Patient Safety Incidents Research Articles

Interventions to support nurses as second victims of patientsafety incidents: A qualitative study of nurse managers' perceptions.

To describe nurse managers' perceptions of interventions to support nurses as second victims of patient safety incidents and to describe the management of interventions and ways to improve them. A qualitative study using interviews. A purposive sample of nurse managers (n = 16) recruited from three hospital districts in Finland was interviewed in 2021. The data were analysed using elements of inductive and deductive content analysis. The study identified three main categories: (1) Management of second victim support, which contained three sub-categories related to the nurse manager's role, support received by the nurse manager and challenges of support management; (2) interventions to support second victims included existing interventions and operating models; and (3) improving second victim support, based on the sub-categories developing practices and developing an open and non-blaming patient safety culture. Nurse managers play a crucial role in supporting nurses as second victims of patient safety incidents and coordinating additional support. Operating models for managing interventions could facilitate nurse managers' work and ensure adequate support for second victims. The support could be improved by increasing the awareness of the second victim phenomenon. Mitigating the harmful effects of patient safety incidents can improve nurses' well-being, reduce burden and attrition risks and positively impact patient safety. Increasing awareness of the second victim phenomenon and coherent operation models would provide equal support for the nurses and facilitate nurse managers' work. COREQ checklist was used. What does this paper contribute to the wider global clinical community? Nurse managers' role is significant in supporting the second victims and coordinating additional support. Awareness of the second victim phenomenon and coherent operating models can secure adequate support for the nurses and facilitate nurse managers' work.

The Role of Paramedics in Disclosure of Patient Safety Incidents: A Mixed Methods Study

ObjectiveCritical care transport is a high-risk environment ripe for patient safety incidents (PSIs). Disclosure is the process by which a PSI is communicated to a patient or substitute decision maker. Little is known on paramedic perceptions on disclosure PSIs. This study evaluated the impact of a disclosure training program on the perceptions of paramedics on disclosing PSIs. MethodsThis was a before-and-after mixed methods survey study on paramedic disclosure training at Ornge, the provincial critical care transport organization for Ontario, Canada. A paramedic disclosure training program was implemented at Ornge between 2020 and 2022. All paramedics were eligible for participation through pre- and posttraining surveys. ResultsIn total, 54 and 69 paramedics completed the pretraining and posttraining surveys, respectively, representing 25% to 30% of all active paramedics. All of the paramedics (100%) expressed a moral and professional responsibility to disclose PSIs. All paramedics felt disclosure training was somewhat to extremely useful. After training, more paramedics felt comfortable disclosing PSIs, and more paramedics felt disclosure could occur at the time of transport. ConclusionA training program on PSIs can improve paramedics’ perceptions on disclosure. This study shows its feasible for paramedics to feel comfortable and participate in disclosure of PSIs within a critical care environment.

Key factors for effective implementation of healthcare workers support interventions after patient safety incidents in health organisations: a scoping review

ObjectivesThis study aims to map and frame the main factors present in support interventions successfully implemented in health organisations in order to provide timely and adequate response to healthcare workers...

정신건강의학과 환자안전사고 분석(2017-2021)

The study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence and risk levels of patient safety incidents in the mental health department of domestic medical institutions, aiming to provide essential data for formulating strategies to prevent such incidents in the future.
 The data for this study were collected nationwide from medical institutions accredited by the Korean Institute for Healthcare Accreditation, with a focus on patient safety statistics. A total of 521 cases from comprehensive and tertiary hospitals with more than 200 beds, classified under the department of mental health and psychiatry, were analyzed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS/WIN 27.0 software, encompassing descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation analysis, and binary logistic regression.
 The results showed that the number of patient safety incidents increased slightly in 2020 and 2021 compared to 2017. However, the level of harm caused by these incidents indicated a trend of increasing near misses and decreasing adverse events from 2017 to 2021. Comprehensive hospitals had a significantly higher proportion of adverse events in patient safety incidents compared to tertiary hospitals. The results of binary logistic regression analysis revealed that comprehensive hospitals had a 2.459 times higher risk of adverse events compared to tertiary hospitals. When comparing incident types, the risk of adverse events for falls was 10.677 times higher, and for suicide and self-harm events, it was 66.103 times higher compared to medication errors. Regarding age groups, the risk of adverse events for the 20-39 age group was 3.335 times higher compared to the 0-19 age group. For the 40-59 age group, the risk was 4.911 times higher for the 60-79 age group, it was 5.340 times higher, and for the 80 years and above age group, it was 4.027 times higher . The goodness of fit test for the final model indicated a good fit, and the model's explanatory power was 30.2%.
 Based on the study results, there is a need for a systematic analysis of nursing staff levels in comprehensive hospitals and their relationship with patient safety incidents and it is crucial to prioritize comprehensive hospitals when devising patient safety incident prevention measures in mental health. Suicide and self-harm prevention, and fall prevention strategies, should be considered as indispensable components. Furthermore, it is recommended to give priority to implementing patient safety incident prevention strategies for individuals aged 60-79 years of age.

