Patient Location Research Articles

Evaluation of Salivary Glucose and Salivary Cortisol in Association with Periodontitis in People with Type II Diabetes: A Case-control Study.

The relationship between type II diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal disease (PD) has been discussed in recent years and may vary according to the patient's location, sex, age and family history. In view of this possible association between periodontitis and DM, this study aimed to evaluate salivary glucose and salivary cortisol levels with periodontitis (staging and degree) in people with type II diabetes compared to non-diabetic individuals. This was a case-control study, with 60 participants divided into two groups: DM2- people with type II diabetes (n=30) and NDM- non-diabetic individuals (n=30). For both, a clinical form and periogram were filled out, and blood samples (glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, and cortisol) and saliva (glucose and cortisol) were collected. The diagnosis of periodontitis was 100% in the DM2 group and 80% in the NDM group. As for staging and degree, in the DM2 group, 70% of the participants were in stage IV and 86.67% were in grade C, while in the NDM group, 58.3% of the participants were in stage I and 70.8% were in grade A. Significant differences were observed for the following variables: bleeding to probing and clinical attachment level. The laboratory data presented significant results regarding serum glucose, salivary glucose, and glycated hemoglobin. Regarding the influence of salivary glucose and cortisol on periodontal status (staging and degree), these had higher means in the DM2 group when compared to the NDM group. An association of salivary glucose and cortisol levels with the periodontal condition presented by type II diabetic individuals compared to non-diabetic individuals is suggested.

Estimating the out-of-pocket health expenditure in patients under 5years with severe malnutrition in Afghanistan in 2023: Findings from a cross-sectional study.

This study, of significant importance to healthcare professionals, policymakers, researchers, and organizations involved in child healthcare and malnutrition in Afghanistan, aimed to estimate the out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) in patients under 5 years old with severe malnutrition in a children's hospital in Herat Province, Afghanistan. This study employed a meticulously designed cross-sectional descriptive-analytical approach with practical results. The research population consisted of families with malnourished children under 5 who were referred to Herat Children's Hospital. Data was collected using a comprehensive standard World Health Organization questionnaire to gather demographic information from children in Herat. A carefully selected convenience sampling method was used, with 300 referring patients participating in face-to-face interviews with the supervisors of these children. After obtaining personal consent and coordinating with health officials, interviews were conducted with the caregivers of children under 5 who suffered from severe malnutrition. The data was then analyzed using robust descriptive statistics, quantitative variables, mean and standard deviation, frequency, and relative frequency. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors that most influenced direct payments from patients' pockets, ensuring the reliability and validity of the findings. The results showed that OOPE in both households with seven and less than seven people and more than seven people was 68%. The findings indicated that among the residents of Herat referred to the studied hospital, these people spent 54% of the treatment costs directly out of pocket. In contrast, people in the rural areas of Herat pay 69% of the treatment costs to receive medical services straight out of pocket. The critical point is that 93% of the families have incurred catastrophic expenses to treat their children suffering from severe malnutrition. The research revealed that the patient's location and the education level of the head of the household were the most significant factors affecting out-of-pocket payments by patients. Increasing OOPE in rural Afghanistan poses a significant obstacle to equitable healthcare services and access to appropriate medicines. To support the goal of universal healthcare coverage, geographic imbalances, and broad health financing options must be addressed. Strengthening insurance coverage and more government assistance can significantly reduce these patients' out-of-pocket payments.

