Patriarchal Relations Research Articles

Negotiating Patriarchal Relationship: Representation of Subjectification in Doja Cat’s Woman (2021) Music Video

This study aims to illustrate the subjectification of women's bodies as one of the notions of postfeminist sensibility. Subjectification involves depicting women in a patriarchal setting as empowered individuals with agency, highlighting their reservoirs of strength and spheres of influence, challenging the perception of complete powerlessness. The object of investigation in this study is the music video by Doja Cat entitled "WOMAN" (2021), with a primary focus on examining the dynamic interaction among female talents within the context of the surrounding characters and environment. The author employs textual and visual analysis with qualitative methods and Fiske's Television Culture. In terms of theory, the analysis of the objects was supported by drawing upon Rosalind Gill's postfeminist sensibility. The study's analysis reveals that female talents, initially characterized by power and agency, faces a threat in the presence of patriarchy. This compels them to leverage their bodies and traditional roles as tools for negotiation. This study finds out that subjectification also can be an effort for women to negotiate patriarchal relationships as the bodies were used as tools to assert control and authority over the opposite sex without engaging as an object instead as a subject. This also counters the typical male gaze that makes women look passive or disempowered.

АҚТӨБЕ ӨҢІРІНДЕГІ КЕҢЕС ҮКІМЕТІНІҢ ОРНАУЫ: ШАРАЛАРЫ, ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ

The proposed article is devoted to the victory and the policy of the Bolshevik regime in the Aktobe region. The victory of the October Revolution in Russia contributed to the establishment of Soviet power in Kazakhstan. At the same time, the establishment of Soviet power in Kazakhstan was associated with a number of additional difficulties, such as socio-economic backwardness, the dominance of patriarchal relations in the Kazakh village, the small number and weakness of Bolshevik organizations, and the complexity of interethnic relations. In the article, the author, conducting a review of research and data on the problem, examines the actions of the Bolshevik dictatorship that arose in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, as well as the peculiarities of the establishment of Soviet power in Kazakhstan, including on the territory of Aktobe. The results of the double revolution of 1917 and the changes in the internal, political and economic life of the region are analyzed on the basis of regional archival documents. The article did not ignore the establishment of Soviet power and the political, social difficulties andobstacles in its implementation. In addition, archival data reflecting the involvement of the region in the civil war under the rule of the Bolshevik dictatorship will be analyzed. In describing the political development of the country during the period of the double revolution, the main attention was paid to the activities of Alash figures.

The cry of Landless Smallholder Women Farmers and Agro-Processors in Northern Ghana- Evidence from West Mamprusi Municipality

Women’s access to critical resources such as land is one of the most topical issues amongst development practitioners, gender advocates, and policymakers alike. Land is one of the bases of wealth, power, and authority in most developing countries. As such, no meaningful development takes place without land resources, yet gender inequalities concerning land allocation and distribution exist in most Sub-Saharan African countries, especially northern Ghana where the majority of the affected are women. This paper examined the effect of the customary land tenure system on landless women smallholder farmers and Agro-processors in West Mamprusi Municipality. Primary data from individuals and household heads, chiefs, and Tingban-dima (landowners), were gathered using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. The secondary was also extensively reviewed as a complement to the primary data in the area of study. The study revealed significant gender disparities between men and women relative to land allocation and land access. Women's access to land was abysmal compared to that of men. The situation was also found to be aggravated by the dominant patriarchal relations which favor men relative to property ownership. only a handful of women had owned and had access to some lands but in most cases, such lands were reported to be poorer in quality, and lack proximity relative to complementary resources such as water. additionally, some lands in the hands of women came in with hefty royalties, thereby exacerbating their plight. The productive capacity of women in food production, agro-processing, vegetable production, and animal husbandry was found to be impeded by the land tenure system which limits their livelihood opportunities thereby widening the poverty gap between women and men. Nonetheless, women's access to land has seen a bit of improvement over the years, considering the recognition of women’s contribution to household income and the nutritive diet of children, but Indigenous traditional inheritance structures still limit the potential of women in this direction. The need to therefore advocate for a change in traditional land ownership and distribution by emphasizing on women’s rights and contribution to development. The constitution of Ghana allows for equal access to land irrespective of gender; this must therefore be advocated. This will address the gender gap in land and water resources to pave the way for women in agriculture, which will improve rural livelihoods, especially women of reproductive age.

