Patriarchy In Society Research Articles

VISUALIZING WOMEN STEREOTYPES: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FILM 'THE GREAT INDIAN KITCHEN'

Films have consistently served as a narrative medium reflecting the discourses of male patriarchy in society throughout the ages. In particular, a significant portion of Indian cinema perpetuates male- centric stereotypes, depicting women as the weaker sex—an inaccurate representation of reality. Joe Baby's Malayalam film, 'The Great Indian Kitchen,' meticulously replicates prevalent customs dictating women's roles and explores various aspects of women's emancipation. The film delves into the frustration and discontent experienced by a married woman, highlighting her struggle to conform to the traditional patriarchal roles of being a wife and daughter-in-law. By the film's conclusion, it unravels her journey as she breaks free from the confines of this stereotypical system.This paper aims to focus on the deconstruction of women stereotypes ingrained in our society, with a specific examination of how 'The Great Indian Kitchen,' directed by Joe Baby, portrays and challenges these beliefs within the context of typical Indian societal norms. Employing a discourse analysis method, the film is scrutinized to derive meaningful findings.

An Analysis of Novel Writing Styles of Ismat Chugtai

The research work focuses on analyzing Ismat Chughtai writing styles. From the analysis it was deduced that Ismat used humor in the plots, and casual communications between the novel characters to strike a sarcasm on the societal malpractices with needed instant eradication. The popularity of Ismat Chughtai’s work could be credited to her plain and simple language and the exact representation of the society especially the plight of women in the society post-independence. Chughtai began her writing in the second wave of feminism and therefore she hampered the progress of patriarchy in society. The research work presents vivid aspects of Chughtai’s writing skill and concludes that Chughtai is nothing but a trailblazer of feminism in independent India.

The Dearth of Interaction about Taboo Themes between Swahili Males and Females: Is it Emanating from the Differences in Euphemisms Choice?

Swahili speakers confirm the presence of little interaction between males and females about taboo themes irrespective of the age of the interlocutors. The tendency is speculatively attributed to religion and patriarchy in society. However, a plausible cause, such as the difference in language use between males and females, had not been investigated before the current study. Consequently, the present study compared euphemism usage between Swahili male and female speakers on sex, sexual subjects, and other taboo subjects to correlate the communication tendencies and the amount of communication between the two genders. The tested null hypothesis was, “There is no significant difference in euphemism usage between male and female Swahili speakers." The t-test was based on data from 192 males and 192 females. The finding indicates that only three out of eleven taboo topics had gender-based discrepancies in the use of euphemisms among Swahili speakers. The result implies that the speech differences between males and females are not responsible for the shortfall of interaction about sensitive topics among Swahili speakers. In this regard, further correlational tests are suggested to establish the actual cause of this phenomenon which affects the welfare of society

Self Hatred East Asian Woman Females Misogyny Breeds from Father-Daughter and Mother-Daughter Relationships in Japan and China

Misogyny, which refers to the misrepresentation and degrading of women as reflected in an aversion to femininity, feminism, and things associated with women, is an important maintenance of the patriarchy society. Misogyny is described as a disease in Chinese, however, granted that the translation describes it as something needed to be correct, East Asia cultural circle as a whole oftentimes neglect the importance of it since women get so used to being treat in a misogynistic manner by both men and women even though it could be the main source of threat to womens right in the workplace and homestead. The fact that women are also susceptible to misogyny making it unnoticeable is worth to research as this type of misogyny between women is the advance version of the reproductive competition driven by natural desire, however, circumventing is type of same-sex loath is possible, and beneficial to gender equality. To this end, searching for the manifestation of misogyny existing in the same-sex relationship is one of the biggest targets of this paper as well. Inspired by the motive of Tomohiro Kato for executing the Akihabara Massacre, this paper was written in attempt to answer serval questions of why both men and women are susceptible to misogyny; why misogyny is so entrenching; how does misogony pass on from parents to daughters; what are the manifestation of misogyny in literatures; how to get rid of misogyny or make it less susceptible.