Alzheimer's Patient Support System Based on IoT and ML

Alzheimer's disease poses significant challenges as it progressively erodes memory and identity, severely impacting daily functioning. Patients often experience disorientation, wandering, and are at risk of falls, leading to heightened concerns for caregivers. These difficulties can result in a loss of independence and increased caregiver burden. In response to these challenges, this study introduces an innovative assistive system designed to enhance the safety and quality of life for Alzheimer's patients. The system comprises of two main components: a smart arm band and a facial recognition system. The smart arm band is equipped with a suite of sensors including GPS, accelerometer, and heart rate sensor. These sensors enable real-time monitoring of the patient's location, movement, and physiological parameters. By leveraging these data streams, caregivers can track the patient's activities, detect falls or emergencies, and provide timely assistance when needed. The facial recognition system employs state-of-the-art machine learning techniques, specifically the CAFFE and Local Binary Patterns Histograms (LBPH), to recognize familiar faces in the patient's environment. This capability promotes social interaction and enhances the patient's sense of familiarity and security. Through rigorous testing, the facial recognition system achieves an impressive accuracy of 97% with a low error rate of 3%, validating its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Overall, the integrative assistive system presented in this study offers a promising solution to address the multifaceted challenges associated with Alzheimer's disease. This system provides caregivers with invaluable support in ensuring the safety and well-being of Alzheimer's patients while fostering social engagement and autonomy.

Focused abdominal ultrasound

A focused point-of-care abdominal ultrasound is an examination performed at the patient's location and interpreted within the clinical context. This review gives an overview of this examination modality. The objective is to rapidly address predefined dichotomised questions about the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, gallstones, cholecystitis, hydronephrosis, urinary retention, free intraperitoneal fluid, and small bowel obstruction. FAUS is a valuable tool for emergency physicians to promptly confirm various conditions upon the patients' arrival, thus reducing the time to diagnosis and in some cases eliminating the need for other imaging.

Atrophy network mapping of clinical subtypes and main symptoms in frontotemporal dementia.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a disease of high heterogeneity, apathy and disinhibition present in all subtypes of FTD and imposes a significant burden on families/society. Traditional neuroimaging analysis has limitations in elucidating the network localization due to individual clinical and neuroanatomical variability. The study aims to identify the atrophy network map associated with different FTD clinical subtypes and determine the specific localization of the network for apathy and disinhibition. Eighty FTD patients [45 behavioural variant FTD (bvFTD) and 35 semantic variant progressive primary aphasia (svPPA)] and 58 healthy controls at Xuanwu Hospital were enrolled as Dataset 1; 112 FTD patients including 50 bvFTD, 32 svPPA and 30 non-fluent variant PPA (nfvPPA) cases, and 110 healthy controls from the Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Neuroimaging Initiative (FTLDNI) dataset were included as Dataset 2. Initially, single-subject atrophy maps were defined by comparing cortical thickness in each FTD patient versus healthy controls. Next, the network of brain regions functionally connected to each FTD patient's location of atrophy was determined using seed-based functional connectivity in a large (n = 1000) normative connectome. Finally, we used atrophy network mapping to define clinical subtype-specific network (45 bvFTD, 35 svPPA and 58 healthy controls in Dataset 1; 50 bvFTD, 32 svPPA, 30 nfvPPA and 110 healthy controls in Dataset 2) and symptom-specific networks [combined Datasets 1 and 2, apathy without depression versus non-apathy without depression (80:26), disinhibition versus non-disinhibition (88:68)]. We compare the result with matched symptom networks derived from patients with focal brain lesions or conjunction analysis. Through the analysis of two datasets, we identified heterogeneity in atrophy patterns among FTD patients. However, these atrophy patterns are connected to a common brain network. The primary regions affected by atrophy in FTD included the frontal and temporal lobes, particularly the anterior temporal lobe. bvFTD connects to frontal and temporal cortical areas, svPPA mainly impacts the anterior temporal region and nfvPPA targets the inferior frontal gyrus and precentral cortex regions. The apathy-specific network was localized in the orbital frontal cortex and ventral striatum, while the disinhibition-specific network was localized in the bilateral orbital frontal gyrus and right temporal lobe. Apathy and disinhibition atrophy networks resemble known motivational and criminal lesion networks, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the apathy/disinhibition scores and functional connectivity between atrophy maps and the peak of the networks. This study localizes the common network of clinical subtypes and main symptoms in FTD, guiding future FTD neuromodulation interventions.

