Patient Hygiene Performance Research Articles

PENGARUH BERKUMUR LARUTAN TEH HITAM (BLESS TEA) DALAM MENURUNKAN AKUMULASI PLAK PADA GIGI ANAK USIA SEKOLAH DASAR

Permasalahan gigi dan mulut yang dialami masyarakat Indonesia masih tinggi, terutama penyakit karies gigi. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Berkumur Larutan Teh Hitam (bless tea) Dalam Menurunkan Akumulasi Plak Pada Gigi Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar. Jenis penelitian adalah eksperimental semu dengan desain pre test dan post test group. Responden dipilih berdasarkan metode total sampling pada siswa SD Negeri Negeri 51 Poasia Kota Kendari yang berusia 7-8 tahun dan didapatkan responden sebanyak 40 orang. Variabel penelitian ialah larutan teh hitam (bless tea) dan plak gigi. Rerata sebelum berkumur dengan larutan teh hitam (bless tea) 3,10±1,3 dan rerata sesudah berkumur dengan larutan teh hitam (bless tea) 1,81±0,7; terjadi penurunan dengan selisih sebelum dan sesudah 1,09±0,6. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara data akumulasi plak sebelum dengan data akumulasi plak sesudah berkumur larutan teh hitam (bless tea) (p=0,000). Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara data penurunan akumulasi plak kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol (p=0,03). Penurunan akumulasi plak kelompok perlakuan berkumur dengan larutan teh hitam (bless tea) lebih kecil daripada kelompok kontrol berkumur dengan chlorhexidine 0,2%. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah ada pengaruh Berkumur Larutan Teh Hitam (bless tea) Dalam Menurunkan Akumulasi Plak Pada Gigi Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar usia 7-8 tahun

Measurement of bristle splaying of toothbrushes using digital imaging and evaluation of plaque removal efficacy over 3months: A randomized controlled trial (RCT).

The aim of this study was to develop an objective method to assess the degree of bristle splaying of used manual toothbrushes and to investigate their plaque removal efficacy. A randomized controlled trial targeting Hiroshima University students was performed to assess the plaque removal efficacy of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) manual toothbrushes. Participants were randomly assigned to the soft toothbrush group (n=40) or the medium toothbrush group (n=40). A small number of participants discontinued the intervention for personal reasons in both the medium (n=6) and soft (n=2) toothbrush groups. Toothbrushes were collected immediately after first use (T0: baseline), after 1month of use (T1: month 1), after 2months of use (T2: month 3) and after 3months of use (T3: month 6), following the allocation of a new toothbrush. The bristle surface area was measured using digital software. The surface area of the bristles was significantly greater at T1, T2 and T3 than at T0 in the medium toothbrush group (n=34) and soft toothbrush group (n=38) (P<.001). Importantly, plaque removal efficacy, calculated from a modified plaque control record score and modified patient hygiene performance score, was significantly lower at T2 than at T0 in both groups. Our method for evaluation of bristle splaying is considered to be reliable and reproducible. PBT toothbrushes may become less effective after two months of use.

Kiddie Doctors Education Strategy in Improving the Knowledge, Attitude, and Oral Hygiene Status of Elementary School Children.

ABSTRACTObjectives:This study aimed to assess the improvement in the knowledge, attitude, and oral hygiene scores of elementary school children after being provided education by kiddie doctors.Materials and Methods:A quasi-experiment design with pretest–posttest control group model was conducted on 143 students belonging ages 8–12 years old in two selected elementary schools. Kiddie doctors educated their peers three times at four-week intervals. Baseline data were collected a week before the education, and the final data were collected a month after the third education session. Data regarding knowledge and attitude were collected using questionnaires filled in by the respondents. The oral hygiene index simplified (OHIS) and patient hygiene performance (PHP) index data were obtained through intra-oral examinations. Data were analyzed using dependent and independent t tests and multiple linear regression analysis.Results:After receiving education, there was a change in the knowledge, attitude, OHIS, and PHP scores (P = 0.005). Kiddie doctors were estimated to decrease the OHIS and PHP scores by 0.312 and 0.579 points, respectively.Conclusions:The education provided by kiddie doctors improved the knowledge, attitude, and oral hygiene status of children. Kiddie doctors could help health workers who are still constrained in routine promotional activities.