The dilemma of women's bodies and spirits in an absolute patriarchal society by comparing FGM and Foot-Binding

FGM and Foot binding has existed for a long time in the history of the West and China respectively, which has severely damaged the physical and mental health of women in the West and China. Through a cross-cultural comparative study of FGM globally and Foot Binding in China's Qing Dynasty, this essay examined the dilemmas that women faced both physically and spiritually in the absolute patriarchy society. This paper was written based on previous papers, books and historical documents to find that human behavior was shaped by society and social environment. This article finds that in an absolute patriarchal society, genital mutilation and foot binding have brought difficulties to women's body and spirit. The conclusion is that under the influence of social, psychological and economic factors, women have to accept this immoral custom. It provided readers with a better understanding of patriarchal women's status, as well as the cruelty of Western and Eastern customs such as FGM and foot binding.

Exercising woman’s basic power : a story reflection

The purpose of this study is to disclose the sexist oppressions experienced by the female protagonist in a story, to observe the solidarity she received in going through the oppression, and to examine her personal basic power to release the oppression. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The method used is analyzing the source of data is in the form of the characters’ monolog, dialog, and author’s narration which are collected intensively in the short story. This study is based on the perspectives of bell hooks (1984) that elaborates sexist oppression, solidarity and personal basic power. The sexist oppressions experienced by the female protagonist in a story that is caused by the social value embedded in the patriarchy society that puts woman as the subordinate and Anita’s father is the male antagonist who shows domination over her. In the story, Anita’s husband is the male protagonist who gives his empathy to Anita to go through the oppression. The last result elaborates that solidarity obtained will support Anita to exercise her basic power. This is required to face the oppression and to release Anita from sexist oppression so that she will be able to put herself from margin to centre.

『말괄량이 길들이기』에 나타난 말하지 못한 말들

Kate a shrew-figure was able to establish her vividness in a way impossible for her to resist as a Subaltern over the brutality of early modern patriarchy society. “The Taming of the Shrew” leads critics to believe that it has also been a popular source of various criticism about husband and wife’s access to socio-economic power game. There is a wide spectrum of themes from the highly theoretical to the practical changes in the economy and traditional Tudor society. The Final speech of Kate on the stage in Act V has been puzzling critics how to decode Kate’s genuine woman’s place in the patriarchal power structure and culture. To be conclusive, I tried to recover the lost historical Voices of the marginalized, the oppressed and the dominated female characters of Shakespeare’s plays. By invoking the historical exploitation and oppression of the disempowered, Spivak constantly reminds us that any act of reading has important social and political consequences. We need to learn how to step out of the cultural essentialism and start experiencing otherness.

The Awakening and Rebellion of the Voiceless: An Interpretation of Glaspell’s Trifles

Trifles, written by Pioneering feminist writer Susan Glaspell, is frequently acknowledged as one of the greatest works of American theater. Loosely based on the murder case of John Hossack, this play is widely acknowledged as an example of feminism drama and lots of researches interpret and explore it from feminist perspective. What the play demonstrates is the predicament of womanhood under patriarchy society and female’s awakening and rebellion through the murder case.Glaspell satirizes on the ignorant of patriarchy dominance and appreciate female’s wisdom and power. Susan Glaspell provides female a chance to find justice for themselves through care for themselves and people of the same gender. The setting of not revealing the ending of Minnie Foster’s future also suggests Glaspell’s sincere hope for the better future of the awakened women.

Gender, Productive Resources and Agricultural Development in the Urban Area

Abstract The Nigerian society is a patriarchy society where men dominate over women most especially in access and control over productive resources and decision-making process. This limitation often has negative impacts on food security; most especially in urban areas where more than half of the world’s population now dwells. This study aimed at documenting the experiences of urban women farmers in accessing critical agricultural productive resources. The study engaged both quantitative and qualitative methods in designing the research. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 250 respondents, and information was elicited through the use of questionnaire, Key Informant Interview (KII), and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The study revealed that the urban female farmers in the study area have inadequate access to critical agricultural productive resources and are still making use of crude and traditional implements in their various agricultural activities. Likewise, through usufructuary rights, in reference to access to land the urban status quo is gradually weakening the patriarchal nature of the society.