Ventilation-Based Strategy to Manage Intraoperative Aerosol Viral Transmission in the Era of SARS-CoV-2.

In operating theaters, ventilation systems are designed to protect the patient from airborne contamination for minimizing risks of surgical site infections (SSIs). Ventilation systems often produce an airflow pattern that continuously pushes air out of the area surrounding the operating table, and hence reduces the resident time of airborne pathogen-carrying particles at the patient's location. As a result, patient-released airborne particles due to the use of powered tools, such as surgical smoke and insufflated CO2, typically circulate within the room. This circulation exposes the surgical team to airborne infection-especially when operating on a patient with infectious diseases, including COVID-19. This study examined the flow pattern of functional ventilation configurations in view of developing ventilation-based strategies to protect both the patient and the surgical team from aerosolized infections. A favorable design that minimized particle circulation was deduced using experimentally validated numerical models. The parameters adapted to quantify circulation of airborne particles were particles' half-life and elevation. The results show that the footprint of the outlet ducts and resulting flow pattern are important parameters for minimizing particle circulation. Overall, this study presents a modular framework for optimizing the ventilation systems that permits a switch in operation configuration to suit different operating procedures.

Wearable with integrated piezoelectric energy harvester for geolocation of people with Alzheimer's

Alzheimer's is a progressive disease that affects memory, causing disorientation in the patient, which causes them to lose themselves, generating anguish in families who have to resort to expensive searches. The objective of this research was to implement a device that can remotely provide the location of the Alzheimer's patient over a long period to relatives for greater security. For this, in this research, a mobile application was developed that receives information from a wearable that applies the internet of things using ong-range wide area technology to show the patient's real-time location and uses piezoelectrics for greater battery autonomy. The real-time location of the person and the radius of the safe zone in the application were obtained as results, the received signal strength indicator value where the signal was excellent or good had a value of -30 to -89 dB between 0 to 400 meters and the battery discharge time was 11 hours and 44 minutes. It was concluded that the application is interactive, that the piezoelectric system increased the autonomy of the wearable, and that the long-range wide area (LoRa) technology allowed monitoring of the patient's location with great precision at 400 meters.

Sample preparation and detection methods in point-of-care devices towards future at-home testing.

Timely and accurate diagnosis is critical for effective healthcare, yet nearly half the global population lacks access to basic diagnostics. Point-of-care (POC) testing offers partial solutions by enabling low-cost, rapid diagnosis at the patient's location. At-home POC devices have the potential to advance preventive care and early disease detection. Nevertheless, effective sample preparation and detection methods are essential for accurate results. This review surveys recent advances in sample preparation and detection methods at POC. The goal is to provide an in-depth understanding of how these technologies can enhance at-home POC devices. Lateral flow assays, nucleic acid tests, and virus detection methods are at the forefront of POC diagnostic technology, offering rapid and sensitive tools for identifying and measuring pathogens, biomarkers, and viral infections. By illuminating cutting-edge research on assay development for POC diagnostics, this review aims to accelerate progress towards widely available, user-friendly, at-home health monitoring tools that empower individuals in personalized healthcare in the future.

An FPGA Implementation of Health Monitoring System using IOT

Abstract: The objective of this study is to establish a highly efficient health monitoring system that focuses on key parameters such as heart rate and temperature. To achieve this, the proposed system utilizes FPGA technology for rapid information processing. Health data, collected through a Pulse sensor and Temperature sensor, is transmitted using an ADC. The system continuously monitors the heart rate and temperature of the patient's body. For instance, the heart rate is measured using a Pulse sensor, while the Temperature sensor detects the body temperature. The encoded serial data is then transmitted through a transmitting module, which is connected to a patient's location. The receiver unit can be an LCD display at the patient's place, or it can be a laptop, desktop, or mobile phone connected to the internet. The receiver can be either a doctor or a person close to the patient. A transmitter unit near the patient sends the data through an FPGA and a Wi-Fi module, which is connected to it, receives and updates the data on a server. The data is continuously displayed on a user interface visible on a PC or laptop using the IP address. This allows doctors or responsible individuals to observe and monitor multiple patients simultaneously. The system also continuously monitors the patient's data, displaying it near the patient and updating it on the server. By using the IP address of a specific patient, doctors can easily assess the patient's condition. The receiver, an LCD display at the patient's location, and another connected device (laptop, desktop, or mobile phone) constantly update and display the data. The system enables remote monitoring and real-time observation by doctors or caregivers. The research highlights the accessibility of FPGA-based design resources

