Pattern Of Development Research Articles

Transition and trend analysis of the burden of depression in China and different income countries: Based on GBD database and joinpoint regression model

BackgroundDepression is a leading cause of disability and poor health worldwide and is expected to rank first worldwide by 2030. The aim of this study is to analyze the transition and trend of depression burden in China and various income-level countries by utilizing the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database and the Joinpoint regression model. This analysis seeks to comprehend the variations in the burden of depression across different income regions and evaluate their developmental patterns. MethodsBased on the GBD 2019 open dataset, this study extracted data on YLD (Years Lived with Disability), DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Years), and incidence related to depression. The analysis focused on the period between 1990 and 2019, covering global data and distinguishing between high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income, low-income countries, and China. We utilized the Joinpoint regression model to fit the spatiotemporal trend changes among different income-level countries. Pairwise comparisons were conducted to examine the parallelism and to determine if the differences in trend changes among various regions were statistically significant. ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized YLD and DALY for depression female were higher than that in male. The YLD total change rate of depression men was higher than that of women. China exhibited the largest disparity in total YLD change rates between genders, reaching 0.08. During 1990 to 2019, the incidence of depression in 2005–2019 increased among females in middle to high-income countries, low-income countries, and China as compare to that of 1990–2005. Notably, China shown the most increase the incidence rate of females (from −0.4 % to 0.84 %). China experienced the most significant change in the YLD of depression during this period (AAPC = 0.45, 95 % CI = 0.41, 0.48, P < 0.01). China's YLD/Incidence rate was higher compared to the global, HICs, UMCs, LMCs, and LICs. In China, the YLD/incidence rate of depression began to rise in 1994, peaking around 2010, and then gradually declining. Since 2010, the growth rate of depression DALYs in China has been higher than the global average, high-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, lower-middle-income countries, and low-income countries. The DALY's AAPC value for the HLCs was the highest (AAPC = 0.24, 95 % CI = 0.22, 0.25, P < 0.01). The UMCs, in comparison to other regions, incidence rate had the highest AAPC value (AAPC = 0.48, 95 % CI = 0.46, 0.50, P < 0.01). ConclusionsGiven the significant variations in the burden of depression across countries with different income levels, future strategies aimed at reducing the burden of depression should adopt tailored and differentiated approaches according to each country's specific needs and developmental stages.

Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals distinct regulatory responses of secondary defensive metabolism in Datura species (Solanaceae) under plant development and herbivory-mediated stress.

Differential expression of genes is key to mediating developmental and stress-related plant responses. Here, we addressed the regulation of plant metabolic responses to biotic stress and the developmental variation of defense-related genes in four species of the genus Datura with variable patterns of metabolite accumulation and development. We combine transcriptome profiling with phylogenomic techniques to analyze gene expression and coexpression in plants subjected to damage by a specialist folivore insect. We found (1) common overall gene expression in species of similar chemical profiles, (2) species-specific responses of proteins involved in specialized metabolism, characterized by constant levels of gene expression coupled with transcriptional rearrangement, and (3) induction of transcriptional rearrangement of major terpene and tropane alkaloid genes upon herbivory. Our results indicate differential modulation of terpene and tropane metabolism linked to jasmonate signaling and specific transcription factors to regulate developmental variation and stress programs, and suggest plastic adaptive responses to cope with herbivory. The transcriptional profiles of specialized metabolism shown here reveal complex genetic control of plant metabolism and contribute to understanding the molecular basis of adaptations and the physiological variation of significant ecological traits.

Spatiotemporal patterns in cortical development: Age, puberty, and individual variability from 9 to 13 years of age.

Understanding normative patterns of adolescent brain change, and individual variability therein, is crucial for disentangling healthy and abnormal development. We used longitudinal human neuroimaging data to study several aspects of neurodevelopment during early adolescence and assessed their organization along a sensorimotor-to-association (S-A) axis across the cerebral cortex. Age differences in brain changes were linear and curvilinear along this S-A axis. However, individual-level sensorimotor-association alignment varied considerably, driven in part by differences in age, sex, and pubertal development.