Types of Patient Safety Incidents in Public Health Centers

Background: Developing a patient safety culture in the public health center is less significant than in hospitals. According to WHO, primary care services can prevent up to 80% of injuries, which accounts for half the global burden of patient injury. Objectives: This study aims to determine the type of patient safety incidents in public health centers in Surabaya. Methods: This research is classified as descriptive-analytic research with a cross-sectional research design, used secondary data collected through the monthly reports of "Public Health Center X" located in Surabaya in the period from January to July 2022. Results: The frequency of patient safety incidents was 65 cases consisting of order entry error (10.76%), administration error (24.61%), human error (10.76%), medical error (3.07%), healthcare-acquired infection (6.15%), patient falls (18.46%), medication error (13.84%) and technical error (12.3%). Most patient safety errors were considered preventable, and 29% of the errors from human error and patient falls were viewed as having the potential to cause serious harm to the patients. Conclusions: The types of patient safety errors are mostly administration errors, that occur in the management of medical record documents.

A Study on Patient Safety Incidents and the Second Victim Phenomenon Among Healthcare Providers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.

A second victim (SV) is a healthcare worker who is traumatized by an unexpected adverse patient case, therapeutic mistake, or patient-associated injury that has not been anticipated. Often, the second victim experiences direct guilt for the harm caused to the patients. Healthcare organizations are often unaware of the emotional toll that adverse events can have on healthcare providers (HCPs) who can be harmed by the same incidents that harm their patients. Second victims (SVs) were present in 10.4% up to 43.3% of cases following an adverse event. This study aims to examine the second victimphenomenon among healthcare providers at Al-Ahsa hospitals, its prevalence, symptoms, associated factors, and support strategies. Four major public hospitals participated in this cross-sectional study. The study used the German standardized questionnaire "SeViD-I survey." The directors of the four hospitals sent invitations with links to participate to healthcare providers who had worked in their hospitals for over six months after completing their internship program. More than one-quarter of the respondents (90 (28%)) have been victims of a second victim incident before; of those, 63 (70%) have had it once, 12 (13.3%) twice, and 15(16.7) repeatedly. In our study, the risk factors for a second victim only appeared in the male gender and were statistically significant. Strong reactivation of situations outside of the workplace was reported in 36 (40%) participants. Thirty-five (38.9%) participants reported reactivating the situation on the job site. Twenty-eight (31%) participants reported aggressive psychosomatic reactions (headaches and back pain). In 28 (31.1%) participants, sleep problems or excessive sleep needs were pronounced. The median of feeling symptoms was 7.2. As for supporting strategies, 64 (71.1%) respondents considered emotional support and crisis management to be very helpful. Sixty-six (73.3%) respondents found a safe chance to be very helpful. The findings of this study indicate that healthcare providers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, suffer from second victim traumatization at high rates. Several symptoms appear in the second victim, and most do not receive enough support.

The Effects of Quality Assurance System Implementation on Work Well-Being and Patient Safety: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.

Systematic monitoring of work atmosphere and patient safety incidents is a necessary part of a quality assurance system, particularly an accredited system like the Joint Commission International (JCI). How the implementation of quality assurance systems affects well-being at work and patient safety is unclear. Evidence shows that accreditation improves workplace atmosphere and well-being. Thus, the assumption that an increase in employees' well-being at work improves patient safety is reasonable. This study aims to describe the protocol for monitoring the effects of implementing the quality assurance system of JCI at Orton Orthopedic Hospital on employees' well-being (primary outcome) and patient safety (secondary outcome). Quantitative (questionnaires and register data) and qualitative (semistructured interviews) methods will be used. In addition, quantitative data will be collected from register data. Both quantitative and register data will be analyzed. Register data analysis will be performed using generalized linear models with an appropriate distribution and link function. The study timeline covers the time before, during, and after the start of the accreditation process. The collected data will be used to compare job satisfaction, as a part of the well-being questionnaire, and the development of patient safety during the accreditation process. The results of the quality assurance system implementation illuminate its possible effects on the patient's safety and job satisfaction. The repeatability and internal consistency reliability of the well-being questionnaire will be reported. Data collection will begin in May, 2024. It will be followed by data analysis and the results are expected to be published by 2025. The planned study will contribute to the evaluation of the effects of JCI accreditation in terms of well-being at work and patient safety. PRR1-10.2196/45200.