Paclitaxel and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring with Microsampling in Clinical Practice.

Paclitaxel is an anticancer agent efficacious in various tumors. There is large interindividual variability in drug plasma concentrations resulting in a wide variability in observed toxicity in patients. Studies have shown the time the concentration of paclitaxel exceeds 0.05 µM is a predictive parameter of toxicity, making dose individualization potentially useful in reducing the adverse effects. To determine paclitaxel drug concentration, a venous blood sample collected 24 h following the end of infusion is required, often inconvenient for patients. Alternatively, using a microsampling device for self-sampling would facilitate paclitaxel monitoring regardless of the patient's location. We investigated the feasibility of collecting venous and capillary samples (using a Mitra® device) from cancer patients to determine the paclitaxel concentrations. The relationship between the venous plasma and whole blood and venous and capillary blood (on Mitra®) paclitaxel concentrations, defined by a Passing-Bablok regression, were 0.8433 and 0.8569, respectively. Demonstrating a clinically acceptable relationship between plasma and whole blood paclitaxel concentration would reduce the need to establish new target concentrations in whole blood. However, in this study, comparison of venous and capillary blood using Mitra® for sampling displayed wide confidence intervals suggesting the results from the plasma and whole blood on this device may not be interchangeable.

IOT-Based Human Vital Sign Monitoring Tool Using Telegram Notifications (BPM and Respiration Rate Parameters)

Vital signs play a crucial role in monitoring the progress of adult or pediatric patients during hospitalization, as they enable prompt detection of delayed recovery or adverse events. Vital signs are measured to obtain fundamental indicators of the patient's health status. The measurement of vital signs, including blood pressure, temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate, is the most common intervention in hospital medicine. Advanced monitoring systems combine clinical and technological aspects to deliver innovative healthcare outcomes. Remote patient monitoring systems are increasingly becoming the cornerstone of healthcare delivery, replacing traditional manual recording with computer and smartphone-based electronic recording as a versatile and innovative health monitoring system. This study aims to design a Vital Sign Monitoring Parameter BPM and RR tool with Notifications via the IoT-Based Telegram application. The tool enables the monitoring of vital signs, particularly BPM and RR, regardless of the patient's location and at any given time. This allows doctors, health workers, and patients to stay informed about their health condition. Real-time display of vital sign data is available through the TFT LCD screen, and the data from the screen can be accessed via Telegram. The Telegram application will send notifications in the event of abnormal patient conditions. MAX30100, a digital sensor for detecting breathing rate and heart rate, is utilized in this research. Furthermore, the data obtained shows errors that are within the allowable limits for each parameter. The difference between the heart rate readings and the respiratory rate values on the device and the patient monitor is 1.14% for heart rate and 0.84% for respiratory rate. This study indicates that it is time to monitor vital signs that can be seen remotely and have a system that is an inexpensive and easy-to-operate device for health workers without interfering with activities of daily living.