The tale of the rattle: Using rattle size to understand growth and sexual dimorphism in an insular population of rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus caliginis).

Islands have played a key role in our understanding of rapid evolution. A large body of literature has examined morphological changes in response to insularity and isolation, which has yielded useful generalizations about how animals can adapt to live in very small geographic areas. However, understanding the evolution of morphological variation in insular populations often requires detailed data sets on longitudinal patterns of growth and development, and such studies typically necessitate long-term mark-recapture on a large sample of individuals. Rattlesnakes provide a unique opportunity to address some of these difficulties because the addition of rattle segments to the rattle string occurs with regular periodicity and their size directly correlates with the body size of the snake at the time of the ecdysis cycle generating the segment. Here, we used a large database of rattle segment sizes recorded from island (Isla Coronado Sur, Baja California, Mexico) and mainland (Camp Pendleton, California, United States) populations of Western Rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus and C. o. caliginis) that separated approximately 10,000 years ago to compare body sizes at different ecdysis cycles, which allowed us to assess differences in growth rates and patterns of sexual size dimorphism. Our results show that rattlesnakes on Isla Coronado Sur appear to be born smaller and grow more slowly than their mainland counterparts, resulting in a "dwarfed" island population. However, despite significant differences in body size, both populations exhibited the same degree of sexual dimorphism. Our study demonstrates the potential to use rattle characteristics to recover detailed estimates of fundamental demographic parameters.

Unlocking the tapestry of conservation: Navigating ecological resettlement policies in Nepal

Conservation initiatives involve a complex interplay of various ecological, socio-political, and economic factors. Ecological resettlement (ER), implemented within the context of nature conservation policies, stands as one of the most contested issues worldwide. This study aims to navigate the domain of ER policy in conservation through discursive institutionalism and a policy arrangement approach. Focusing on Nepal's conservation policy pathways over the last seven decades, we critically analyze policy ideas and narratives, trends, patterns of policy development, institutional arrangements, driving factors, and responses to contemporary ER policies. Methods involved a systematic literature review (n = 271), a comprehensive review of policy documents and project reports (n > 150), and expert interviews (n = 20). Over the past 50 years, >7600 households in Nepal have been displaced in the name of ER and are still persisting despite the rhetoric of participatory conservation. With changes in political regimes, conservation policy has shifted from a hunting-focused approach to landscape-level and transboundary conservation. Initially influenced by internal factors such as economic and political governance, conservation policies were later shaped by international conservation discourse. Also, the operational sphere of such policy ideas and narratives ˗ including actors, resources, discourses, and rules ˗ along with trends, priorities, institutional arrangements, and driving factors of ER policies, has changed over time. Further, the exclusion of deprived communities and the capture of conservation benefits by elites have undermined conservation values. This research stresses the importance of a judicious balance between people's welfare and nature's integrity, emphasizing community-based natural resource management models accredited to a conservation standard. We further urge the revision of displacement-oriented conservation policies to secure the rights of Indigenous people and traditional landholders, thereby ensuring conservation and sustainable development at both national and global levels.

Analisis Pembinaan Karakter: Membangun Transformasi Insan Kamil Menurut Pemikiran Imam Al-Ghazali

Character development in Islamic education is an integral part of shaping a generation with strong faith and high morals. The thoughts of Imam Al-Ghazali, as one of the leading figures in the intellectual tradition of Islam, provide a strong foundation for the development of the concept of "Insan Kamil" or the perfect human. This article aims to analyze the patterns of character development according to Imam Al-Ghazali's thoughts, focusing on efforts towards the transformation of Insan Kamil within the context of Islamic education. The research method employed is a descriptive-analytical approach to examine various works and concepts proposed by Imam Al-Ghazali regarding character development and the concept of Insan Kamil. Analysis is conducted on Al-Ghazali's classical texts and modern interpretations to understand their relevance and applicability in today's educational context. Findings from the study indicate that the concept of character development according to Imam Al-Ghazali provides a robust foundation for holistic and sustainable Islamic education. Principles taught by Al-Ghazali, such as emphasis on noble ethics, simplicity, and honesty, can effectively be integrated to shape individuals who are not only intellectually capable but also morally upright in everyday life.