Comparison of resin infiltration and microabrasion in the treatment of enamel caries

The study compared the efficacy and stability of resin infiltration and microabrasion therapeutic effect in patients with enamel caries. Materials and methods. The study included 80 patients with caries in white or pigmented spot stage on the vestibular surface of the anterior teeth. 40 patients underwent microabrasion, 40 — resin infiltration. Patients were evaluated initially, after oral hygiene, after the procedure, and 1 year later, the intensity of dental caries according to the patient hygiene performance index (PHP), gingival sulcus bleeding index (SBI), community periodontal index (CPI) and hyperesthesia level. Results. In both groups the effect was evaluated in 2 subgroups: 1) with high caries resistance and non-increased tooth sensitivity; 2) with high and medium caries resistance and increased tooth sensitivity. After microabrasion, the greatest changes were observed for hyperesthesia in patients with increased tooth sensitivity (p<0.0001 compared with the baseline and the infiltration group). PHP and CPI measures improved significantly in both microabrasion and infiltration groups. After the procedure microabrasion effectiveness was 75%, caries infiltration — 50%. After a year, relapse was recorded in 5 (12.5%) patients in the microabrasion group and in 28 (70%) people in the infiltration group (p<0.0001). Conclusions. Enamel resistance and tooth sensitivity should be considered while choosing treatment method for enamel caries. For patients with high enamel resistance and lack of dentin hyperesthesia, microabrasion is appropriate followed by remineralizing therapy. For teeth with moderate enamel resistance and dentin hyperesthesia, the combined method is recommended: resin infiltration with remineralizing therapy, followed by enamel microabrasion.

Inter-rater agreement among multiple examiners for the assessment of plaque scores between quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital and two-tone disclosing solution-stained digital images.

To utilize plaque scoring indices as objective measures, a certain standard of intra-rater and inter-rater agreement must be met. Achievement of high consistency among several examiners in the assessment of images from Q-ray cam (for quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital imaging) and digital single-lens reflex camera of stained tooth surfaces might enable more efficient undertaking of large epidemiological studies and oral tests. Second-year dental hygiene students and registered dental hygienists 40 examiners were randomly selected, all of whom provided informed consent. Multiple examiners assessed plaque scoring indices from the two types of images of the same 30 patients. The images were observed on a computer monitor, and the area with dental plaque was assessed using the Patient Hygiene Performance Index. The intra-class correlation coefficient was determined to evaluate the agreement among examiners and test methods for dental plaque Q-ray cam and digital single-lens reflex camera measurements were compared using a Bland-Altman plot. The intra-class correlation coefficient was analyzed using SPSS version 24 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and the exploratory graph was analyzed with MedCalc. Agreement among 40 examiners was excellent with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.990 when the Q-ray cam was used. The intra-class correlation coefficient for the registered dental hygienists group was 0.987 and that for the dental hygiene students group was 0.980. The study was high agreement in the assessment of Q-ray cam images and digital single-lens reflex camera images of stained dental plaque by multiple examiners, confirming that the two methods are validated both independently and with high mutual agreement.

Changes in Patient Hygiene Performance Index after Brushing 3 Electric Tooth Brushes

Changes in Patient Hygiene Performance Index after Brushing 3 Electric Tooth Brushes

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF ORAL HYGIENE STATUS IN 40-50 YEAR-OLD WOMEN RANGES USING DRUG PRODUCT TO INCREASE RESISTANCE OF DENTAL HARD TISSUES.