A performative critical management studies: Developing a critical management pedagogy as intellectual activism praxis

In this paper, I take Contu’s call for a performative turn in critical management studies into my teaching as a form of intellectual activism praxis. I problematise management learning and education in regard to perpetuating inequalities, and offer a critical management pedagogy as a form of intellectual activism praxis to help infuse management education with a critical and socially conscience awareness. This paper is a reflexive account of the development of my critical management pedagogy and an analytical discussion weaving together the practice of a critical management education with intellectual activism. I argue that business schools need to question the relationship between neoliberal capitalism and our global epoch of crisis and uncertainty, and that as management educators we must consider how we might inform this relationship. In our teaching, we are often complicit in practices and institutions that reproduce economic and environmental exploitation, white supremacy, heteronormativity and colonial and patriarchal relations. Inspired by Freire’s critical pedagogy, I developed a critical management module to try engage students’ critical and social conscience by providing them with a space to think critically about the social, political and economic phenomena that shape individuals and societies, and the tools to engage in new ways of thinking to challenge systematic inequalities. This paper contributes insight into the context and praxis of developing and delivering this module.

Between Men: Uxorilocal Marriage Reconsidered in Chinese Western Old Well

Abstract This article examines the award-winning Chinese Western Old Well 老井 (1987) with a focus on the marital relationship of uxorilocal marriage 入贅 (ruzhui). Drawing on Eve Sedgwick’s (1992) insights on male homosocial bonds, this article sheds light on the workings of two sets of triangular relationships in the film: the first consisting of Sun Wangquan, Zhao Qiaoying, and Xifeng and the second consisting of Sun Wangquan, Sun Wangcai, and Xifeng. Together, these two triangles form an asymmetric square due to the structural communal differences attached to the corresponding gendered placeholders. This article investigates the embedded gender bias in patriarchal kinship and argues that women tend to be either utilized as asset carriers (Xifeng) or banished as destabilizers (Qiaoying) to ensure the formation of a male homosocial bond (Wangquan, Wangcai, and Xifeng’s dead husband) that eventually resolves crises of masculinity through reinforcing male-centered continuity and prosperity. Furthermore, the article suggests how the practice of ruzhui, though seemingly feminizing men and empowering women, serves to reinforce patrilineality based on gender essentialism.

The Formal and Real Subsumption of Gender Relations

Abstract Attempts to unify Marxist and feminist social critique have been vexed by the fact that ‘patriarchy’ predates the advent of capitalism (its transhistorical status). Feminists within the Marxist, socialist, and materialist traditions have responded to this point by either granting patriarchy a certain autonomy relative to capitalism (the ‘dual/triple systems’ approach), or by suggesting that patriarchal relations have a foundational and necessary status in the history of capitalist development (which we term the ‘origins-subsistence’ approach). This paper offers an alternative account of the relationship between capitalism and the transhistorical status of ‘patriarchy’. In aid of a ‘unitary theory’ of Marxist Feminism, we argue that the transhistorical status of patriarchy is better understood through an application of Marx’s concepts of formal and real subsumption. A modified version of these concepts can illuminate not only capitalist appropriation of antecedent social and economic forms, but also its capacity to produce new forms of gendered exploitation and oppression.

Komunikasi dan Partisipasi Perempuan Dalam Politik Elektoral

This research aims to investigate the background of women's participation in general and specifically, women who participate in electoral politics as legislative candidates. Using phenomenological methods, the study states that the backgrounds of women who are involved in electoral politics include following in the footsteps of other people who have already entered the world of politics, wanting women to play more roles, and being encouraged by other people. The participation of women in politics still mostly comes from external sources, rather than being purely driven by a desire to change women's conditions due to patriarchal relations in society. Meanwhile, the most common obstacles experienced by women in politics are the double burden of having to play both domestic and public roles, social and cultural inequality, and being underestimated as women. Regarding the communication strategy used by female legislative candidates, they stated that they communicate more with female prospective voters, explain programs related to women, children, and teenagers, and discuss issues related to women to attract votes. They believe that gender similarity helps them communicate effectively and achieve their political goals.

Gender awareness and patriarchal relations on merariq kodeq culture in Ampenan Mataram

Early marriage is still a central issue in Indonesian society, including in Ampenan, Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara. This study aims to reveal gender awareness and patriarchal relations in merariq kodeq culture in Ampenan Mataram. Sylvia Walby’s patriarchy theory is used as a tool to analyze. This study uses a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach. Subject of this research is women who are married for the first time and are under 19 years old. The results showed that merariq kodeq occurs through a long process of Sasak tradition that still survives today. The tradition also has implications for the emergence of patriarchal relations in domestic life. This study concludes that patriarchal relations in early marriage perpetuate domination not only in the private sector but also in the public sector. Patriarchal relations are also the root cause of domestic violence.