Nature and type of patient-reported safety incidents at a tertiary hospital in South Africa during the COVID-19 period (2018-2021)- A retrospective review.

The healthcare sector in South Africa has seen a rise in medical errors and negligence adversely affecting healthcare delivery. This study aimed to determine the nature and magnitude of Patient Safety Incidents at a tertiary hospital between April 2018 to March 2021 (the COVID-19 era). A retrospective review of Patient Safety Incidents forms and clinical records of inpatients above 12 years with a reported incident were included. The overall incidence of patient safety incidents was 4.40 PSIs per 10 000 patient-days. The majority of PSIs were harmful incidents (An incident that results in harm to a patient that is related to medical management, in contrast to disease complications or underlying disease) at 72.50% [145/200], followed by no harm incidents at 18.00% [36/200] and 9.50% [19/200] near-miss incidents. The five highest incident types were clinical process/procedure [83/200; 41.50%], behaviour [49/200; 24.50%], falls [28/200; 14%], complications [20/200; 10%], and pressure sores [11/200; 5.50%]. Incidents occurred more frequently within the week (83.50%) and during day shift (67.50%). Overall, the study showed low PSI reporting rates which is an inherent challenge with voluntary reporting. Notably, there has been an increasing trend in reporting. The results reflect a reporting culture more inclined to bring awareness to incidents that have negative outcomes.

Patient safety incidents in endoscopy: a human factors analysis of nonprocedural significant harm incidents from the National Reporting and Learning System (NRLS).

Despite advances in understanding and reducing the risk of endoscopic procedures, there is little consideration of the safety of the wider endoscopy service. Patient safety incidents (PSIs) still occur. We sought to identify nonprocedural PSIs (nPSIs) and their causative factors from a human factors perspective and generate ideas for safety improvement. Endoscopy-specific PSI reports were extracted from the National Reporting and Learning System (NRLS). A retrospective, cross-sectional human factors analysis of data was performed. Two independent researchers coded data using a hybrid thematic analysis approach. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) was used to code contributory factors. Analysis informed creation of driver diagrams and key recommendations for safety improvement in endoscopy. From 2017 to 2019, 1181 endoscopy-specific PSIs of significant harm were reported across England and Wales, with 539 (45.6%) being nPSIs. Five categories accounted for over 80% of all incidents, with "follow-up and surveillance" being the largest (23.4% of all nPSIs). From the free-text incident reports, 487 human factors codes were identified. Decision-based errors were the most common act prior to PSI occurrence. Other frequent preconditions to incidents were focused on environmental factors, particularly overwhelmed resources, patient factors, and ineffective team communication. Lack of staffing, standard operating procedures, effective systems, and clinical pathways were also contributory. Seven key recommendations for improving safety have been made in response to our findings. This was the first national-level human factors analysis of endoscopy-specific PSIs. This work will inform safety improvement strategies and should empower individual services to review their approach to safety.

The use of mobile electronic prescribing to drive quality of oncology care delivery.

586 Background: This pilot technology enhancement project set out to improve the quality of care for oncology patients by developing a mobile application for writing prescriptions (non-chemotherapy) and narcotics. We describe usage of this new mobile application and associated timeliness of care delivery, provider workflow efficiencies and patient safety metrics. Methods: Agile methodology was used to develop the workflow and software for the mobile application. Internal Patient Safety Usability Testing (PSUT) was used to assess high-risk tasks amongst potential users (n = 7). High-risk tasks were defined as those which, based on human error, could lead to potential patient harm or unsafe conditions. High-risk tasks included the ability for users to understand/acknowledge allergy and drug interactions, edit a selection, select and send to the appropriate pharmacy, and locate the record of the completed prescription within the patient’s chart through the mobile application. A pilot study was also conducted among oncologists (n = 14). A quantitative metric was measured to understand the adoption and usability of the mobile application. Qualitative feedback was also obtained. Results: 1. PSUT identified a need for improvement with recognition of interaction severity and differentiating an allergy versus a drug interaction. A design modification was also made to introduce a three-second hold to acknowledge an allergy. This was done to encourage users to take appropriate time to visualize and comprehend allergy and interaction information before advancing the workflow. 2. During the pilot study, 400 mobile prescriptions were written. After-hours writing of prescriptions in the mobile application increased (11.8%) compared to the EMR (3.5%). The average amount of time from initiation of writing a prescription to completion was 62 seconds in the mobile application. There were no high-risk patient safety incidents observed during the pilot study. Qualitative data from participants included themes around convenience, feasibility, improved access to care, and safety. Conclusions: Usage of the pilot mobile application demonstrated a safe and efficient approach to increase the quality of care delivery for oncology patients. Usage also suggests an increase in patient access to care after hours.