The evolutionary consequences of interactions between the epigenome, the genome and the environment.

The epigenome is the suite of interacting chemical marks and molecules that helps to shape patterns of development, phenotypic plasticity and gene regulation, in part due to its responsiveness to environmental stimuli. There is increasing interest in understanding the functional and evolutionary importance of this sensitivity under ecologically realistic conditions. Observations that epigenetic variation abounds in natural populations have prompted speculation that it may facilitate evolutionary responses to rapid environmental perturbations, such as those occurring under climate change. A frequent point of contention is whether epigenetic variants reflect genetic variation or are independent of it. The genome and epigenome often appear tightly linked and interdependent. While many epigenetic changes are genetically determined, the converse is also true, with DNA sequence changes influenced by the presence of epigenetic marks. Understanding how the epigenome, genome and environment interact with one another is therefore an essential step in explaining the broader evolutionary consequences of epigenomic variation. Drawing on results from experimental and comparative studies carried out in diverse plant and animal species, we synthesize our current understanding of how these factors interact to shape phenotypic variation in natural populations, with a focus on identifying similarities and differences between taxonomic groups. We describe the main components of the epigenome and how they vary within and between taxa. We review how variation in the epigenome interacts with genetic features and environmental determinants, with a focus on the role of transposable elements (TEs) in integrating the epigenome, genome and environment. And we look at recent studies investigating the functional and evolutionary consequences of these interactions. Although epigenetic differentiation in nature is likely often a result of drift or selection on stochastic epimutations, there is growing evidence that a significant fraction of it can be stably inherited and could therefore contribute to evolution independently of genetic change.

Democracy, citizenship and health in Brazil: challenges to strengthening the Unified Health System (SUS).

Relations among democracy, citizenship and health have shaped the Unified Health System (SUS) over the past four decades. Until 2016, democracy was strengthened and social rights extended, despite structural difficulties, conflicts between projects, and unevenly over time. The SUS has allowed advances in access and improvements to health conditions. Between 2016 and 2022, there were significant reversals in economic, social, and health policies. Since 2020, the situation has been aggravated by the multidimensional crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The work of the SUS, universities and public scientific institutions was fundamental in tackling the crisis. From 2023 onwards, Brazil has faced enormous challenges in restoring a democratic national project focused on social welfare. Strengthening the SUS depends on the character of social policies and democracy, and on transforming relations among State, market and society, to overcome constraints that have persisted even during progressive governments. The SUS, a universal policy rooted in a broad concept of health and democratic values, is fundamental to establishing a pattern of development aimed at reducing inequalities and building a more just society.

Quantitative insights into osteocyte density developmental patterns in fossilized bone — A new method

This study presents a new methodology that combines quantitative image analysis, clustering, and statistical techniques to examine the 2D distribution of osteohistological features in an extinct stem-group bird. The driving force of our research was the need to map ontogenetic changes in the spatial density of osteocyte lacunae in the type specimen of Musivavis amabilis from the Lower Cretaceous of China. We particularly focused on developing tools to reveal quantitative aspects of the dynamics in the formation of avascular bone in this active flier. We achieve this goal by proposing an algorithm with the following methodological steps: 1) We obtain relevant coordinate details for pixel locations selected by thresholding the original image with shading as a criterion. 2) We estimate density using the Gaussian kernel estimator and refined it through observations and regression analysis. 3) After slicing the image, we apply k-means clustering to obtain one-dimensional representations of lacunar density. 4) We proceed by implementing weighted averaging employing the k-nearest neighbor approach. Having applied these steps, we are able to quantitatively disclose growth processes previously unnoticed and reveal dynamics in the formation of lacunar bone tissue in the enantiornithine birds capable of power flight.