The status of the term violencia de género in the modern Spanish language

The problem of gender-based violence is one of the key in the most modern societies including Spain. In the country where the tradition of patriarchal relations is rooted feminist organisations, nongovernment and state organisations are constantly fighting with the gender asymmetry. In addition, the topic of gender-based violence receives special attention in the Spanish media. There are even sections in leading newspapers named “Gender-based Violence” or “Domestic Violence”. The phenomenon of gender-based violence in the context of gender language policy is actively discussed. Spain is one of the leading countries in adopting progressive gender laws aimed to combat gender-based violence. This very active attitude towards the problem of gender-based violence contrasts with the language policy in this area. Analysis of the actual linguistic material, extralinguistic situation in the country, study of the data of official statistics allowed the author to come to the conclusion that in the modern Spanish reality there is an imbalance between extralinguistic factors (active struggle against gender-based violence, presence of progressive laws) and the same language, in which the term violencia de género has not yet been codified in the dictionary of the Royal Academy of the Spanish language (while in other dictionaries and glossaries the concept is interpreted). The combination violencia de género is widely used in the Spanish speech, in the scientific papers and in the Spanish media space, that is confirmed by the Spanish language database. Free interpretations of this term because of its absence in the main dictionaries do not help the society to understand the problem properly and eradicate it.

Boys, Masculinity, and Education

During the 1990s and 2000s, many countries witnessed new discourses on boys and education both within research and the wider popular discourse. This took place in the context of a feminist critique of patriarchal relations, a global monitoring of education, and an increased interest in the negative consequences of traditional masculinity, not only for women, queer people, or the nature and global ressources, but also for boys and men themselves. Mainly, the discussions centred on three key topics. First, boys’ encountering, incorporating, and/or resisting cultural ideas of masculinity were being looked at with a strong focus on gender hierarchies and gender norms (Connell 2000; Kimmel 2008; Plummer 1999; Salisbury and Jackson 1996). Second, boys’ situations in educational institutions were discussed controversially with regard to disadvantages and/or privileges of boys in education (Epstein et al. 1998; Kenway et al. 1997; Martino et al. 2009). Third, the situations of particular groups of boys were explored, acknowledging the diversity of boys and the intersectionality of masculinity and gender with other social categories and hierarchies (Martino and Pallotta-Chiarolli 2003; Nayak 2003).

Forging lesbians: Sappho and The Songs of Bilitis

Abstract In Les Chansons de Bilitis (‘The Songs of Bilitis’, 1894), Pierre Louÿs purports to have translated into French for the first time the long-lost Greek poems of Bilitis, a contemporary of Sappho. Classicists have often heralded Bilitis as a watershed moment for reclaiming the lesbian Sappho from the clutches of homophobic, misogynist philologists. This paper complicates this narrative by reframing Bilitis as an object that participates in a broader cultural — and potentially queer — history of forgery. Rather than categorizing Bilitis as a forgery per se, I use forgery (and related textual practices) as a lens for illuminating how Louÿs ‘plays’ the forger and how this performance relates to readers’ divergent desires and reactions. This lens also brings into focus the queer dynamics and effects of this text in relation to Sappho’s corpus. At the same time, following Kadji Amin’s cue to ‘deidealize queerness’ (2017), I show how such queer dynamics are inextricable from colonialist and patriarchal relations of power, in particular an Orientalizing tradition of forgeries by white European and American men. This framework illuminates the affective and political ramifications of forging queer narratives and identifications through the medium of this curious artefact.

Patriarchal Culture in Film: Between Myth and Meaning (Audience Reception Analysis of The Film“Yuni”)

Film as an art form is a representation of reality. However, film can also mean reality itself, which is visualized. Film or cinema is embedded in culture and has an exciting relationship with ideology and audience. Thus, films can intervene in human thoughts and feelings. The storyline and film content convey the culture and myths that develop in society. Among the cultural forms that are also part of a film’s narrative is patriarchal culture. Patriarchy is a social system that places men as the main authority figure in social organization. The position of men is higher than that of women in all aspects of social, cultural and economic life. This study aimed to find out the meaning of the audience regarding the patriarchal culture depicted in the film “Yuni”. This research approach is qualitative with the reception analysis method of Stuart Hall’s ‘encoding-decoding’ model. Data collection techniques used focus group discussions (FGD) with five informants. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the informants are in the opposite position in depicting patriarchal structures in aspects of the patriarchal state, male violence, patriarchal relations and patriarchal culture. They interpret it as a picture of the patriarchal structure still shackles women’s lives.