Patient Cost Savings When Using Telehealth for Management of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Introduction: Telemedicine has been widely utilized in the healthcare marketplace since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the last 3 years, virtual care has been widely employed in the care of patients with polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and myelofibrosis (MF) at Mayo Clinic. These rare disorders have few experts; therefore, telemedicine becomes an optimal approach for patients receive expert care even when they are not close to the medical center. 1 Additionally, telemedicine reduces financial burden for the patients. We aim to estimate potential cost savings to patients utilizing telemedicine. Methods: We identified patients with MPN seen at Mayo Clinic, Arizona who have had at least 2 visits (1 or more virtual visits) between March 2020 and June 2022. We extracted retrospective data from electronic medical records (EMR) including sociodemographic data, disease related data and number of visits - both virtual and in person - of the patients identified. The address recorded from the EMR was assumed to be the patient's location at the time of virtual visit. Driving distances were determined using zip codes in Google Maps and the patients were stratified into quartiles based on round trip travel distances. Patients in quartiles 1 through 3 were assumed to have driven while patients in quartile 4 were assumed to have traveled by plane. Patients in quartile 1 were assumed to have 1 travel day including the follow-up visit and no accommodation, patients in quartile 2 were assumed to have 2 travel days including the follow up visit and 1 night of accommodation whereas patients in quartiles 3 and 4 were assumed to have 2 travel days, 1 day for the follow up visit and 2 nights of accommodation. Mileage rate costs were based on US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) standard mileage rates for medical or moving purposes for 2021. 2 Owing to extreme variability in flight costs, flying costs were assumed to be equal to the driving costs. Per diem costs for accommodation and meals and incidentals were based on the US General Services Administration (GSA) 2021 rates for Phoenix 3 with the cost being 75% of the full per diem rate on traveling days via GSA formulaic approach. Results: One hundred and eight patients having 282 virtual visits were identified. Patients ranged from 30 - 87 years with the mean and median age of 65 years and 67 years respectively. Majority of the patients were female (62%) and white (98%) with gender distribution varying by distance. Descriptive statistics of the estimated out-of-pocket costs for patients by distance quartiles are summarized in Table 1a. Mean estimated cost savings ranged from $46.8 to $877.3 with the savings of $43.8 - $1372.2 at extremes. The total cost savings by all patients was $90,306.7. The breakdown of costs by category for each quartile is shown in Table 1b which shows that the majority of costs saved by patients in quartile 1 were due to avoiding costs spent on meals and incidentals (~90% of mean costs) whereas costs saved due to meals and incidentals for patients in quartile 4 were only ~16% of the mean costs. Conclusions: Our research highlighted telemedicine as a cost-effective approach for patients with MPN who received virtual care from March 2020 - June 2022. Study limitations included not weighing costs for childcare or accompanying individuals and using driving costs instead of flying costs, however, these considerations potentially underestimate the actual cost savings to the patient. Additionally, since the median age of this population was 65, we didn't include loss of wages to the analysis, which may further underestimate the costs. Despite concerns over billing, reimbursement, and state licensure, virtual care is being established as a critical part of medicine moving forward. 1. Doolittle, G.C. and A.O. Spaulding, Providing Access to Oncology Care for Rural Patients via Telemedicine. Journal of Oncology Practice, 2006. 2(5): p. 228-230. 2. Internal Revenue Service. Standard mileage rates for 2021. Available at: https://www.irs.gov/tax-professionals/standard-mileage-rates 3. US General Services Administration. Per diem rates. Available at: https://www.gsa.gov/travel/plan-book/per-diem-rates/per-diem-rates-results?action=perdiems_report&fiscal_year=2021&state=AZ&city=&zip=85054

