

The present analyses address the question of how frequently time-intensive growth measurements need to be taken in order to provide sufficient data for the statistical identification of pulsatile saltatory growth patterns during infancy. The daily serial growth measurements of three infants during 4 months are analyzed in seven subsets, which include progressively fewer data points from daily to weekly intervals. Saltatory growth pulse identification and growth pattern analyses are compared between the temporally distinctive data sets by the saltatory algorithm and continuous curvilinear models. Statistically significant pulse identification and saltatory growth pattern resolution decrease with time intervals > 2–5 days in these data sets. These results suggest that the convenience of a Monday, Wednesday, Friday protocol may not be sufficient to characterize saltatory growth in individual infants, and the dependability factor is a significant source of error that may contribute to growth pattern misperception in data collected by infrequent protocols. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 9:343–355, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The relationship between tPTEF:tE and specific airway conductance in infancy

This study examines the association between the time taken to achieve peak tidal expiratory flow as a proportion of total expiratory time (tPTEF:tE) and specific airways conductance (SGaw) in healthy infants and those with prior physician diagnosed, associated, lower respiratory illness with wheezing (prior LRI) during the first year of life. We compared tPTEF:tE and SGaw, the latter estimated during both initial inspiration (ll) and end-expiration (EE), in 168 infants (94 males), measured on 220 occasions. Mean (range) tPTEF:tE was 0.321 (0.150-0.522) in 73 healthy infants aged less than 3 months (mean, 7.8 weeks), in whom mean (range) EE SGaw and plethysmographic thoracic gas volume at functional residual capacity (FRCpleth) were 2.47 s-1 kPa-1 (0.6-5.8) and 141 mL (87-204), respectively. Both tPTEF:tE and EE SGaw were significantly lower in older infants with prior LRI (n = 79; mean age, 50.0 weeks) compared to a similarly aged group of healthy infants (n = 68; mean age, 48.5 weeks), the mean difference [95% confidence intervals (CI)] being -0.039 (-0.013, -0.064) and -0.48 s-1 kPa-1 (-0.24, -0.72), respectively. A significant but weak association between tPTEF:tE and EE SGaw was found among infants above 3 months of age, irrespective of prior wheezing status. However, this relationship was not significant in healthy younger infants, in whom a significant but weak association with FRCpleth was found. Further work is needed to elucidate the factors influencing tidal expiratory flow patterns in infancy.

Borderline Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: An Equivalence?

This paper draws attention to various similarities between Borderline Personality Disorder and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. It is argued that the former may be considered to be an equivalent of the latter, with the difference that the trauma has either undergone repression or, having been suffered before the establishment of speech, has not been registered in verbal form. The criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder are presented in terms of symptoms of failed attachment consistent with early trauma, and various research papers linking these concepts are considered. Other research in infant attachment suggests intergenerational links between disorganised attachment patterns in infancy and parents with unresolved problems with their own parents. Research concerning the biochemical underpinning of emotional responses is quoted to link these conditions more securely, and may offer a conceptual framework in which to understand the need of these patients for a therapeutic milieu in which early developmental needs may be understood.

Oxygen saturation and breathing patterns in infancy. 1: Full term infants in the second month of life.

Overnight 12 hour tape recordings were made of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2, pulse oximeter in the beat to beat mode) and abdominal wall breathing movement on 67 healthy, full term infants between the ages of 29 and 54 (median 39) days. The median baseline SaO2 during regular breathing was 99.8% (range 97.0-100%). Fifty four infants (81%) had shortlived episodes during which SaO2 fell to 80% or less (desaturation); the median rate was 0.9 desaturations/hour, and the median duration of each desaturation was 1.2 seconds. The 97th centile value for the duration of all episodes in which SaO2 fell to less than or equal to 80% was 4.0 seconds. The frequency of desaturations was significantly higher, and their duration significantly longer, when the breathing pattern was non-regular rather than regular. The percentage of apnoeic pauses (greater than or equal to 4 seconds in duration) followed by a desaturation was higher during non-regular than regular breathing; it was particularly high during periodic breathing. A knowledge of normal variability of baseline measurements of oxygenation and of the relationship between oxygenation and breathing patterns in infants is essential to the use of pulse oximetry in clinical practice.