SUBALTERNITY IN AMITAV GHOSH’S SEA OF POPPIES: REPRESENTATION OF INDIAN WOMEN’S STRUGGLE AGAINST PATRIARCHY

This study analyses the subaltern that represented by Deeti in Amitav Ghosh’s Sea of Poppies. The subject of the subaltern as an Indian woman is struggling against patriarchy in society. This study uses the postcolonialism theory, including the theory of subaltern to analyze the representation of the subaltern subject who fights against patriarchy. That subject represented by Indian women as the subject of the subaltern. The narration of Deeti in the first Trilogy Sea of Poppies by Amitav Ghosh is the main focus of this study. This study using postcolonialism theory from Homi K. Bhabha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, then subaltern theory also using Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak which describes how 'colonialized subject' lives and theories from Sylvia Walby and Gerda Lerner for the definition of patriarchy. So, this study mainly about how patriarchy will be related to Deeti as the subaltern explained by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. The data will be taken from many aspects such as dialogues, a depiction of the situation, characters, etc. This study analyzed two problems, which are (1) How is subalternity represented in Amitav Ghosh’s Sea of Poppies? (2) How do Indian Women’s struggle to fight against patriarchy in Sea of Poppies by Amitav Ghosh? The results of this study show that Subaltern represented by Indian Women. Then the struggle of Deeti as an Indian Woman and the other characters fights against the patriarchy.

The Rule of Law and the Human Rights of Women

It is no wonder that there are still some vulnerable groups in society such as women even in the modern era of the rule of law. Even the vulnerability of women gets worse in some areas of law as well as in reality.The reason for this is the ideal of justice and the conception of the rule of law have not been fully figured out. As mentioned in Aristotle and Rawls, distributive which deals with proportionate aspects of return should be considered as well as rectificatory justice. Okin, Cornell, and Butler’s arguments are also in line with distributive justice.On the rule of law, modern legal scholars, including Fuller, Raz, and Tamanaha have demonstrated how much valuable the rule of law is in every aspect of law and society. The value of law was especially well presented in three themes of the rule of law, suggested by Tamanaha. But the rule of law still has limitations as seem in Tamanaha and Raz.Probably, the limitations of the rule of law could be resolved within the ideal of justice and substantial rule of law. Because the conception and application of the formal rule of law have some limitations despite the valuable nature of the formal rule of law, as seen in Tamanaha’s arguments, Cornell, and Butler, it should be remandedIn this way, the human rights of women, especially in sexual harassment and patriarchy in family law could be properly resolved in law and society even though it might take time.In case of sexual harassment, the law on sexual harassment could contribute in to eliminating the problem through the formal rule of law. But nevertheless the underlying serious problem of sexual harassment, happening everyday life of people, could find a proper solution through the substantive rule of law and the ideal of distributive justice.In case of surname, the amended provision of family law contributed to reducing patriarchal character of the law, but the law should consider the matter more substantially to approach the legal provision on surname because the law on surname will not solve the problem, despite contribution of legal amendment, because of embedded patriarchy in society and law in general.Therefore, the rule of law, both from formal perspective and a substantial perspective should be considered together to enhance the human rights of women in vulnerable areas of law and society.

Determinants of antenatal care visits and their impact on the choice of birthplace among mothers in Uganda: a systematic review

Objective: The utilization of Antenatal Care (ANC) services to the recommended time by WHO is still low in developing countries. In Uganda, about 990,000 women become pregnant annually, 90 to 94% of whom attend at least the first ANC visit while 65% and 58% of them attend four or more times in urban and rural areas respectively with eventual health facility birth at about 62%, homebirth and TBA together at about 38%. The study determined antenatal care attendance and the mother’s choice of birthplace in Uganda. Materials and methods: Using electronic databases mainly Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and African Journals Online, and journal articles of international Website, 70,195 articles were identified but only 19 met the Cochrane review inclusion criteria hence were reviewed. Results: Reviewed studies attribute a decline in antenatal care visits and subsequent choice of birthplace to institutional, demographic and socio-economic factors. The demographic factors are maternal age (mothers less than eighteen years are less likely to utilize maternal health services than those above), marital status, occupation, residency, distance from home to the health facility, and parity. The socio-economic factors are mothers’ and partners’ levels of education (less educated women and their partners are less likely to utilize ANC), household income which affects transportation and medical bills, cultural norms and taboos, patriarchy society, enrollment on ANC in the third trimester, and intrinsic factors of attending ANC such as obtaining ANC card to present in case of emergency. Institutional factors include quality of medical care, availability of logistics and supplies, and health workers’ influence in terms of attitude, referral, competences, and staffing. Conclusion: Pregnant women who attend ANC are more likely to deliver in the health facility than those who do not at all. To enable them to attend ANC to full term and have a health facility delivery, their empowerment for increased self-efficacy through education, sustainable livelihood training and provision of subsidized capital alongside partner involvement. The facilitation of health facilities would also attract them.