Impact of Residence in an Agricultural Zone on AML Characteristics

Background: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is associated with several well-established risk factors. These include cigarette smoking, exposure to benzene, to ionizing radiation, and previous exposure to chemotherapy. Interestingly, studies have observed higher incidence rates of AML in farming regions, suggesting that farming activities and related exposures, such as pesticides, may increase the risk. However, data regarding the potential variations in clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular profiles between individuals living in rural and urban areas are lacking. Therefore, we aim to specifically examine the characteristics and the outcomes of AML patients living in agricultural areas. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis including 315 patients newly diagnosed with AML from two French institutions, namely Amiens University Hospital and Lille University Hospital, from 2008 to 2013. We collected patient demographics, along with comprehensive data encompassing clinical and biological information, including cytogenetics and molecular data. The data was obtained from the Observatoire des Hauts-de-France, enabling a comprehensive and exhaustive review of the AML cases in this specific region. We geocoded the patients' residential addresses. This process involved linking the patient's location to the corresponding agricultural areas per municipality, by using geographical information from the French Ministry of Agriculture's statistics department (AGRESTE, https://www.agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr). This enabled us to establish a connection between the patients' locations and the specific agricultural regions they resided in. We categorized the population into terciles based on the proportion of local companies engaged in farming activities. Results: Approximately one-third (n=108) of patients were living in areas with less than 1.3% of farm companies, one-third (n=102) lived in regions with a percentage ranging from 1.3% to 6.9%, while the remaining third (n=105) lived in areas where the proportion of farm companies exceeded 6.9%. Sex ratio (p=0.7) and median age at diagnosis (60 vs 60.5 vs 58 years, p=0.5) were similar between the 3 groups. There was no difference in body mass index (BMI), smoking activity, alcohol consumption and performance status score between the three groups. At baseline, there was no difference in blood counts (hemoglobin, platelets, leukocytes, and circulating blasts levels), bone marrow blasts percentage, AML type (de novo vs. post MDS or MPN), or WHO classification between the 3 groups. Regarding cytogenetic abnormalities, people living on agricultural lands had fewer normal karyotypes (27% vs 33% and 43%, p=0.045) and more MLL rearrangement (20% vs 8% and 5%, p=0.013). However, there was no difference in the SWOG and ELN 2017 classifications. Regarding molecular characteristics, NPM1 mutations were found less frequently in people living in agricultural regions (13% vs 30% and 29%, p=0.021). There was no difference for FLT3-ITD positivity and CEBPA mutation. There was no difference in complete remission rate and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation treatment though we could underline an especially low rate of HSCT in the < 1.3% group. OS was also similar between the three groups (Table 1.). Conclusions: Our study showed a correlation between living in agricultural areas and a higher prevalence of unfavorable cytogenetic and molecular features in AML patients, although clinical outcomes remain unchanged. These findings suggest that the proximity to agricultural activities could have an impact on leukemogenesis, by increasing the rate of MLL rearrangements and chromosomic abnormalities.

Patient satisfaction, experience and preferences in the implementation of genetics teleconsultations in the North-eastern region of France

IntroductionIn France, few centres per region offer genetics consultations. Consequently, each centre covers a large area, often requiring patients to take a day off to travel long distances. In certain situations, genetic counselling in particular, a physical exam is not required. In these cases, teleconsultations between medical professional and patients, at the patient's location of choice, are an interesting offer. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the implementation and the use of this type of consultation. With the aim of developing teleconsultation for certain types of referrals, a study of patient satisfaction, experience and preferences has been set up in our region. Methods2307 patients who had a teleconsultation by phone or videoconferencing with professionals from one of five genetic centres in North-eastern France between March and December 2020 were asked by e-mail or by post to answer an online survey. Results20% of the patients (n = 465) responded to the survey (80% women, 55% over 40 years old). In 64% of the cases (n = 299), the teleconsultation replaced a physical consultation due to the pandemic. In 56% of cases (n = 217), the consultations were conducted by videoconference. The teleconsultation involved the disclosure of results in 56% of cases (n = 260), a first consultation in 30% of cases (n = 138), and a follow-up consultation in 14% of cases (n = 67). The satisfaction rate was 96% (n = 447), with a rating of “excellent” in 72% of responses (n = 290) and “good” in 24% of responses (n = 157). Only 22% of the patients (n = 103), particularly patients who lived near the hospital or who were older than 70 years, would have preferred a physical consultation. Half of respondents (n = 232) declared that they avoided more than 1.5 h of transport, and 69% (n = 321) avoided taking a work day off. Patients were less often accompanied by a relative than if the consultation had taken place face-to-face (43%; n = 201 vs. 61%; n = 285). There was no change in responses during or after lock-down. ConclusionThis collection of feedback and analysis of patients’ preferences has validated the long-term implementation of medical genetics teleconsultations in certain circumstances and indications, for patients who prefer this approach.