Carpal variability and asymmetry in limb reduced Western lesser sirens (Siren nettingi).

Trait functionality can act as a constraint on morphological development. Traits that become vestigialized can exhibit unstable developmental patterns such as fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and variation in populations. We use clearing and staining along with morphometric analyzes to compare FA and allometry of limbs in Western lesser sirens (Siren nettingi) to Ouachita dusky salamanders (Desmognathus brimleyorum). Our results describe new carpal phenotypes and carpal asymmetry in our sample of S. nettingi. However, we found no significant evidence of limb length asymmetry in S. nettingi. The degree of relative limb asymmetry correlates inversely with body size in both of our samples. This work provides strong evidence of increased mesopodal variation within a population of S. nettingi. Our work provides a basis for further study of a broader range of morphological traits across salamanders.

Failure analysis and comparative study on tunnels under strike-slip fault and oblique-slip fault movements

To deeply study and compare the failure characteristics of tunnels under strike-slip and oblique-slip active faults, with the engineering background of a railway tunnel in western China crossing both strike-slip and oblique-slip active faults, two sets of large-scale indoor model tests with a geometric similarity ratio of 1:35 were conducted. The fissure development patterns and strain trends of the tunnel under the movement of both types of faults were monitored and analyzed. Meanwhile, a three-dimensional model of tunnel-rock-fault interaction was established using ABAQUS finite element analysis software to determine the variation patterns of bending moments and shear forces of the tunnel under the movement of both types of faults. The results showed that under the movement of strike-slip and oblique-slip active faults, circumferential bending fissures appear at the right waist of the hanging wall and the left waist of the footwall of the tunnel, and shear oblique fissures appear at the vault of the fault fracture zone. Among them, the number of cracks, the range of tunnel cracking and the degree of crack damage under the condition of the oblique-slip fault are obviously more serious than those under the condition of the strike-slip fault. Under the dislocation of the oblique-slip fault, a large area of broken zone appears in the vault of the fault fracture zone, the lining falls off, the steel bar is exposed, and there is an obvious uplift phenomenon. The right waist of the tunnel’s hanging wall mainly experiences tension while the left waist experiences compression, whereas on the hanging wall, the right waist experiences compression while the left waist experiences tension. Under the fault movement, the maximum bending moment value mainly occurs at a distance of 10 m from the fault fracture zone on both the hanging wall and the footwall, with the bending moment values at the fault fracture zone nearly approaching zero. The maximum shear force value occurs at the fault fracture zone. Under the movement of both types of faults, the failure mode of the tunnel is mainly characterized by bending failure of the hanging wall and the footwall and shear failure at the fault fracture zone. Compared to strike-slip active faults, the development of fissures in tunnels under oblique-slip active faults is more severe, with larger bending moment and shear force values, and a wider range of tunnel failure. These results can provide theoretical and technical experience for future similar projects.

Bibliometric and scientometric analysis of PSMA-targeted radiotheranostics: knowledge mapping and global standing.

Bibliometric and scientometric analyses provide a structured approach to large amounts of data, enabling the prediction of research theme trends over time, the detection of shifts in the boundaries of disciplines, and the identification of the most productive countries, institutions and scholars. In the context of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radiotheranostics, no bibliometric or scientometric analysis has been published thus far. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify key contributors to the literature, assess the global scientific production of related research, and possibly predict future development patterns. Scientometrics and bibliometrics were utilized to analyze the current body of knowledge while tracking its evolution to support scientific decision-making comprehensively and systematically. Science mapping techniques were employed to visualize research activities. Two different tools, Tableau and VOSviewer, were utilized, with VOSviewer being deemed the most suitable for the research objectives. The Web of Science (WoS) was used as the principal database for the searches. Through the search process over a period of 30 years (January 1993-January 2023), 694 original studies in the English language were subjected to comprehensive analysis. By employing bibliometric and scientometric methods, multiple networks were created that mapped various concepts, such as publication trends, leading countries, cocitations, coauthorship among researchers and scientists, as well as coauthorship among organizations and funding agencies. This study revealed the evolutionary patterns, trends, outliers, and key players in the PSMA field, which enabled a more nuanced understanding of the research landscape. This research contributes to the enrichment of knowledge on PSMA-targeted radiotheranostics through detailed global bibliometric and scientometric analyses. It stresses the necessity for the development of communication platforms, the establishment of supportive infrastructures, and the implementation of proactive solutions to address emerging challenges. This study offers a significant resource for delineating effective strategies and identifying prominent funding bodies essential for continuous advancements in the field of PSMA-based diagnosis and therapy for prostate cancer. It is vital to sustain this momentum to ensure further progress in this pioneering area.