Experience of health workers in improving patient safety in hospitals through interprofessional collaboration: study qualitative

Introduction: Patient safety is a global problem because patient safety incidents that occurare estimated to be 134 million incidents due to unsafe care and 2.6 million resulting indeath. Indonesia recorded a patient safety incident rate of 23.5%, so interprofessionalcollaboration is necessary to minimize this condition.Objective: This study aims to identify the experience of health workers in improvingpatient safety in hospitals through interprofessional collaboration. The method in this studyis a qualitative design with an interpretive descriptive approach.Methods: The method in this study is a qualitative design with an interpretive descriptiveapproach. The method in this study is qualitative with a descriptive-interpretative approachdesign. Implementation method with FGD on five professional health workers.Result: The results of the study contained 8 (eight) themes showing the experience ofhealth workers in improving patient safety in hospitals through interprofessionalcollaboration including understanding health workers in improving patient safety,implementation of patient safety for health workers in interprofessional collaboration,hospital management support, obstacles and expectations health workers in improvingpatient safety through interprofessional collaboration.Conclusion: The results of the study contained the experience of health workers on theimplementation of patient safety in hospitals through interprofessional collaboration,namely identifying actions in providing services with uniform documentation and alsocoordinating actions according to Standart Operastional Procedur (SOPs), creatingcommunication according to Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation (SBAR),joint commitment in providing services in hospitals, uniform training in hospitals, reducingbarriers in both personal and management services, awareness, interest and motivationfrom each profession, facilities that support the implementation of patient safety open andtransparent system, monitoring evaluation regulary and facilitating staff.

Sky-High Safety? A Qualitative Study of Physicians' Experiences of Patient Safety in Norwegian Helicopter Emergency Services.

Patients treated and transported by Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) are prone to both flight and medical hazards, but incident reporting differs substantially between flight organizations and health care, and the extent of patient safety incidents is still unclear. A qualitative descriptive study based on in-depth interviews with 8 experienced Norwegian HEMS physicians from 4 different bases from February to July 2020 using inductive qualitative content analysis. The study objectives were to explore the physicians' experience with incident reporting and their perceived areas of risk in HEMS. The HEMS physicians stated that the limited number of formal incident reports was due to the "nature of the HEMS missions" and because reports were mainly relevant when deviating from procedures, which are sparse in HEMS. The physicians preferred informal rather than formal incident reporting systems and reporting to a colleague rather than a superior. The reasons were ease of use, better feedback, and less fear of consequences. Their perceived areas of risk were related to all the phases of a HEMS mission: the physician as the team leader, medication errors, the handover process, and the helicopter as a work platform. The sparse, informal, and fragmented incident reporting provides a poor overview of patient safety risks in HEMS. Focusing on organizational factors and system responsibility and research on environmental and contextual factors are needed to further improve patient safety in HEMS.

Nursing students' handling patient safety incidents during clinical practice: A retrospective qualitative study

BackgroundNursing students may encounter patient safety incidents during clinical practice. Understanding the challenges and concerns of nursing students in handling with patient safety incident could contribute to informing nursing education and clinical practice training. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate how nursing students handle patient safety incidents during clinical practice. DesignA retrospective descriptive qualitative study. SettingNursing school in Slovenia. ParticipantsA snowball sampling technique was used to recruit nursing students (n = 15). MethodsData were collected via guided self-reflection diaries in 2021. Collected data were analysed using thematic analysis. ResultsWe have generated the main theme of nursing students' handling patient safety incidents during clinical practice. The four primary thematic subthemes were: (1) emotional responses; (2) patient safety incident occurrence and actions taken; (3) contributing factors; and (4) consequences. ConclusionsOur study highlights nursing students' handling of patient safety incidents during clinical practice, revealing a spectrum of emotional responses, immediate actions, contributing factors, consequences, and the importance of fostering a non-blaming culture through reporting and effective communication.