Oxygen saturation and breathing patterns in infancy. 2: Preterm infants at discharge from special care.

Overnight 12 hour tape recordings of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2, pulse oximeter in the beat to beat mode), breathing movements, and airflow were made on 66 preterm infants (median gestational age 34 weeks, range 25-36) who had reached term (37 weeks) and were ready for discharge from the special care baby unit. No infant was given additional inspired oxygen during the study. The median baseline SaO2 was 99.4% (range 88.9-100%). Eight infants had baseline SaO2 values below 97%, the lowest value observed in a study on full term infants. All but one infant had short-lived falls in SaO2 to less than or equal to 80% (desaturations), which were more frequent (5.4 compared with 0.9/hour) and longer (mean duration 1.5 compared with 1.2 seconds) than in full term infants. There was no evidence that gestational age at birth influenced the frequency or duration of desaturations among the preterm infants. The frequency of relatively prolonged episodes of desaturation (SaO2 less than or equal to 80% for greater than or equal to 4 seconds), however, decreased significantly with increasing gestational age (0.5, 0.4, 0.2, and 0.1 episodes/hour in infants at less than or equal to 32, 33-34, 35, and 36 weeks' gestational age, respectively). Analysis of the respiratory patterns associated with such episodes showed that 5% occurred despite both continued breathing movements and continuous airflow. Five infants had outlying recordings: three had baseline SaO2 values of less than 95% (88.9, 92.7, and 93.8%), and two had many prolonged desaturations (14 and 92/hour; median for total group 0.2, 95th centile 2.3). None of these five infants had been considered clinically to have dis order of oxygenation. Although these data are insufficient to provide information about outcome, we conclude that reference data on arterial oxygenation in preterm infants are important to enable the identification of otherwise unrecognized hypoxaemia.

Development of categorization of rhythmic patterns in infancy

Development of categorization of rhythmic patterns in infancy

Effects of Foods on the Weight of Infants by the Age of Three Years

Coy, J. F. and Longmore, E. A. (1978). Aust. Paediatr. J., 14, 163–164. Effects of foods on the weight of infants by the age of three years. In 1974 a feeding survey of 396 babies was conducted throughout Tasmania. Subsequent weight measurements were taken when the children reached the ages of one and three years to provide data to relate feeding patterns in Infancy with later weight. There is no indication that overweight in three‐year‐old children is related to high calorie intake of extra food by three months of age, nor to the type of milk feeding by this age. Relationships between weight at different ages confirm that three‐year weight is less highly correlated with weight at birth than with weight at one year.

Rhythmic Habit Patterns in Infancy: Their Sequence, Age of Onset, and Frequency

KRAVITZ, HARVEY, and BOEHM, JOHN J. Rhythmic Habit Patterns in Infancy: Their Sequence, Age of Onset, and Frequency. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1971, 42, 399-413. The onset of hand to mouth sucking was studied in 140 normal newborn infants, and in 79 newborn infants of normal and low birth weight with low Apgar scores and neonatal disease. Results indicate a significant delay in hand sucking in abnormal newborn infants. The sequence, age of onset, and the frequency of other common rhythmic habit patterns was also recorded in 200 older infants. There is a marked delay in the onset of the common rhythmic habit patterns in infants with Down's Syndrome and cerebral palsy. Rhythmic habit patterns may be of value in the diagnosis of developmental retardation in infants.

RHYTHMIC HABIT PATTERNS IN INFANCY: THEIR SEQUENCE, AGE OF ONSET, AND FREQUENCY

KRAVITZ, HARVEY, and BOEHM, JOHN J. Rhythmic Habit Patterns in Infancy: Their Sequence, Age of Onset, and Frequency. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1971, 42, 399-413. The onset of hand to mouth sucking was studied in 140 normal newborn infants, and in 79 newborn infants of normal and low birth weight with low Apgar scores and neonatal disease. Results indicate a significant delay in hand sucking in abnormal newborn infants. The sequence, age of onset, and the frequency of other common rhythmic habit patterns was also recorded in 200 older infants. There is a marked delay in the onset of the common rhythmic habit patterns in infants with Down's Syndrome and cerebral palsy. Rhythmic habit patterns may be of value in the diagnosis of developmental retardation in infants.