Seismic performance analysis and control method of composite coupled shear wall with steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beams

This paper based on the study of steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beam components, designs a basic model of composite coupled shear walls with steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beams. The seismic performance of this model was numerically simulated using the ABAQUS finite element software, analyzing the stress distribution of various parts and the development pattern of plastic hinges in the structure. It also examines how factors such as axial compression ratio, coupling beam cross-sectional dimensions, single-sided wall limb aspect ratio, and total floor height affect the seismic performance of this type of coupled shear wall, providing a reasonable range for axial compression ratios and coupling ratios for composite coupled shear walls with steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beams. Based on the obtained reasonable axial compression ratio and coupling ratio, and using the analytical solution of the continuum method, a method for controlling the seismic performance of coupled shear wall structures was proposed. Results show that the composite coupled shear walls with steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beams exhibit high load-bearing capacity and lateral stiffness under inverted triangular horizontal loads, with good displacement ductility and strong energy dissipation capability, making it an excellent seismic performance coupled shear wall system. As the axial compression ratio increases, the displacement corresponding to the yield point and peak point of the structure gradually decreases, and the displacement ductility coefficient shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing; it is recommended that when designing steel plate-fiber reinforced concrete coupling beam-coupled shear walls, the axial compression ratio should not exceed 0.3. Numerical analysis of coupling ratio-related parameters indicates that in high-intensity seismic design areas, the range of coupling ratios should be between 45% and 60%.

Analysis of Model Development and Usage Patterns in Geological, Astronomical, and Atmospheric Domains in Korean Elementary School Science Textbooks

In science education, models are used as key teaching tools to teach scientific phenomena and concepts to students. Although South Korea recognizes the value of model use in science education, it is necessary to analyze how model use is reflected in science textbooks and in classrooms. This study examined the development and usage patterns of models in experimental activities in the geological, astronomical, and atmospheric domains in three Korean elementary school science textbooks. A coding framework was developed and analyzed based on previous studies and science curricula in other countries. The study found that, first, the model development and usage patterns in experimental activities in the geological, astronomical, and atmospheric domains in science textbooks were largely similar, although some differences existed across domains. Second, the resources required for model development and development methods; evidence-based model development, evaluation, and modification; and the cyclic features of modeling were similar across the three domains, but the geological domain was characterized by model limitations and the astronomical domain was characterized by the process of investigating a phenomenon. Based on these f indings, the study discussed model development activities in textbooks can be improved.

FEATURES OF FOREIGN TRADE BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE USA IN 2015-2023