Resistance of tooth enamel to aggressive effect of metabolic by-products of oral cavity microorganisms is provided by fluoroapatites of enamel surface layers. The patients were divided into two groups: control group (30 females) and experimental (observa-tion) group (30 females). In control group, the traditional method of caries prevention was used, which included professional teeth cleaning, mouthwash with physiological solution (0.9%) of sodium chloride after meals, hygienic teeth brushing by a standard method twice a day. Females of experimental group underwent professional teeth cleaning, treatment of teeth with the drug product containing sodium fluoride to in-crease the resistance of hard tissues of teeth, silver nitrate and decamethoxin, rinsing with standardized decamethoxin solution. Various indices are used in modern den-tistry to evaluate oral hygiene status. Index estimation provides quantitative charac-teristics of static status of oral hygiene. Their values enable to suggest the course of inflammatory-destructive or dystrophic process and its severity, to evaluate treatment efficacy and quality of regular check-up of a particular patient or dispensary cases. The study demonstrated significant positive clinical efficacy of the drug product used to increase resistance of dental hard tissues. In particular, patients using the pharma-ceutical preparation to improve the resistance of dental hard tissues, had significantly lower values of Fedorov-Volodkina’s Index, Greene-Vermillion Index (Oral Hygiene Index- Simplified), Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP) Index as compared to the control group.

Dental and Oral Health Education for Elemetary School Students through Patient Hygiene Performance Index Indicator

Caries is a problem that often occurs in school-age children. Special Region of Yogyakarta is a province that has a high DMF-T index by 5.9 and exceeds the national DMF-T index. One of the efforts to improve dental and oral health of school-age children is the health education method using simulation methods, as well as simple techniques that may attract children's attention and be understood. The aim of the current study is to knowing the influence of oral and dental hygiene education intervention on dental and oral hygiene level at SD Negeri 3 Sleman students. This research used a kind of quasi experimental research with one group pretest posttest design. The research was done in SD Negeri 3 Sleman, the sample used was the 3rd graders from 57 students in 2017. The intervention was done by dental and oral hygiene education. Respondents were examined related to their dental and oral hygiene levels. It was measured by the PHP Index (Patient Hygiene Perfomance) before and after the intervention. According to results, The average score of respondents’dental and oral hygine pre test was 0.0823 and the average post test score of respondents’dental and oral hygiene was 1.4830. There is the difference of 1.4007. This shows an increament in oral hygiene of the respondent before and after the education. The results of statistical analysis show that there is an influence of oral and dental hygiene which pvalue 0,000 &amp;lt;0.05. Thus, there is a need for dental and mouth hygiene education to be conducted regularly and delivered with an interesting method.

Validity assessment of quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) for the dental plaque scoring system: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between the dental plaque indices measured using quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) and conventional clinical indices that assess gingival status.MethodsFrom among the patients who visited Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, 33 adults in their 20s who had relatively even teeth were selected for full-mouth QLF-D imaging. The images were used to analyze the QLF-D score and the QLF-D ΔR score. As clinical indices, the gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and patient hygiene performance (PHP) index were measured. The correlations between the QLF-D score and QLF-D ΔR score and each clinical index were analyzed. Analyses were performed comparing the indices of maxillary and mandibular teeth, the teeth on right and left sides of the mouth, anterior and posterior teeth, and buccal and lingual surfaces of each tooth. Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted (p < 0.05).ResultsThe mean full-mouth QLF-D score was highly correlated with the GI, BOP, PPD, PHP index (p < 0.01). The mean full-mouth QLF-D score showed the highest correlation with GI (r = 0.749) and the lowest correlation with PPD (r = 0.683). The correlations between the QLF-D score were higher in the mandible than in the maxilla and in the anterior teeth than in the posterior teeth, while no significant differences were seen between the buccal and lingual surfaces of tooth.ConclusionsThis study concluded that the correlations between the plaque indices measured for each tooth surface area using QLF-D and the clinical indices assessed were significantly high, and it allowed objective determination of the gingival status. Therefore, the plaque index measured using QLF-D may be used as an alternative to supplement the shortcomings of conventional clinical indices for educating patients about plaque control and continued patient oral care.