Opportunities to strengthen resilience of health care workers regarding patient safety

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic endangered the quality of health care and the safety of patients and health care workers (HCWs). This provided challenges for HCWs’ resilience and for hospital management and probably increased risks for patient safety incidents (PSI). HCWs may also have experienced psychological consequences as second victims of PSI, but evidence on this is lacking. Therefore, we mapped HCWs’ experiences with PSI during the second wave of COVID-19, the associations of these experiences with the hospital management of patient safety culture and HCWs’ interests in receiving further training.MethodsWe obtained data from 193 HCWs working at the COVID-related departments of one large hospital in eastern Slovakia via a questionnaire developed in direct collaboration with them. We measured PSI experiences as various HCWs’ experiences with near miss and adverse events and the hospital management of patient safety culture using indicators such as risk of recurrence, open disclosure and second victim experiences. For analysis, we used logistic regression models adjusted for age and gender of the HCWs.ResultsOne-third of the hospital HCWs had experienced PSI; these were more likely to expect adverse events to recur (odds ratio, OR = 2.7–3.5). Regarding the hospital management of patient safety culture, the HCWs’ experiencing openly disclosed PSI was associated with one negative outcome, i.e. conflicts among colleagues (OR = 2.8), and one positive outcome, i.e. patients’ acceptance of their explanation and apologies (OR = 2.3). We found no associations for any other essential domains after disclosure. PSI experiences were strongly associated with psychological indicators of second victimhood, such as sadness, irritability, anxiety and depression (OR = 2.2–4.3), while providing support was not. The majority of the HCWs would like to participate in the suggested trainings (83.4%).ConclusionHCWs with PSI experiences reported poor hospital management of the patient safety culture, which might reflect they missed the opportunities to strengthen their resilience, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The benefits and opportunities: Engaging patients in identifying and reporting patient safety incidents.

There is growing recognition that patients can and should be engaged in the identification of patient safety incidents arising during their experiences across health systems. In this article, we describe the benefits that can be harnessed from engaging patients in reporting patient safety incidents; identify opportunities to support patient engagement in reporting and learning from patient safety incidents; and describe the potential role of health leaders in connecting patient experience and patient safety using patient-reported patient safety incident data.

Relationship between nurses knowledge level and workload about implementation of patient identification

Patient safety incidents can originate from patient identification errors. From the preliminary study, it was found that there were 3 cases of patient identification errors in the year 2022. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between nurses knowledge level and workload with patient identification implementation. This study employed a quantitative method with a cross-sectional research design. This research aims to analyze the relationship between variables where the independent variable and dependent variable are identified at one unit of time. In this case, to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and workload of nurses with the implementation of patient identification. The sample consisted of 93 individuals distributed across the inpatient wards. The research sample was selected used random sampling. The knowledge level and workload of nurses were independent variables, while the implementation of patient identification was the dependent variable. Data collected was used of a level of knowledge, workload, and application of identification questionnaire. Data analyzed used were with Chi-square test. The obtained p-value for the relationship between nurses knowledge level and the implementation of patient identification is p=0.018 (p<0.05). Therefore, there is a significant relationship between nurses knowledge level and the implementation of patient identification. P-value for the relationship between nurses workload and the implementation of patient identification is p=0.564 (p>0.05). This explains that there is no significant relationship between nurses workload and the implementation of patient identification. There is a significant relationship between nurses knowledge level and the implementation of patient identification. The majority of nurses demonstrated a good implementation of patient identification. It is recommended for the hospital management to make efforts to improve nurses knowledge, especially in the area of patient safety.