Tyrannizing Diversity: Feminist Politics and Sectarian Strife in Aslam’s The Golden Legend

The Golden Legend (2017) by Nadeem Aslam is a fictional work that explores the intersectional issues of women's oppression and sectarian violence in Pakistani society. The present study aims to examine the depiction of women's oppression, exploitation and the marginalization in Aslam's The Golden Legend. It seeks to unveil the patriarchal structures that exist in Pakistani society and contribute to gender oppression faced by women on a daily basis. Sylvia Walby's work, Theorizing Patriarchy (1990), serves as the primary text for this research, which outlines six interdependent patriarchal structures, including patriarchal production mode, patriarchal paid work relations, male violence, patriarchal state, patriarchal culture, and patriarchal relations in sexuality. The research employs these structures to demonstrate how they work together to promote the ideology of patriarchal tyrants in society. Additionally, the study also highlights sectarian oppression to bring attention to the injustices faced by women from different sects. The research argues that the intersection of gender and sect is one of the major factors that exacerbate oppression in any society, which is why women from different sects are often subjected to coercion, as portrayed by Aslam in The Golden Legend. The research seeks to shed light on the urgent need to eradicate patriarchal and sectarian ideologies that perpetuate oppression in society. Therefore, the study first exposes the oppressive patriarchal structures in contemporary Pakistani society and then brings to light the oppression faced by women of the Christian faith due to their gender and sect.

Gynocritical Analysis of Dead Women by Anna Terék

The gynocritical study of Anna Terék’s latest book of poems, Dead Women (2017) is an analysis based on the outline of a subcultural framework of feminine experience. The string of poems is narrated by women in times of war, sickness, adultery, cruelty and aggression. The poems are told by women from an unconventional perspective. The traumas of the characters are persistent and cannot be overcome in a lifetime, thus they are “dealt with” after their death. This way Terék touches upon a key element of feminist criticism, “the art of dying”. Suicide appears as a solution, as well as something natural and an act of free choice. Another topics that emerge in the poems are matrophobia, adultery, identity, patriarchal relations. Along with the intrinsic analysis of Terék’s poetry, the paper also touches upon the ideology and history of development of the female literary tradition, biological determinism and limitations of gynocriticism.

‘You’re a refugee, are you not?’ ‘Extraordinary bodies’, monstrous outsiders and US refugee policies in superhero comics

In the 1970s and 1980s, comic book publishing giants DC and Marvel sought to diversify their cast of superheroes to better represent their US readership. While the publishers’ increasingly diverse cast of numerous US constituencies sought to reflect a shift towards greater representation, the flow of migrants/immigrants/refugees that marked the cold war years of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s remained largely out of the pages of mainstream comics. However, Marvel’s Chris Claremont and DC’s Marv Wolfman and George Perez introduced Vietnamese refugees to two teenage teams in the early 1980s. This article seeks to examine the way these characters, Marvel’s Karma and DC’s Thunder and Lightning, reflect US political rhetoric concerning the South East Asian refugee crisis in the late 1970s/early 1980s. Marvel’s and DC’s characters represent two poles of political thought concerning refugees; Karma is depicted as a victim of communism who is rescued by the United States, while Thunder and Lightning are villains who seek to upend US patriarchal relationships with Asian nations. Using comic studies’ scholarship and current discussions in critical refugee studies, this article argues that the depictions of these refugees reflect national discourse concerning the ideals of the United States.

Gender regimes, polities, and the world-system: Comparing Iran and Tunisia

This article seeks to connect gender regime theorizing and world-systems analysis. Through the comparative analysis of the evolution of gender regimes in two Global South countries, I underscore the effects of world-systemic processes – in terms of both the world-economy and the inter-state system – on national-level patriarchal relations, institutions, the nature of the public gender regime, and the direction of change. I argue that as the primary source of inequality and hierarchy at the global level, the capitalist world-system affects national-level societal dynamics and the institutional domains that constitute a gender regime. The two country cases demonstrate the salience of supra-national factors that block women's economic agency, preventing the transition to a more egalitarian gender regime (Tunisia), and strengthening domestic patriarchal forces (Iran).