Female Images in The Great Gatsby

This paper tends to analyze female images in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby from a feminist perspective. It analyzes these three women characters--Daisy Fay, Myrtle Wilson, and Jordan Baker--in three aspects: characteristics of their images, the relationship between them and their intimate men, and their fight against patriarchy society. This paper tends to point out the similarities and differences of these three female images.

Are Husbands Involving in Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness for their Wives’ Pregnancies?: A Cross-Sectional Study in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar

INTRODUCTION: Husbands’ involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness (BP/CR) has been encouraged as a new approach to improve maternal health for safe motherhood since 2000. However, Myanmar is a patriarchy society and despite the strong domination of husbands on the health of their families, their role and involvement in maternal health are still limited.
 OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess husbands’ involvement in BP/CR for their pregnant wives in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was a cross sectional study which was carried out through a structured questionnaire among 198 husbands of pregnant women aged 18 years and above in Nay Pyi Taw.
 RESULTS: The results showed that 42.4% of husbands included in the study had poor involvement in BP/CR for safe motherhood. Approximately 38% of husbands failed to plan health facility for delivery, 45% did not plan for a skilled birth attendant, 20% did not save money for the delivery, 43% neglected transportation arrangement and 66% did not identify a blood donor in case of emergency. Husbands having good knowledge and positive attitude were significantly (p-value <0.001) involved in BP/CR as compared to those who did not. In addition, husbands who planned the pregnancy along with wives were involved in BP/CR more than those who did not and association was significant at p<0.001.
 Conclusion: Level of husbands’ involvement in BP/CR is slightly low for their wives’ pregnancies. It was, therefore, recommended that effective husband involvement intervention programmes should be promoted at all levels of healthcare for safe motherhood.

Workplace Sexual Harassment and its Underreporting in Pakistan

Sexual harassment in workplace is a reflection of unequal power relationship among genders and should not be seen as isolated cases emanating from psychological or criminal roots. The practice of sexual harassment in the workplace occurs in occupations and industries which turns working environment for women into stressful, damaging, and hostile and make it difficult for them to achieve their rightful place in employment. Sexual harassment in the workplace is the most frequent form of gender-based violence occurring in Pakistani society characterized by patriarchy and gender segregation. When women attempt to join workforce and take economic responsibilities of family in opposite to predominating social norms, they have to suffer from sexual harassment. This speaks not just to the structure of the work place, but the entrenched culture of female objectification, which quite often paints women as mere recipients for male desire – views that are reproduced and perpetuated in a work place. This study is an endeavor to spot the causes of sexual harassment in the workplace in Pakistan; and what are the underlying factors which lead to under-reporting of the incidences of sexual harassment in the workplace. This study asserts that the patriarchal values prevailing in Pakistani society breed sexual harassment in the workplace also preclude victims to report the incidence by not giving them appropriate moral, cultural and legal support. This study argues that in an environment like Pakistan where rule of law is not prevalent in entire society so just having policies and awareness regarding these policies could not be a valid and significant element for lowering the sexual harassment experience in the workplace. Sexual Harassment in the workplace reflects the unequal power relationships between genders in patriarchy society of Pakistan and cannot be combated until patriarchal mindsets are changed which can be achieved only by transforming the existing patriarchal society itself that is producing such mindsets.