Determining the location of patients in remote rehabilitation by means of a wireless network

This article discusses the indoor object's location identification method that had been developed to use in medical facilities. Differently from other similar methods, the one reported in this paper requires access to Wi-Fi access points only and, most importantly, it does not require the mobile device to be in hotspot mode. It is proposed to use Wi-Fi access points (routers) with non-standard firmware as measuring equipment to determine the coordinates of the patient's location within the medical institution. Thus, it can be claimed that using of the proposed method will help to achieve acceptable accuracy in real environments at real-time identification mobile devices using simple hardware and software requirements.

Novel Prospects of Non-aqueous Solvents for Designing Injectables Parenteral Formulation

The most efficient method for delivering pharmaceutically active compounds with a limited therapeutic index and low bioavailability is via parenteral administration. Depending on the patient's location and the type of ailment being treated, injectable medication products are quite different and specialized. Water-insoluble medications have long been dissolved using non-aqueous solvents in subcutaneous or intramuscular pharmaceutical formulations. The necessity for these transporters has grown recently as a result of the drug discovery process' production of numerous medicines with poor water solubility. The formulator uses nonaqueous solvents to create stable, practical parenteral dosage forms. The drawbacks of suspensions, such as non-uniform dosing caking and the potential sluggish release of the medication when it is not wanted, are avoided by using a parenteral solution. These organic solvents, which are thought to be inert chemically and physiologically, could have toxicological and pharmacological consequences. Therefore, prior to their administration, especially when given undiluted, it is crucial to understand the tolerance and activity of nonaqueous solvents. Propylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, and ethanol are examples of well-researched organic solvents. Other solvents include those described for specific applications (dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, glycofurol, Solketal, glycerol formal, acetone), those not reported for intravascular applications but potentially useful (tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, diglyme, dimethyl isosorbide, e In addition to some specialized and infrequently used nonaqueous solvents, this overview discusses their toxicity, chemical and physical characteristics, and applications in parenteral formulations.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Pemantauan Detak Jantung dan Pelacakan Lokasi bagi Penderita Lemah Jantung Berbasis IoT dan Android

Weak heart is a medical condition that reduces the heart's ability to heat blood throughout the body with optimal efficiency. People with weak heart need regular monitoring regarding their heart condition. Under normal conditions, they should measure the heart rate regularly otherwise a weak heart can lead to serious complications such as acute heart failure or arrhythmias. By using the application, people with heart failure can monitor early signs and symptoms that might indicate complications. The data collected by the application can assist in detecting early changes that are potentially harmful to the patient's health. In this study, the authors designed and developed an IoT and Android-based heart rate monitoring and location tracking system using the prototype method. The prototype method is used in the process of developing this system because it is capable of producing initial prototypes of tools and applications that can be used for testing and validating concepts before carrying out a full implementation. This system consists of two main components, the first is a component of hardware (hardware) and the second is a component of software (software). The hardware used is a pulse sensor that is connected to an Android device via a wireless connection. This sensor is able to detect the patient's heart rate in real-time and send it to the Android device for further processing. In addition, this system is also equipped with a GPS tracking module that allows traveling to the user's location accurately. Software developed using the App Inventor platform. This Android application has an easy-to-use user interface. This application can display real-time heart rate data in graphical form and provide notifications if a significant change is detected in the patient's heart rate. In addition, this application can also display the patient's location on an interactive map. The test results show that this system is capable of monitoring the patient's heart rate with high accuracy and sending data in real-time to an Android device. In addition, tracking the location of the patient's whereabouts was also successfully carried out with an adequate level of precision. This system provides great benefits in monitoring and treating patients with heart failure, enabling medical staff and the patient's family to take quick and appropriate action if there is a significant change in the patient's heart rate or if the patient is in an emergency situation