The Impact of Socio-economic and the Health Conditions of Tribal Women: A Study of Paderu Tribal Mandal of Visakhapatnam District in Andhra Pradesh

India is a rapidly developing nation, but patriarchal relationships and traditional values remain pervasive. Women in urban areas are becoming educated and urbanised, but tribal women remain steeped in tradition and have lower socioeconomic achievements than men. Gender-based violence and discrimination are major issues faced by women in India, with cases of rape, domestic violence, and female infanticide still prevalent. The position of women in a society was frequently determined by their income, employment, education, health, and fertility, in addition to their roles within the family, community, and society. Nonetheless, the study of tribal women is crucial due to the fact that their problems vary by region due to their geographical location, historical context, and social change processes. The present paper focuses on socio-economic and the health status of tribal women in paderu mandal of Vishakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh. It is found that there is a need for targeted interventions to improve the health outcomes of vulnerable populations, particularly those with lower incomes and who rely on traditional cooking fuels. These interventions could include access to clean energy sources and targeted health education campaigns, which can reduce exposure to indoor air pollution.

Tyrannizing Diversity: Feminist Politics and Sectarian Strife in Aslam’s The Golden Legend

The Golden Legend (2017) by Nadeem Aslam is a fictional work that explores the intersectional issues of women's oppression and sectarian violence in Pakistani society. The present study aims to examine the depiction of women's oppression, exploitation, and marginalization in Aslam's The Golden Legend. It seeks to unveil the patriarchal structures that exist in Pakistani society and contribute to gender oppression faced by women on a daily basis. Sylvia Walby's work, Theorizing Patriarchy (1990), serves as the primary text for this research, which outlines six interdependent patriarchal structures, including patriarchal production mode, patriarchal paid work relations, male violence, patriarchal state, patriarchal culture, and patriarchal relations in sexuality. The research employs these structures to demonstrate how they work together to promote the ideology of patriarchal tyrants in society. Additionally, the study also highlights sectarian oppression to bring attention to the injustices faced by women from different sects. The research argues that the intersection of gender and sect is one of the major factors that exacerbate oppression in any society, which is why women from different sects are often subjected to coercion, as portrayed by Aslam in The Golden Legend. The research seeks to shed light on the urgent need to eradicate patriarchal and sectarian ideologies that perpetuate oppression in society. Therefore, the study first exposes the oppressive patriarchal structures in contemporary Pakistani society and then brings to light the oppression faced by women of the Christian faith due to their gender and sect.

‘Powerless, poor and needy?’: Reproducing colonial discourses of gender and Muslim women through educational interventions by I-NGOs in Afghanistan

International development initiatives in the Global-South are often shaped by Western and Eurocentric constructions of gender, female agency and empowerment embedded in popular narratives of universal rights and white mainstream feminist ideals. Through a qualitative desk-study and documentary-analysis, this paper explores the cases of two I-NGOs: Canadian Women for Women of Afghanistan (CW4WA) and Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) to unravel how colonial discourses of gender and educational development, and homogenous and pathological notions of Muslim women are mobilised in Afghanistan to deliver various political agendas and reproduce patriarchal relations, as well as wider Global South/North divisions and entrenched inequalities. We engage with epistemic shifts. We argue that I-NGOs educational interventions take bottom-up approaches informed by local knowledges and contexts and decolonised notions of gender, power and participation, which promote and sustain a more socially just and transformative education in the developing world. We also argue that epistemic shifts are required informed by post-colonial and critical realism approaches to gender and development, both in terms of research/theory and policy formulation.

Baznīca, biedrības un krogs – trīs atšķirīgi lokusi un socializācijas veidi Augusta Deglava romānā “Rīga”

In the novel “Riga” by Augusts Deglavs (1862–1922), places (space, object, geographical location) are carriers of important and varied meaning. In these meaningful places or loci, the issues that are important both for the respective individuals and their societies are being actualised and resolved. Taking into account that the aforementioned novel essentially depicts a society permeated by colonial and patriarchal relationships, it is in these loci that a differing model of socialisation and important oppositions in terms of power relations are manifested. From the wide catalogue of objects, three types of spaces and the related social organisations and types of interactions will be discussed: pub, church and associations (also known as societies). The least restrained and dynamic from the aforementioned are different associations that became popular in Latvian circles in the last decades of the 19th century. Employing the semiotic method and Pitirim Sorokin’s (1889–1968) theory of social mobility, the meaning of the loci in regard to the colonial structure and the ability of the actors of the colonial situation to change their standing in the society is outlined.