Patient Aligned Care Team Implementation Research Articles

The Medical Home Transformation in the Veterans Health Administration: An Evaluation of Early Changes in Primary Care Delivery

To evaluate the effect of medical home implementation on primary care delivery in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). We link interview-based qualitative data on medical home implementation to quantitative outcomes from VHA clinical encounter data. We use a longitudinal analysis with provider fixed effects (taking advantage of variation in timing of implementation and allowing each provider to serve as a control for him or herself) to test whether patient-aligned care team (PACT) implementation was associated with changes in organizational processes and patient outcomes. Among 683 PCPs, caring for 321,295 patients, the uptake of eight of nine PACT structural changes significantly increased from July 2010 to June 2012 as did the percentage of primary care appointments occurring by telephone and hospital discharges contacted within 2 days of discharge. We found that PACT implementation was associated with significant improvements in 2-day post-hospital discharge contact, but not primary care visits occurring by telephone or within 3days of the requested date. We found no association between medical home implementation and rates of emergency department use by patients. Medical home implementation at the VHA resulted in large changes in the structure of care but few changes in patient-level outcomes. These results highlight both the complexity of studying the effect of the medical home as well as implementing this model to change primary care delivery.

Does Improved Continuity of Primary Care Affect Clinician–Patient Communication in VA?

BACKGROUNDRecent changes in health care delivery may reduce continuity with the patient’s primary care provider (PCP). Little is known about the association between continuity and quality of communication during ongoing efforts to redesign primary care in the Veterans Administration (VA).OBJECTIVETo evaluate the association between longitudinal continuity of care (COC) with the same PCP and ratings of patient–provider communication during the Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT) initiative.DESIGNCross-sectional survey.PARTICIPANTSFour thousand three hundred ninety-three VA outpatients who were assigned to a PCP, had at least three primary care visits to physicians or physician extenders during Fiscal Years 2009 and 2010 (combined), and who completed the Survey of Healthcare Experiences of Patients (SHEP) following a primary care visit in Fiscal Year (FY)2011.MAIN MEASURESUsual Provider of Continuity (UPC), Modified Modified Continuity Index (MMCI), and duration of PCP care were calculated for each primary care patient. UPC and MMCI values were categorized as follows: 1.0 (perfect), 0.75–0.99 (high), 0.50–0.74 (intermediate), and < 0.50 (low). Quality of communication was measured using the four-item Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems-Health Plan program (CAHPS-HP) communication subscale and a two-item measure of shared decision-making (SDM). Excellent care was defined using an “all-or-none” scoring strategy (i.e., when all items within a scale were rated “always”).KEY RESULTSUPC and MMCI continuity remained high (0.81) during the early phase of PACT implementation. In multivariable models, low MMCI continuity was associated with decreased odds of excellent communication (OR = 0.74, 95 % CI = 0.58–0.95) and SDM (OR = 0.70, 95 % CI = 0.49, 0.99). Abbreviated duration of PCP care (< 1 year) was also associated with decreased odds of excellent communication (OR = 0.35, 95 % CI = 0.18, 0.71).CONCLUSIONSReduced PCP continuity may significantly decrease the quality of patient–provider communication in VA primary care. By improving longitudinal continuity with the assigned PCP, while redesigning team-based roles, the PACT initiative has the potential to improve patient–provider communication.

Desert Storks--Bush midwives.

The Veterans Health Administration (VA) Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT) initiative aims to ensure that all patients receive care consistent with medical home principles. Women veterans’ unique care needs and minority status within the VA pose challenges to delivery of equitable, comprehensive primary care for this population. Currently, little is known about whether and/or how PACT should be tailored to better meet women veterans' needs.In 2014, we conducted semistructured interviews with 73 primary care providers and staff to examine facilitators and barriers encountered in providing PACT-principled care to women veterans. Respondents were located in eight VA medical centers in eight different states across the United States.Respondents perceived PACT as improving continuity of care for patients and as increasing ability of nursing staff to practice at the top of their license. However, the implementation of core medical home features and team huddles was inconsistent and varied both within and across medical centers. Short staffing, inclusion of part-time providers on teams, balancing performance requirements for continuity and same-day access, and space constraints were identified as ongoing barriers to PACT implementation. Challenges unique to care of women veterans included a higher prevalence of psychosocial needs, the need for specialized training of primary care personnel, and short staffing owing to additional sharing of primary care support staff with specialist providers.Providers and staff face unique challenges in delivering comprehensive primary care to women veterans that may require special policy, practice, and management action if benefits of PACT are to be fully realized for this population.