Muscle reflex patterns in infancy and childhood: Normal patterns and patterns in thyroid disorders, cerebral palsy, and meningopathies

Correlation between muscle reflexes and thyroid function has been recognized for years. A simple instrument, the kinemometer, has been developed to record the speed, direction, and pattern of muscle reflexes. Normal mean values, standard deviations, and confidence limits for muscle contraction time have been established. The kinemometer is a useful tool for screening patients with hypo- and hyperthyroidism, and reflex times are almost uniformly abnormal. Other possible uses of a quantitated recording of muscle reflex patterns are suggested. Correlation between muscle reflexes and thyroid function has been recognized for years. A simple instrument, the kinemometer, has been developed to record the speed, direction, and pattern of muscle reflexes. Normal mean values, standard deviations, and confidence limits for muscle contraction time have been established. The kinemometer is a useful tool for screening patients with hypo- and hyperthyroidism, and reflex times are almost uniformly abnormal. Other possible uses of a quantitated recording of muscle reflex patterns are suggested.

OLFACTORY-GUSTATORY MENTATION; A LINK BETWEEN THINKING MECHANISMS AND INFANTILE FEEDING.

Because the true nature of mentation is obscure (although many unverified theories seem reasonable), little is known about the relationship of thinking patterns and certain neurotic character traits. Yet we have evidence of causal links such as the effect of feeding patterns in infancy on the seat of intellectual integration at a somewhat later stage of life. The study described here is an attempt to assemble observations of that phenomenon and to suggest what applications may be made therefrom in psychotherapy. Probably the most acceptable theory of mentation to date is J. Von Newman's proposition1that the central nervous system uses a method of notation in which the meaning of a volley of impulses may be deduced because it falls within a statistical range of notations all conveying qualitatively the same message. The loss of one or more pulses can take place without

Sleep patterns in infancy. A study of one infant from birth to eight months of age.

SummaryA review and analysis of the sleep and wakefulness patterns of one boy from birth to 35 weeks of age has been presented. This boy's total sleeping time decreased gradually from 17.8 hours in the first week to 14.3 hours at 35 weeks. The most remarkable changes were in the increase in the duration of the sleep and +waking periods. The average longest sleep period for the first week was 4.4 hours and for the 29th week 11.7 hours. The frequency of wakeful periods dropped from an average of 7.5 in the first week to 4.2 in the 35th week. A diurnal sleep pattern is apparent in the Behavior Day Charts from the sixth week on and very definite after the 12th week. The sleep pattern noted in this case are essentially the same as reported in the literature cited. Essentially, all have noted predominantly a lengthening of single sleep and wakeful periods with maturation in the first year, rather than a marked reduction in the total amount of sleeping time.Possible neurophysiological explanations for the changes in sleep patterns are discussed.

False coronary patterns in the infant electrocardiogram.

Electrocardiographic patterns of myocardial infarction are rarely found in infancy and suggest, in the first place, an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery. Five infants with such electrocardiograms are reported. In all coronary heart disease could be ruled out, in 4 by autopsy and in 1 by the clinical course. Comparison of these 5 cases with previously reported cases with similar electrocardiograms and autopsy control revealed that coronary patterns in infancy occur in a true and false variety. Some distinguishing features are discussed.

Sleep Patterns in Infancy A Study of One Infant from Birth to Eight Months of Age

SummaryA review and analysis of the sleep and wakefulness patterns of one boy from birth to 35 weeks of age has been presented. This boy's total sleeping time decreased gradually from 17.8 hours in the first week t o 14.3 hours a t 35 weeks. The most remarkable changes were in the increase in the duration of the sleep and waking periods. The average longest sleep period for the first week was 4.4 hours and for the 29th week 11.7 hours. The frequency of wakeful periods dropped from an average of 7.5 in the first week to 4.2 in the 35th week. A diurnal sleep pattern is apparent in the Behavior Day Charts from the sixth week on and very definite after the 12th week. The sleep pattern noted in this case are essentially the same as reported in the literature cited. Essentially, all have noted predominantly a lenghthening of single sleep and wakeful periods with maturation in the first year, rather than a marked reduction in the total amount of sleeping time.Possible neurophysiological explanations for the changes in sleep patterns are discussed.