Portable Smart Emergency System Using Internet of Things (IOT)

The portable smart emergency system is a pre-test tool, implemented using a set of modern devices and technologies to monitor the patient's health. This tool has capability to send reports of the patient to the doctor treating the patient as well as to the relatives, close friends of the patient in real time. Health parameters of the patient viz. heart rate, blood oxygen and temperature are monitored using electronic devices viz. WEMOS D1, MAX30100, DS18B20, SIM808 on the LCD screen and stored using the MySQL database. PHP script is used to connect MySQ database for easy tracking and analysis of medical data. Doctors are facilitated to monitor the health update in real time, at the same time, communicate the same to the patient and their relatives, close friends through a dynamic web site constituted of HTML, CSS and JavaScript for the purpose of easy tracking and analysis of the medical data. To aid further, as a part of value addition, an Android based mobile app is also developed by using App Inventor to further facilitate patients, family members & close friends to monitor sensor data, receive messages and access medical history details, all in real time. Terminal cases, where the health update received from the sensor shows alarmingly high or low readings, then web enabled computing system, also sends a high alert message by playing a warning sound to the doctor, at the same time, also communicates patient’s location to him via text message to enable immediate help. By using Wi-Fi technology and the SIM808 module, the patient's location can be monitored in emergency situations and a text message containing the patient's geographical location can be sent to the treating doctor. This application also includes an option to enter the patient's medical history information using a PHP script into the database.

Analysis of Technical Repeat Studies in Screening Mammography.

To identify causes of technical repeats, determine whether differences exist between mobile and fixed mammography units, and evaluate the rate of improvement on repeat imaging. IRB approval was obtained for retrospective review of Enhancing Quality Using the Inspection Program (EQUIP) logs of screening mammography technical repeats performed from March 2017 to December 2018 at a hospital breast imaging center and from April 2017 to December 2018 on mobile mammography units. Frequency tables and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis. Technical deficiencies were reported in 483 cases and reviewed by two or three auditors. Auditors identified no technical deficiencies in 31 cases, which were excluded. The remaining 452 cases were assigned a technical recall category: motion, positioning/excluded tissue, skin folds, artifacts, undercompression, or contrast (under/overexposure). Motion was the most common technical recall category (253/452, 56.0%). Positioning/excluded tissue was the second most common reason (150/452, 33.2%). Statistically significant differences in technical deficiencies were identified between mammograms performed on mobile versus fixed mammography units for motion (94/143, 65.7% vs 159/309, 51.5%, respectively, P = 0.0058), skin folds (16/143, 11.2% vs 15/309, 4.8%, respectively, P = 0.02), and positioning/excluded tissue (30/143, 21% vs 120/309, 38.8%, respectively, P = 0.00016). Most recalls improved with repeat imaging (auditor 1: 451/483, 93% and auditor 2: 387/483, 80%). Motion and positioning/excluded tissue are the most common reasons for screening mammography technical recalls. The reasons for technical recall differ between patients imaged on mobile and fixed mammography units, likely because of differences in each location's patient population.

Improvement Automatic Diabetic Management System using Fuzzy Logic

In almost every nation on the planet, diabetes may be a common chronic condition. Monitoring blood glucose levels is essential to preventing diabetic complications and organ damage. The most used technique for monitoring blood glucose levels is intrusive, uncomfortable, expensive, and risky for transmitting infectious infections. The invasive procedure harms the tissues in the fingers over time. The suggested system functions on a diabetic patient and informs the caregiver or observer of the patient's state. The patient's fingertip is inserted between the glucose-measuring sensors, which a microcontroller uses to calculate the patient's glucose level. When the body's glucose level rises, an insulin injector will automatically inject insulin; glucose will be injected when it falls. The patient's mobile application is utilized to view the insulin and glucose injection amounts and the glucose measurements taken each time. When in critical condition, an SMS is sent to the doctor's or a family member's phone with crucial information and the patient's location.