Gender in Road Construction: Experience in the Papua New Guinea Highlands

This article presents experiences in engaging women in road construction work in Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlands. Providing labour for road construction is a new experience and a demand for tribal women in the highlands region. Women have never before worked on paid road con-struction works. However, similar to men, women also need cash to pay for goods purchased for the household. Although several road construction activities are in progress in a number of Pacific countries including PNG, there is less evidence reported on the engagement of women. This article initially begins a discussion on gender role in a patriarchy society and gender engagement in road construction program. The article highlights the need for and the process of getting women engaged in road construction works. Women engagement in road construction has been zero in the early years of road construction program which has been increased to 13% of the work force in late 2017. This massive increase is attributable to various strategies adopted by the project staff. The women’s new role in road construction, benefits accrued to both men and women and, recommendation to increase women participation in road construction is discussed. The paper is based mainly on the extensive knowledge gained by the author in working on road construction projects in the Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlands. Where possible, the findings are supported by previous research.

“This thing of the victim has to prove that the perp intended to assault is kak!”: Social media responses to sexual violence on South African university campuses

abstractSince 2015 South African universities have emerged as central sites for the decolonial project which has manifested through various movements such as ‘Fees Must Fall’ and ‘Rhodes Must Fall’. Understood as Fallism, these movements have looked towards the deconstruction of various forms of oppression not only in universities but across South African society. Although issues of race and class are central to the recent wave of student activism, the issue of sexual violence has become a critical feature of the project. Public protests and social media are important platforms on which the issues of South Africa’s rape culture and university policies on sexual violence are being interrogated.This article explores public opinion regarding sexual violence on university campuses. It analyses university policy as well as social media data on the topic, using document and content analysis. Examination of these narratives reveals the ongoing power of patriarchy and its impact on sexual violence. Findings show dissatisfaction with university policies on sexual assault, which are perceived as outdated and ineffective, and that rape culture at universities is viewed as a symptom of broader patriarchy in society. In response to these findings we recommend that attention be given to the sensitivity of cases presented, as well as to strategies of communication and training in dealing with sexual assault. This would include a psychosocial component of sexual assault and harassment being considered, and appropriate approaches to dealing with its effects being made explicit.

Created in the image of God and sexuality in early-Jewish writings

This article pays tribute to the contribution made by Yolanda Dreyer regarding critique on the prevalence of patriarchy in society, as well as her defence of homosexuality as a normal sexual orientation. Taking as point of departure her work on the woman as created in God’s image, it is argued that understanding the metaphor ‘created in God’s image’ as referring to rule over all, and not as created as man and woman, has important implications for the relationship between man and woman, as well as the normalisation of relationships between the same sex.

The Accessibility of Informal Urban Women Workers (Study of Street Vendors in Malang, Indonesia)

The effort to increase people’s welfare through empowerment of informal woman workers to increase household income becomes interesting and important to do it. The empowerment of informal woman workers has important roles to decrease unequal distribution income and give substantial contribution for overcome the problem of unemployment. However, although woman had given income in the family, the man dominates the decision-making of the household rules. The accessibility should be directly proportional to the decision-making in the household rules. The purpose of this research is for 1) to analyze the motivation of informal urban woman worker, 2) to analyze the experience of woman worker, 3) to analyze education, 4) to analyze the capital of the worker, 5) to analyze the urban informal decision-making in the household rules. This research did in Malang. The population of this research is 1000 street vendors in Malang. Then, the sampling is taken using Random Sampling Method. The sample of this research consists of 24 respondents of street vendors. The result of the research is between motivation of work, work experience, and the fund are positively related to accessibility and the decision-making in the household rules have not high accessibility. It is due to very strong culture of patriarchy in society.

An Analysis on the Psyche of Richardson’s Pamela

Pamela is Samuel Richardson’s great masterpiece. Since the initial publication of Pamela in 1740, it has received extensive attentions. It’s generally accepted that Samuel Richardson’s Pamela is a prime example of the epistolary novel. However, the first rise of the psychological novel as a genre is said to have started with the sentimental novel of Samuel Richardson’s Pamela. Many factors contribute to the success of Pamela, the most important one is the vivid description of heroine’s psychological activities. It has profound impact on the later writers and played a significant role in the world literature. Pamela’s inner world is incompatible, she suffered a lot from the upper class and she was longing for an independent life and social position. Also she could not cast off the shackle of the patriarchy society. Recently, most researches are focused on the novel’s moral value, the epistolary form, feminism, history and religious perspective. However, this paper will mainly focus on the heroine’s inner world and intend to conduct a psychological analysis of Pamela.