Self-check with plaque disclosing solution improves oral hygiene in schoolchildren living in a children\u2019s home

BackgroundThe effectiveness of an oral hygiene program for children living in a children’s home has been reported. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the possible effects of self-checking of oral health among children residing in a children’s home. The objective of this study was to examine if self-checking using plaque disclosing solution improves oral hygiene in schoolchildren living in a children’s home.MethodsWe enrolled nine schoolchildren (six girls) without untreated decayed teeth living in a children’s home in Japan. This preliminary study was designed as a 5-month program comprising group and individual instructions and self-checking using plaque disclosing solution. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for statistical analysis to evaluate the change of Plaque Control Record (PCR) and Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP).ResultsThe mean PCR significantly decreased to 38.7% after 3 months of self-checking using disclosing solution compared with that before self-checking (i.e., at 1 month) (60.7%) (P < 0.01). PHP score significantly decreased to 1.4 at 4 months compared with that at baseline (2.8) and at 1 month (2.7) (P = 0.012 and P = 0.018). Improvement of oral hygiene status was evaluated according to the ratio of PCR at 4 months to that at 1 month. The average improvement ratio was 0.4 ± 0.35 (range: 0.0–1.0). Significant correlation was not found between improvement rate and school grade (r = 0.63, P = 0.070).ConclusionsOur results suggest that self-checking with disclosing solution may be effective in improving oral hygiene among schoolchildren at a children’s home.

Clinical studies on the dental caries prevention effects of the ability of Weissella cibaria CMU to adhere to the oral cavity

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of diet containing Weissella cibaria CMU (oraCMU) on Streptococcus mutans causing dental caries. The m-PHP index was Modified Patient Hygiene Performance Index. As a measuring method, Modified patient hygiene performance index was measured to quantify oral hygiene condition among 2 subject groups consisting of W. cibaria CMU (oraCMU), a commercial product containing W. cibaria CMU and the same commercial product but removing W. cibaria CMU as a placebo control. Each group had 25 subjects. Unstimulated saliva were collected and analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The measurement of Modified patient hygiene performance index was performed every 2 weeks starting from the first day of the experiment. And to know the effects of post-diet, its measurements were continued every 2 weeks for 4 weeks of a post-diet period. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA was carried out for the significance test between groups. Scheff's post hoc was used to determine variance homogeneity differences between the mean values (p < 0.05).

Differences in the oral health behaviour of the 12-years-old children in rural and urban areas

Introduction: The oral diseases have increased significantly in the past decade. The Health Service of Cimahi reports showed an increasing number of oral diseases. Behaviour plays an important role in preventing oral disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the oral health behavior of the 12-years-old children in the rural and urban area of the city of Cimahi. Methods: The research type was analytic with the cross-sectional design. The sample was determined using pathfinder survey method from oral health surveys basic methods. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing knowledge and attitudes, observations of practice assessed in the checklist and assessment of the health status of the teeth using the Patient Hygiene Performance Data Index and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The results showed that children in both rural and urban areas were having a good knowledge and positive attitude. Both the rural and urban children were doing the improper tooth brushing methods, and the children in the rural area had a fair PHP index value whilst the children in the urban area had a poor value. There were significant differences in the knowledge (p = 0.017), there was no significant difference in the attitude (p = 0.312) and practice (p = 1.000) in children of both rural and urban areas. Conclusion: Difference only found in the oral health knowledge of the 12-years-old children in the rural and urban area of the city of Cimahi.