Response to patient safety incidents in healthcare settings in Ghana: the role of teamwork, communication openness, and handoffs

BackgroundPatient safety incidents (PSIs) in healthcare settings are a critical concern globally, and Ghana is no exception. Addressing PSIs to improve health outcomes requires various initiatives to be implemented including improving patient safety culture, teamwork and communication between healthcare providers during handoffs. It is essential to acknowledge the significance of teamwork, communication openness, and effective handoffs in preventing and managing such incidents. These factors play a pivotal role in ensuring the well-being of patients and the overall quality of healthcare services.AimThis study assessed the occurrence and types of PSIs in health facilities in Ghana. It also examined the role of teamwork, handoffs and information exchange, and communication openness in response to PSIs by health professionals.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 1651 health workers in three regions of Ghana. Using a multi-staged sampling technique, the Survey on Patient Safety Culture Hospital Survey questionnaire and the nurse-reported scale were used to collect the data and it was analysed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and linear multiple regression model at a significance of 0.05.ResultsThere was a reported prevalence of PSIs including medication errors (30.4%), wound infections (23.3%), infusion reactions (24.7%), pressure sores (21.3%), and falls (18.7%) at least once a month. There was a satisfactory mean score for responses to adverse events (3.40), teamwork (4.18), handoffs and information exchange (3.88), and communication openness (3.84) among healthcare professionals. Teamwork, handoffs and information exchange and communication openness were significant predictors of response to PSIs, accounting for 28.3% of the variance.ConclusionsEffective teamwork, handoffs and information exchange, and communication openness in the healthcare environment are critical strategies to enhance PSI response. Creating a culture that encourages error response through teamwork, communication and handoffs provides healthcare professionals with opportunities for learning and improving patient outcomes. Training programs should therefore target health professionals to improve patient safety and competency. Through the implementation of evidence-based practices and learning from past incidents, the healthcare system will be able to deliver safe and high-quality care to patients nationwide. Patient safety must be recognized as an ongoing process. Therefore, a meaningful improvement in patient outcomes requires all stakeholders’ commitment.

Aural microsuction: an analysis of post-procedure patient safety incidents.

Aural microsuction can be associated with delayed syncopal and vertiginous events, which can lead to serious adverse patient safety incidents. This article highlights the serious risks associated with microsuction. We performed a retrospective review of the hospital risk database over a 2-year period. Three patients experienced severe adverse events post microsuction. Two patients fell down the stairs after microsuction, with one suffering a lower limb fracture. One patient experienced loss of consciousness and subsequent head trauma post microsuction. Whilst aural microsuction is universally accepted to be a low-risk procedure, subsequent serious morbidity can occur. Implementation and awareness of local safety policies are imperative to avoid post-procedure injury.

Second victim syndrome in intensive care unit healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis on types, prevalence, risk factors, and recovery time.

Patient safety incidents, including medical errors and adverse events, frequently occur in intensive care units, leading to a significant psychological burden on healthcare workers. This burden results in second victim syndrome, which impacts the psychological and psychosomatic well-being of these workers. However, a systematic review focusing specifically on this condition among intensive care unit healthcare workers is lacking. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the occurrence of second victim syndrome among intensive care unit healthcare workers, including the types, prevalence, risk factors, and recovery time associated with this condition. We conducted a comprehensive search of the MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi databases. The eligibility criteria encompassed retrospective, prospective, and cross-sectional studies and controlled trials, with no language restrictions. Data on the type, prevalence, risk factors, and recovery time of second victim syndrome were extracted and pooled. Prevalence estimates from the included studies were combined using a random-effects meta-analytic model. Of the 2,245 records retrieved, 16 potentially relevant studies were identified. Following full-text evaluation, five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The findings revealed that 58% of intensive care unit healthcare workers experienced second victim syndrome. Frequent symptoms included guilt (12-68%), anxiety (38-63%), anger at self (25-58%), and lower self-confidence (7-58%). However, specific risk factors exclusive to intensive care unit healthcare workers were not identified in the review. Furthermore, approximately 20% of individuals took more than a year to recover or did not recover at all from the second victim syndrome. Thus, this condition is prevalent among intensive care unit healthcare workers and may persist for extended periods, potentially exceeding a year. The risk factors for second victim syndrome in the intensive care unit setting are unclear and require further investigation.

Aplikasi Seluler untuk Pencegahan Insiden Keselamatan Pasien Anak

This study aims to determine the role of mobile applications in preventing safety incidents for pediatric patients in hospitals. The method used was a literature search through searching the online databases Science Direct, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar published in 2018-2022 with the keywords mobile application, patient safety, child, hospitalized, and patient education. The research results showed that children's safety awareness levels increased after being given a safety incident prevention program using a mobile application. In conclusion, mobile applications for preventing pediatric patient safety incidents in hospitals are practical, feasible, and acceptable to children, families, and nurses.
 
 Keywords: Children, Mobile Applications, Patient Safety, Safety Incident Prevention, Pediatric Nurses