Objective. The objective of the present study is to analyze the state and identify the features of the development of foreign trade relations between Ukraine and the United States in 2015-2023. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition were used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction (to substantiate the importance and role of the United States in the development of Ukraine's foreign trade relations), analysis of series of dynamics (to identify trends and patterns of development, peculiarities of the dynamics of foreign trade relations between Ukraine and the United States), graphical (to visualise the peculiarities of the development of foreign trade relations between Ukraine and the United States). Results. Based on the study of the status and peculiarities of development of foreign trade relations between Ukraine and the USA in 2015-2023, the author establishes that despite the fact that the history of development of foreign trade relations between Ukraine and the USA dates back to 1992, during 1992-2023, more than 100 different agreements were concluded between Ukraine and the USA, during the period under analysis, the USA was not the main foreign trade partner of Ukraine - the share of trade with the USA accounted for an average of 7.5% of Ukraine's foreign trade turnover. It is proved that during 2015-2023, foreign trade relations between the countries steadily developed and deepened, which was reflected in the growth of the share of foreign trade between the countries in the total foreign trade of Ukraine by 6.4%. It is established that during 2015-2021, the lion's share of foreign trade turnover between the countries was formed by foreign trade in goods, but starting from 2022 - by foreign trade in services (in 2022, foreign trade in services accounted for 82.1% of foreign trade between Ukraine and the United States, in 2023 - 76.9%). It was determined that in 2015-2023: the rate of growth of the volume of foreign trade in services of Ukraine and the USA was almost 6.5 times higher than the rate of growth of the volume of foreign trade in goods, as of 2023, foreign trade in services significantly exceeded foreign trade in goods in terms of volume; the balance of foreign trade in goods was negative and constantly growing; the coefficient of coverage of imports by exports was characterized by a constant tendency to decrease; the main articles of Ukrainian commodity exports to the USA were products made of cast iron or steel, iron and steel, preparations made from vegetables, fruits, nuts or other parts of plants; imports - means of transport, except railway or tram rolling stock; mineral fuel, petroleum products and products of their distillation; machines and mechanical devices, boilers, nuclear reactors, their parts; the balance of foreign trade in services was both positive (in 2015-2021) and negative (in 2022-2023); the coefficient of coverage of imports by exports significantly decreased by almost 0.93 points; the main articles of Ukrainian export of services to the USA were: air transport services; construction; services related to financial activities; financial services paid directly; auxiliary services in the field of financial activity; services related to patent activity; services in the field of telecommunications, computer and information services; computer services; information services; scientific and technical services; imports of Ukrainian services from the USA were: state and governmental services; auxiliary services in the field of financial activity; services related to financial activities; trade-related services and brokerage services other royalties.

The Future of Speech Therapy for Autism: Bridging Technology and Personalized Care

Researchers have been working on autism since the 1980s [1]. Autism spectrum disorder (AUD) is a complex neurodevelopment condition that affects people's interaction with others, behavior, communication, and social interaction. Although autism may be a lifelong condition, appropriate support, services, and treatments can improve a person's symptoms and daily functioning. Individuals with autism often face challenges with speech and language development are prominent. Speech therapy (ST) plays a role in gaining control over verbal communication. An effective speech therapy can enhance the quality of life by addressing communication difficulties. Traditionally, the treatment of autism has a multidisciplinary approach that aims to address the diverse needs of individuals on the spectrum. Advancements in technology are revolutionizing the field by offering various possibilities for personalized care and improved outcomes. Healthcare professionals diagnose autism by assessing a person's development patterns and behaviors. Currently, speech therapy is delivered through face-to-face interactions with a trained therapist. Because parents of autistic children consistently identify language and social communication skills as a top priority. This approach has limitations, like scheduling conflicts, limited access to geographical constraints, and specialized care [2]. Telepractice platforms and virtual reality systems (VR), offer novel opportunities for accessible, personalized, and engaging therapy experiences. Telepractice is an online therapy service via technology-based platforms that allows long-distance interventions, breaking geographical barriers and expanding access to specialized care. Specifically, telepractice capitalized on communication practices such as video conferencing, and data tracking tools to facilitate effective communications and reduce barriers like distance. It is a very effective and low-cost method for conducting and completing online sessions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder [3]. The use of mobile technology in various countries become a necessity in the lives of people and also makes it a potential medium of intervention for people diagnosed with autism. It also enhances social skills, language development, and communication abilities. Virtual reality is an essential tool for healthcare intervention, offering realistic scenarios for practicing communication strategies and social interaction. Virtual reality interventions can lead to more stable and faster communication skills over time [4]. Advancements in artificial intelligence has enabled therapists to analyze data and identify patterns to meet the unique needs of each individual with autism. Technology is poised to facilitate collaboration and communication among individuals, and promote consistency across various settings. Researchers are involved in creating and training robots to interact with autistic children. We can empower individuals with autism to reach their full communication potential with the help of these latest technologies.