Microbiological control and antibacterial action of a propolis-containing mouthwash and control of dental plaque in humans

Propolis is a bee product with several biological properties. This study aimed at investigating a propolis-containing mouthwash, its organoleptic properties, microbial contamination and its antibacterial action in vitro. This mouthwash was assessed in vivo to control dental plaque in humans. The presence of microorganisms was analyzed and the minimum inhibitory concentration against Streptococcus mutans was determined. A comparative study was done in vivo using propolis, chlorhexidine, and propolis plus chlorhexidine in lower concentrations for 14 days. Dental plaque was analyzed by the Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP) index. The odontological product was yellow, cloudy, free of microbial contamination, and exerted an inhibitory action in vitro. Individuals who used a propolis-containing mouthwash for 14 consecutive days in combination or not to chlorhexidine showed a similar PHP index to chlorhexidine alone. The product exerted an antibacterial action in vitro and in vivo, exhibiting a positive action in the control of dental plaque.

Effect of oral health education by audio aids, Braille & tactile models on the oral health status of visually impaired children of Bhopal city

BackgroundBraille is important language for reading & writing for the visually impaired. It helps them understand & visualize the world via touch. Audio aids are being used to impart health education to the visually impaired. Audio aids are useful in being time saving & can be played repeatedly to achieve desired results. Tactile models help them perceive things which they can’t visualize & hence are important learning tool. AimTo evaluate the effect of Oral Health education by Audio aids, Braille & tactile models on the Oral health status of visually impaired children of Bhopal city. Material & MethodsSixty visually impaired children aged 5-18 yrs were selected & randomly divided into three groups (20 children each). Group A: Audio aids + Braille, Group B: Audio aids + tactile models, Group C: Audio aids + Braille + Tactile models. Instructions were given for maintaining good oral hygiene & brushing techniques were explained to all children. After three months time the oral hygiene status was recorded and compared using patient hygiene performance index. ResultsThe present study showed a decrease in the mean plaque scores (that is increase in mean difference of PHP score) at all time intervals in individual group as compared to the baseline that was statistically significant. ConclusionThe study depicts that the combination of audio, Braille & tactile models is an effective way to provide oral health education & improve Oral health status of visually impaired children.

Evaluation of Effectiveness of Vacuum Oral Cleaner Developed for Patients with Limited Mobility

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the plaque removal effects of vacuum oral cleaner developed for the patients with limited mobility with those of manual toothbrushes and high pressure injection oral cleaner (dental water jet). Meterials and methods : Thirty human subjects were measured with Patient Hygiene Performance index (PHP index) and O'Leary index before and after the use of toothbrush, high pressure injection oral cleaner and vacuum oral cleaner. These three different oral hygiene methods were conducted with seven-day intermittence. Then the statistical analysis was carried out to define plaque removal rate of three different oral hygiene methods (alpha=.05). Results : According to the efficacy analysis of plaque removal before and after the oral cleaning using each of three methods, significant reduction in plaque after the treatment compared to the previous state when using toothbrush, high pressure injection oral cleaner, and vacuum oral cleaner was observed (P &lt; 0.001). PHP index of tooth brushing was higher than that of the high pressure injection oral cleaner, while PHP index of vacuum oral cleaner did not show significant difference from either of the other two methods. There was no significance difference in O'Leary index among the three methods. Conclusion : Effect of plaque removal using the vacuum oral cleaner is comparable to that of manual tooth brush or high pressure injection oral cleaner, so it will be helpful for self-oral hygiene care of the patients with limited mobility.

Comparison of oral hygiene status before and after health education among 12–18-year-old patients

Introduction: Adolescence is a crucial period of transition with personal responsibility for preventing dental disease. The outcome of health education program has shown considerable results. The knowledge which children received during health education program paves way for the first steps to their healthier life. Aim: To study the impact of oral health education on oral hygiene status of patients aged 12–18 years, attending outpatient department. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based randomized controlled clinical trial with 100 participants (allocated into 50 study group and 50 control group) aged 12–18 years attending the outpatient department, constituted this study. Participants were assessed for basic oral health knowledge, attitude, and practices using a questionnaire. The oral hygiene status was assessed using oral hygiene index (OHI) and patient hygiene performance (PHP) index. After oral prophylaxis, oral health education was given only to study group. Both groups were reassessed after 4 weeks. The values were compared. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 15. Results: Comparison shows more reduction of mean OHI score, and PHP score in the study group than control group with a significant P value. Conclusion: Oral health education demonstrates the satisfactory impact on oral hygiene among adolescents.