Cost Effective and Trending Housing Techniques (Design)

Abstract: The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (Mo HUA) through its flagship mission “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana” – Urban (PMAY-U) ensures a PUCCA HOUSE to all eligible urban house-holds. PMAY-U aims to achieve Urban Development through Transformation, Innovation and Sustainable Inclusions. Due to Rapid increase in urbanization and believing it as an opportunity to reduce poverty. This paper aims towards the design solution example after study of effective housing demand , current patterns of development and finding the Innovative Contraction techniques , Materials (local and eco friendly) , Planning and designing methods , to make the solution.

유인석 위정척사의 이론근거와 의병운동의 전개양상 - 『소의신편』의 내용을 중심으로 -

This paper reveals the theoretical basis of Yoo In-seok(1842-1915) Wijeongcheoksa(衛正斥邪) and the development pattern of righteous army movement. Yoo In-seok develops the theory of Wijeongcheoksa based on the theoretical view of world view and history, and also actually develops the righteous army movement based on this theory of Wijeongcheoksa. Yoo In-seok makes protecting and preserving Chinese civilization the ultimate goal of all actions. It proposes a civilization-centered chinese and barbarians theory that uses superiority at the level of civilization as a criterion for value judgment during the historical upheaval when the country groans and rages due to Japanese and Western aggressions. As it is, in the 20th century, it developed into the ideology of the anti-Japanese military movement in the context of the Japanese invasion. His righteous army movement and all the acts of the uprising against Japan, which are continuous due to overseas asylum, are also an extension of that. In the end, the strong will to protect the country is expressed as China's will to protect it, Yoo In-seok's theory of Wijeongcheoksa is an expression of China's conservation consciousness, and at the same time, it is directly linked to the will of anti-Japanese. This chinese and barbarians theoretic world view is noteworthy in that it forms the basic framework of the external or historical perception of Joseon confucian scholars who lived at the time.

A Brief Review of Vulnerability, Preparedness and Resilience Measures of Anticipated Istanbul Earthquake

This review examines the seismic vulnerability of Istanbul, a city uniquely positioned at the crossroads of Asia and Europe and exposed to significant earthquake risks due to the North Anatolian Fault (NAF). By synthesizing data on historical seismic events, urban development patterns, and current building and infrastructure resilience, the paper highlights the complexities of disaster management in a densely populated and rapidly growing metropolis. It critically evaluates the effectiveness of existing preparedness and mitigation strategies, including legislative frameworks, urban planning policies, and community-based resilience efforts. The review also identifies gaps in the current approach to earthquake risk reduction and suggests areas for improvement, emphasizing the need for an integrated, multi-sectoral approach to enhance the city's capacity to withstand and recover from future seismic events. The findings underscore the importance of proactive planning and the adoption of innovative technologies in building a resilient Istanbul.

So, you think you are a leader? A qualitative study to understand patterns of presentation and symmetry among dimensions of leader identity

PurposeThis study aims to explore individual leader identity development across four key dimensions: strength, integration, meaning and inclusiveness.Design/methodology/approachAround 70 semi-structured interviews with aspiring and practicing leaders were conducted to gather qualitative data.FindingsThe majority of individuals interviewed showed development or were developing in the dimensions of strength and integration. However, over half of the sample demonstrated underdevelopment in the dimensions of meaning and inclusiveness.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature by providing nuanced insights into the level and patterns of development across all four dimensions of leader identity within individuals. It reveals that while some symmetry of development across dimensions is possible, it is less prevalent than previously assumed.