지역사회 구강보건프로그램이 아동의 구강건강관리 행태 변화에 미치는 영향

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of community oral hygiene program on oral hygiene practice behavior in children. Methods: Oral hygiene promotion program was performed in 23 community child centers in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggido. The study analyzed the effect of community oral hygiene promotion programs on the oral hygiene practice behavior in children from September to December, 2014. The trained dental hygienists in 23 public health centers and dental hygiene students participated in the oral hygiene promotion program for oral health examination and education for the children. The contents of the program was standardized and instructed to the team members. The individual improvement in children oral hygiene practice was assessed using PHP(patient hygiene performance) index score. Data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 program. Results: After the program, children who stopped eating confectioneries and those eating once a day increased to 32.12% and 14.24%, respectively. Those eating more than four times a day were still high(32.44%), but it was a lower rate than before the program (p<0.001). The rate of toothbrushing of more than 2 to 3 times a day was 82.75% and it was higher than before the education (p<0.001). The knowledge level of children increased from 18.83% to 66.30%. The oral hygiene practice performance in children was highly improved. Conclusions: The four months duration of oral hygiene program remarkably improved the oral hygiene practice in the children. So the community health centers and welfare centers must cooperate and improve the children oral health promotion by developing the oral health promotion program.

A comparative evaluation of oral hygiene using Braille and audio instructions among institutionalized visually impaired children aged between 6 years and 20 years: A 3-monthfollow-up study.

Aim:The aim of this study is to compare the oral hygiene status among institutionalized visually impaired children of age between 6 and 20 years given with Braille and audio instructions in Raichur city of Karnataka.Materials and Methods:A total of 50 children aged between 6 to 20 years were included in this study from a residential school for visually impaired children. These children were randomly divided into two equal groups. One group was given oral hygiene instructions by audio recordings and another written in Braille and were instructed to practice the same. After three months time the oral hygiene status and dental caries experience was recorded and compared using patient performance index. Statistical analysis was done by student paired t test and multiple comparison by Tukey's HSD (honest significant difference) test.Results:The mean PHP (Patient Hygiene Performance) score of group A at baseline was 3.88 compared to 3.90 of group B. At 7 days PHP score of group A and group B was 3.42 and 3.45 respectively. At 3 month PHP score of group A and group B was 2.47 and 2.86 respectively. Even though over a period of time the mean score of PHP index reduced the score comparison between the 2 groups were statistically non significant. In group A the mean difference of PHP score between baseline and 7 days was 0.46, between baseline and 3 months it was 1.40. The PHP score between 7 days and 3 months was 0.94. All the above values were statistically significant.Conclusion:Effective dental health education method has to be instituted for visually impaired children. The present study shows improvement of oral health status in both the study population by decrease in the mean plaque score. Hence continuous motivation and reinforcement in the form of Braille and audio instruction is beneficial to achieve good oral hygiene levels in visually impaired children.

Impact of oral hygiene on the development of oropharyngeal neoplasms

Objective. To evaluate the impact of oral hygiene on the development of oropharyngeal malignancies. Subjects and methods. The data of a prospective study of dental health indicators were analyzed in 586 patients (there were 76.4 % men and 23.6 % women) with oropharyngeal malignancies. In the examinees, the sites of oropharyngeal neoplasms were as follows: the tongue in 195 (33 %) cases, mouth floor in 147 (25 %), oropharynx in 139 (24 %), maxilla in 36 (6 %), buccal mucosa in 21 (4 %), soft palate in 18 (3 %), retromolar area in 14 (2 %), mandibula in 12 (2 %), and nose in 4 (1 %). The patients, examination employed routine dental examinations, determination of oral hygiene index, CFE index (a sum of carious, filled, and extracted teeth), and assessment of a patient, s skill and desire to perform individual oral hygiene. The patient hygiene performance (PHP) index (Podshadley, Haley, 1968) was used to estimate his/her baseline ability. The rates of initial visits made by patients with oropharyngeal tumors to physicians of different specialties were also analyzed. Results. In the patients with oropharyngeal malignancies, the CFE index was high and amounted to 15 ± 0.4 с with a preponderance of carious and extracted teeth in the pattern; the PHP index was 1.4 ± 0.1, which corresponded to a satisfactory index. Thus, among the comparison group patients, satisfactory oral cavity sanitation was noted in only 4.8 % of the patients having a sanitation certificate. Consequently, 95.2 % of the patients were unready for specialized treatment. Out of the examinees, 176 (30 %) made an initial visit for complaints to a dentist, 155 (26.5 %) to an oncologist, 107 (18.3 %) to an ENT doctor, 103 (17.7 %) to a local therapist, and 43 (7.5 %) to a surgeon. The collected history data also revealed that 59.2 % of the patients had self-treatment before going to specialists (according to them). Self-treatment or treatment by a noncancer specialist was ascertained to take an average of 1 to 3 months, 4 to 6 months, and 6 months to 1 year in 52.4 %, 28.6 % and 19 %, respectively. This factor is responsible for the visits made by patients with stages III–IV cancer to oncology facilities. Conclusion. It is concluded that the level of oral hygiene practices is low; the state of oral organs and tissues is generally unsatisfactory in the patients with oropharyngeal neoplasms; their dental visits are irregular, and they had mainly self-treatment. Irregular dental visits for oral prophylaxis and an untimely dental search for oral problems lead to the fact that the patients of this category are hospitalized to a specialized institution when they have mainly stages III–IV cancer, which accordingly determines further specialized treatment policy and long-term prognoses. The dentist should make a significant contribution to the diagnosis of maxillofacial malignancies.

UJI EFEKTIFITAS EKSTRAK SIWAK (Salvadora Persica) BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI TERHADAP PEMBENTUKAN PLAK GIGI - Studi terhadap Murid MTsN Sale

Background: Nowdays many people who care about the health switching from chemical drugs to herbal medicine. There are many herbs that used for health. One is miswak (Salvadora persica) are many benefits to general health and dental health. Siwak can help inhibit dental plaque. Research purposes to determine effectiveness miswak extract against plaque formation. Method: The research was conducted 35 students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Sale. The samples were divided into five groups, each group of 7 people to extract Siwak 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and chlorheksidin group. Measurement of plaque index measurement using PHP Plaque Index (Patient Hygiene Performance Index) according Podshadley and Haley. Result: The criteria of dental plaque before rinsing dominant medium, with an average index plaque before rinsing 1,833 chlorheksidin group; 2.119 miswak extract 25%, 2,833 miswak extract 50%; 1,595 miswak extract 75%, and 2,905 miswak extract 100%. The criteria dominant plaque index after rinsing well, with an average index plaque after rinsing 1,476 chlorheksidin group; 1,286 miswak extract 25%; 0,929 miswak extract 50%; 0.690 miswak extract 75%, and 1,310 miswak extract 100%. P value of the one way ANOVA test after rinsing plaque index = 0.018 (p &lt;0.05), means that the average index of dental plaque after rinsing significantly different. Post hoc test results showed 50% miswak extract group and 100% higher than chlorheksidin group, and 25% miswak extract and 75%. Conclusion: Concluded that miswak extract effective against dental plaque formation inhibition. Because the content of trimethylamine (TMA) has miswak which prevents sediment (deposit) particles on the surface of teeth.